References
- World Health OrganizationDementia: A Public Health PriorityGenevaWorld Health Organization2012 Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241564458_eng.pdfAccessed November 9, 2012
- Bermejo-ParejaFBenito-LéonJVegaSMedranoMJRománGCNeurological Disorders in Central Spain (NEDICES) Study GroupIncidence and subtypes of dementia in three elderly populations of central SpainJ Neurol Sci20082641–2637217727890
- Bermejo-ParejaFBenito-LéonJVegaSConsistency of clinical diagnosis of dementia in NEDICES: A population-based longitudinal study in SpainJ Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol200922424625519417217
- McKhannGDrachmanDFolsteinMKatzmanRPriceDStadlanEMClinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s DiseaseNeurology19843479399446610841
- VillarejoABenito-LéonJTrincadoRDementia-associated mortality at thirteen years in the NEDICES Cohort StudyJ Alzheimers Dis201126354355121694455
- RiveraJBermejoFFrancoMMorales-GonzálezJMBenito-LéonJUnderstanding care of people with dementia in Spain: cohabitation arrangements, rotation and rejection to long term care institutionInt J Geriatr Psychiatry200924214214818615855
- AnsteyKJLipnickiDMLowLFCholesterol as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a systematic review of prospective studies with meta-analysisAm J Geriatr Psychiatry200816534335418448847
- GrimmMOTschäpeJAGrimmHSZinserEGHartmannTAltered membrane fluidity and lipid raft composition in presenilin-deficient cellsActa Neurol Scand Suppl2006185S27S32
- LütjohannDCholesterol metabolism in the brain: importance of 24S-hydroxylationActa Neurol Scand Suppl2006185S33S42
- SparksDLHunsakerJC3rdScheffSWKryscioRJHensonJLMarkesberyWRCortical senile plaques in coronary artery disease, aging and Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurobiol Aging19901166016071704106
- SparksDLScheffSWHunsakerJC3rdLiuHLandersTGrossDRInduction of Alzheimer-like beta-amyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterolExp Neurol1994126188948157129
- SimonsMKellerPDe StrooperBBeyreutherKDottiCGSimonsKCholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of beta-amyloid in hippocampal neuronsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A19989511646064649600988
- FassbenderKSimonsMBergmannCSimvastatin strongly reduces levels of Alzheimer’s disease beta-amyloid peptides Abeta 42 and Abeta 40 in vitro and in vivoProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200198105856586111296263
- SimonsKEhehaltRCholesterol, lipid rafts, and diseaseJ Clin Invest2002110559760312208858
- BodovitzSKleinWLCholesterol modulates alpha-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor proteinJ Biol Chem19962718443644408626795
- RöslerMAnandRCicin-SainAEfficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: international randomised controlled trialBMJ1999318718463363810066203
- PappollaMABryant-ThomasTKHerbertDMild hypercholesterolemia is an early risk factor for the development of Alzheimer amyloid pathologyNeurology200361219920512874399
- ReissABVoloshynaIRegulation of cerebral cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer diseaseJ Investig Med2012603576582
- CorderEHSaundersAMStrittmatterWJGene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset familiesScience199326151239219238346443
- SchipperHMApolipoprotein E: implications for AD neurobiology, epidemiology and risk assessmentNeurobiol Aging201132577879019482376
- CreanSWardAMercaldiCJApolipoprotein E ɛ4 prevalence in Alzheimer’s disease patients varies across global populations: a systematic literature review and meta-analysisDement Geriatr Cogn Disord2011311203021124030
- FarrerLACupplesLAHainesJLEffects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis ConsortiumJAMA199727816134913569343467
- NuutinenTSuuronenTKauppinenASalminenAClusterin: a forgotten player in Alzheimer’s diseaseBrain Res Rev20096128910419651157
- HerzJChenYReelin, lipoprotein receptors and synaptic plasticityNat Rev Neurosci200671185085917053810
- BjörkhemIHeverinMLeoniVMeaneySDiczfalusyUOxysterols and Alzheimer’s diseaseActa Neurol Scand Suppl2006185S43S49
- GhribiOPotential mechanisms linking cholesterol to Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in rabbit brain, hippocampal organotypic slices, and skeletal muscleJ Alzheimers Dis200815467368419096164
- ShepardsonNEShankarGMSelkoeDJCholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: I. Review of epidemiological and preclinical studiesArch Neurol201168101239124421987540
- NotkolaILSulkavaRPekkanenJSerum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer’s diseaseNeuroepidemiology199817114209549720
- KivipeltoMHelkalaELLaaksoMPMidlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer’s disease in later life: longitudinal, population based studyBMJ200132273001447145111408299
- RomasSNTangMXBerglundLMayeuxRAPOE genotype, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and AD in community elderlyNeurology199953351752110449113
- ReitzCTangMXLuchsingerJMayeuxRRelation of plasma lipids to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementiaArch Neurol200461570571415148148
- MielkeMMZandiPPSjögrenMHigh total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementiaNeurology200564101689169515911792
- YoshitakeTKiyoharaYKatoIIncidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama StudyNeurology1995456116111687783883
- KalmijnSFoleyDWhiteLMetabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese-American elderly men. The Honolulu-Asia aging studyArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol200020102255226011031212
- TanZSSeshadriSBeiserAPlasma total cholesterol level as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: the Framingham StudyArch Intern Med200316391053105712742802
- MartinMJHulleySBBrownerWSKullerLHWentworthDSerum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361,662 menLancet1986285139339362877128
- KlagMJFordDEMeadLASerum cholesterol in young men and subsequent cardiovascular diseaseN Engl J Med199332853133188419817
- KronmalRACainKCYeZOmennGSTotal serum cholesterol levels and mortality risk as a function of age. A report based on the Framingham dataArch Intern Med19931539106510738481074
- Barrett-ConnorEEdelsteinSLCorey-BloomJWiederholtWCWeight loss precedes dementia in community-dwelling older adultsJ Am Geriatr Soc19964410114711528855991
- TsolakiMFountoulakisKChantziEKazisARisk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: a case-control study of a Greek populationInt Psychogeriatr1997933273419513031
- MorrisMCScherrPAHebertLEGlynnRJBennettDAEvansDAAssociation of incident Alzheimer disease and blood pressure measured from 13 years before to 2 years after diagnosis in a large community studyArch Neurol200158101640164611594923
- SkoogILernfeltBLandahlS15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementiaLancet19963479009114111458609748
- GustafsonDRothenbergEBlennowKSteenBSkoogIAn 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer diseaseArch Intern Med2003163131524152812860573
- LaunerLJRossGWPetrovitchHMidlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging studyNeurobiol Aging2000211495510794848
- Bermejo-ParejaFBenito-LéonJVegaQSThe NEDICES cohort of the elderly. Methodology and main neurological findingsRev Neurol2008467416423 Spanish18389461
- VegaSBenito-LéonJBermejo-ParejaFSeveral factors influenced attrition in a population-based elderly cohort: neurological disorders in Central Spain StudyJ Clin Epidemiol201063221522219473811
- MoralesJMBermejoFPBenito-LéonJNEDICES Study GroupMethods and demographic findings of the baseline survey of the NEDICES cohort: a door-to-door survey of neurological disorders in three communities from Central SpainPublic Health2004118642643315313596
- Benito-LéonJLouisEDRivera-NavarroJMedranoMJVegaSBermejo-ParejaFLow morale is associated with increased risk of mortality in the elderly: a population-based prospective study (NEDICES)Age Ageing201039336637320299322
- RefoloLMPappollaMALaFrancoisJA cholesterol-lowering drug reduces beta-amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurobiol Dis20018589089911592856
- RamírezCSierraSTerceroIApoB100/LDLR−/− hypercholesterolaemic mice as a model for mild cognitive impairment and neuronal damagePLoS One201067e22712
- MizunoTNakataMNaikiHCholesterol-dependent generation of a seeding amyloid beta-protein in cell cultureJ Biol Chem199927421151101511410329717
- MichikawaMYanagisawaKInhibition of cholesterol production but not of nonsterol isoprenoid products induces neuronal cell deathJ Neurochem19997262278228510349836
- SparksDLAlzheimer disease: statins in the treatment of Alzheimer diseaseNat Rev Neurol201171266266322009281
- McGuinnessBCraigDBullockRPassmorePStatins for the prevention of dementiaCochrane Database Syst Rev2009152CD00316019370582
- McGuinnessBO’HareJCraigDBullockRMaloufRPassmorePStatins for the treatment of dementiaCochrane Database Syst Rev201048CD00751420687089
- WolozinBKellmanWRuosseauPCelesiaGGSiegelGDecreased prevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitorsArch Neurol200057101439144311030795
- BurgosJBenavidesJDouilletPVelascoJValdiviesoFHow statins could be evaluated successfully in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease?Am J Alzheimer Dis Other Demen2012273151153
- LawMRWaldNJRudnickaARQuantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysisBMJ20033267404142312829554
- CrisbyMThe role of pleiotropic effects of statins in dementiaActa Neurol Scand Suppl2006185S115S118
- ButterfieldDABaroneEMancusoCCholesterol-independent neuroprotective and neurotoxic activities of statins: perspectives for statin use in Alzheimer disease and other age-related neurodegenerative disordersPharmacol Res201164318018621536132
- SierraSRamosMCMolinaPEsteoCVázquezJABurgosJSStatins as neuroprotectants: a comparative in vitro study of lipophilicity, blood–brain-barrier penetration, lowering of brain cholesterol, and decrease of neuron cell deathJ Alzheimers Dis201123230731821098985
- ShepardsonNEShankarGMSelkoeDJCholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: II. Review of human trials and recommendationsArch Neurol201168111385139222084122
- JickHZornbergGLJickSSSeshadriSDrachmanDAStatins and the risk of dementiaLancet200035692421627163111089820
- HajjarISchumpertJHirthVWielandDEleazerGPThe impact of the use of statins on the prevalence of dementia and the progression of cognitive impairmentJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci2002577M414M41812084801
- RodriguezEGDodgeHHBirzescuMAStoehrGPGanguliMUse of lipid-lowering drugs in older adults with and without dementia: a community-based epidemiological studyJ Am Geriatr Soc200250111852185612410906
- YaffeKBarrett-ConnorELinFGradyDSerum lipoprotein levels, statin use, and cognitive function in older womenArch Neurol200259337838411890840
- ZamriniEMcGwinGRosemanJMAssociation between statin use and Alzheimer’s diseaseNeuroepidemiology2004231–2949814739574
- ReaTDBreitnerJCPsatyBMStatin use and the risk of incident dementia: the Cardiovascular Health StudyArch Neurol20056271047105116009757
- DufouilCRichardFFiévetNAPOE genotype, cholesterol level, lipid-lowering treatment, and dementia: the Three-City StudyNeurology20056491531153815883313
- CramerCHaanMNGaleaSLangaKMKalbfleischJDUse of statins and incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment without dementia in a cohort studyNeurology200871534435018663180
- HaagMDHofmanAKoudstaalPJStrickerBHBretelerMMStatins are associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer disease regardless of lipophilicity. The Rotterdam StudyJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2009801131718931004
- ZandiPPSparksDLKhachaturianASCache County Study InvestigatorsDo statins reduce risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer disease? The Cache County StudyArch Gen Psychiatry200562221722415699299
- ArvanitakisZSchneiderJAWilsonRSStatins, incident Alzheimer disease, change in cognitive function, and neuropathologyNeurology20087019 Pt 21795180218199831
- Benito-LéonJLouisEDVegaSBermejo-ParejaFStatins and cognitive functioning in the elderly: a population-based studyJ Alzheimers Dis20102119510220413854
- TrompetSvan VlietPde CraenAJPravastatin and cognitive function in the elderly. Results of the PROSPER studyJ Neurol20102571859019653027
- Heart Protection Study Collaborative GroupMRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trialLancet2002360932672212114036
- HarrisonRWAshtonCHDo cholesterol-lowering agents affect brain activity? A comparison of simvastatin, pravastatin, and placebo in healthy volunteersBr J Clin Pharmacol19943732312368198930
- KostisJBRosenRCWilsonACCentral nervous system effects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors: lovastatin and pravastatin on sleep and cognitive performance in patients with hypercholesterolemiaJ Clin Pharmacol199434109899967836550
- CutlerNSramekJVeroffABlockGStaufferLLinesCEffects of treatment with simvastatin and pravastatin on cognitive function in patients with hypercholesterolaemiaBr J Clin Pharmacol19953933333367619678
- GengoFCwudzinskiDKinkelPBlockGStaufferLLinesCEffects of treatment with lovastatin and pravastatin on daytime cognitive performanceClin Cardiol19951842092147788948
- GibellatoMGMooreJLSelbyKBowerEAEffects of lovastatin and pravastatin on cognitive function in military aircrewAviat Space Environ Med200172980581211565814
- GolombBACriquiMHWhiteHLDimsdaleJEThe UCSD Statin Study: a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of statins on selected noncardiac outcomesControl Clin Trials200425217820215020036
- SummersMJOliverKRCoombesJSFassettRGEffect of atorvastatin on cognitive function in patients from the Lipid Lowering and Onset of Renal Disease (LORD) trialPharmacotherapy200727218319017253908
- SparksDLKryscioRJConnorDJCholesterol and cognitive performance in normal controls and the influence of elective statin use after conversion to mild cognitive impairment: results in a clinical trial cohortNeurodegener Dis201071–318318620224282
- SparksDLKryscioRJSabbaghMNConnorDJSparksLMLiebsackCReduced risk of incident AD with elective statin use in a clinical trial cohortCurr Alzheimer Res20085441642118690839
- CarlssonCMGleasonCEHessTMEffects of simvastatin