Stigmasterol Exerts Neuro-Protective Effect Against Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury Through Reduction Of Oxidative Stress And Inactivation Of Autophagy

References

• Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Measuring the global burden of disease. New Engl J Med. 2013;369(5):448–457. doi:10.1056/NEJMra120153423902484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensah GA, Norrving B, Feigin VL. The global burden of stroke. Neuroepidemiology. 2015;45(3):143–145. doi:10.1159/00044108226505979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin VL, Norrving B, George MG, Foltz JL, Roth GA, Mensah GA. Prevention of stroke: a strategic global imperative. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(9):501–512. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.10727448185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Zhang HX, Shi ST, et al. Interleukin-11 treatment protected against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;115:108816. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.10881631096144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong KS, Caplan LR, Kim JS. Stroke mechanisms. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2016;40:58–71. doi:10.1159/00044830227960181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh D, Reeta KH, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR, Dinda AK, Gupta YK. Neuro-protective effect of monomethyl fumarate on ischemia reperfusion injury in rats: role of Nrf2/HO1 pathway in peri-infarct region. Neurochem Int. 2019;126:96–108. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.01030880045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu S, Sena E, Egan K, Macleod M, Mead G. Edaravone improves functional and structural outcomes in animal models of focal cerebral ischemia: a systematic review. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(1):101–106. doi:10.1111/ijs.1216324148907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua S, Wang B, Chen R, et al. Neuroprotective effect of dichloromethane extraction from piper nigrum L. and piper longum L. on permanent focal cerebral ischemia injury in rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(3):751–760. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.11.01830528673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon H, Jung JW, Lee YC, Ryu JH, Kim DH. Neuroprotective effect of the ethanol extract of Artemisia capillaris on transient forebrain ischemia in mice via nicotinic cholinergic receptor. Chin J Nat Med. 2018;16(6):428–435. doi:10.1016/S1875-5364(18)30076-130047464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu XL, Yan BC, Tang C, et al. Neuroprotective effect of Paeoniae Radix Rubra on hippocampal CA1 region of mice induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia via anti-gliosis and anti-oxidant activity. Chin Herb Med. 2019;11(1):86–91. doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2018.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramu R, Shirahatti PS, Nayakavadi S, et al. The effect of a plant extract enriched in stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol on glycaemic status and glucose metabolism in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Funct. 2016;7(9):3999–4011. doi:10.1039/C6FO00343E27711824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboobucker SI, Suza WP. Why do plants convert sitosterol to stigmasterol? Front Plant Sci. 2019;10:354. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.0035430984220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur N, Chaudhary J, Jain A, Kishore L. Stigmasterol: a comprehensive review. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2011;2(9):2259–2265.
   Google Scholar
• Ras RT, Koppenol WP, Garczarek U, et al. Increases in plasma plant sterols stabilize within four weeks of plant sterol intake and are independent of cholesterol metabolism. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc. 2016;26(4):302–309. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.11.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kametani T, Furuyama H. Synthesis of vitamin D3 and related compounds. Med Res Rev. 1987;7(2):147–171.3033409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newill H, Loske R, Wagner J, Johannes C, Lorenz RL, Lehmann L. Oxidation products of stigmasterol interfere with the action of the female sex hormone 17beta-estradiol in cultured human breast and endometrium cell lines. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51(7):888–898. doi:10.1002/mnfr.20070002517579897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kangsamaksin T, Chaithongyot S, Wootthichairangsan C, Hanchaina R, Tangshewinsirikul C, Svasti J. Lupeol and stigmasterol suppress tumor angiogenesis and inhibit cholangiocarcinoma growth in mice via downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189628. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.018962829232409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yenn TW, Arslan Khan M, Amiera Syuhada N, Chean Ring L, Ibrahim D, Tan WN. Stigmasterol: an adjuvant for beta lactam antibiotics against beta-lactamase positive clinical isolates. Steroids. 2017;128:68–71. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2017.10.01629104098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antwi AO, Obiri DD, Osafo N, Forkuo AD, Essel LB. Stigmasterol inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune responses in murine models. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017;53:105–113. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.01829078089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antwi AO, Obiri DD, Osafo N. Stigmasterol modulates allergic airway inflammation in guinea pig model of ovalbumin-induced asthma. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:2953930. doi:10.1155/2017/295393028555089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Z, Cao G, Yang H, et al. A combination of four active compounds alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in correlation with inhibition of autophagy and modulation of AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways. J Neurosci Res. 2014;92(10):1295–1306. doi:10.1002/jnr.2340024801159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longa EZ, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, Cummins R. Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke. 1989;20:84–91. doi:10.1161/01.STR.20.1.842643202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mdzinarishvili A, Kiewert C, Kumar V, Hillert M, Klein J. Bilobalide prevents ischemia-induced edema formation in vitro and in vivo. Neuroscience. 2007;144(1):217–222. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.03717014966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abegg MA, Alabarse PVG, Schuller AK, Benfato MS. Glutathione levels in and total antioxidant capacity of Candida sp cells exposed to oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide. Rev Soc Bras Med Tro. 2012;45(5):620–626. doi:10.1590/S0037-86822012000500015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Q, Zhang C, Wang X, Chen L, Ji H, Zhang Y. (S)-ZJM-289, a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide, protects against ischemic neuronal injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and associated cell death. Neurochem Int. 2012;60(2):134–144. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.11.01322142531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaki T, Nakamura H, Kishima H. Therapeutic strategy against ischemic stroke with the concept of neurovascular unit. Neurochem Int. 2019;126:246–251. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.02230946849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasner SE. Clinical interpretation and use of stroke scales. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(7):603–612. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70495-116781990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelluboina B, Klopfenstein JD, Gujrati M, Rao JS, Veeravalli KK. Temporal regulation of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic molecules after middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. Mol Neurobiol. 2014;49(1):50–65. doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8486-723813097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Lv SY, Lyu SK, Wu D, Chen Q. The protective effect of apelin on ischemia/reperfusion injury. Peptides. 2015;63:43–46. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.00125447414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao X, Chen W, Li J, et al. The protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid against brain ischemia and reperfusion injury via mTOR signaling pathway in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2018;671:108–113. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.01229432779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu NN, Dong ZL, Han LL. MicroRNA-410 inhibition of the TIMP2-dependent MAPK pathway confers neuroprotection against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis after ischemic stroke in mice. Brain Res Bull. 2018;143:45–57. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.09.00930240841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Bogavac-Stanojevic N, Jelic-Ivanovic Z, et al. Oxidative stress and paraoxonase 1 status in acute ischemic stroke patients. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(1):192–198. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.01626016451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei K, Wang P, Miao CY. A double-edged sword with therapeutic potential: an updated role of autophagy in ischemic cerebral injury. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(11):879–886. doi:10.1111/cns.1200522998350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Shao BZ, Deng Z, Chen S, Yue Z, Miao CY. Autophagy in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol. 2018;163–164:98–117. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou K, Xu D, Li F, Chen S, Li Y. The progress of neuronal autophagy in cerebral ischemia stroke: mechanisms, roles and research methods. J Neurol Sci. 2019;400:72–82. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2019.03.01530904689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang DM, Zhang T, Wang MM, et al. TIGAR alleviates ischemia/reperfusion-induced autophagy and ischemic brain injury. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019;137:13–23. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.00230978385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E. LC3 and Autophagy. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;445:77–88. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-157-4_418425443
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wirawan E, Lippens S, Vanden Berghe T, et al. Beclin1: a role in membrane dynamics and beyond. Autophagy. 2012;8(1):6–17. doi:10.4161/auto.8.1.1664522170155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo C, Ouyang MW, Fang YY, et al. Dexmedetomidine protects mouse brain from ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting neuronal autophagy through up-regulating HIF-1alpha. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017;11:197. doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.0019728729825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao X, Yao R, Huang F, Yi J. LncRNA SNHG12 as a potent autophagy inducer exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;514:490–496. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.15831056262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Sun D, Hu Y, et al. The roles of oxidative stress and Beclin-1 in the autophagosome clearance impairment triggered by cardiac arrest. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019;136:87–95. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.03930951836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He H, Zeng Q, Huang G, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation exerts neuroprotective effects following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Brain Res. 2019;1707:124–132. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.01830448444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang J, Shao SH, Xu ZX, et al. The energy sensing LKB1-AMPK pathway regulates p27(kip1) phosphorylation mediating the decision to enter autophagy or apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol. 2007;9(2):218–224. doi:10.1038/ncb153717237771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrpour M, Esclatine A, Beau I, Codogno P. Autophagy in health and disease. 1. Regulation and significance of autophagy: an overview. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2010;298(4):C776–C785. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00507.200920089931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Guan YF, Du H, Zhai QW, Su DF, Miao CY. Induction of autophagy contributes to the neuroprotection of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in cerebral ischemia. Autophagy. 2012;8(1):77–87. doi:10.4161/auto.8.1.1827422113203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar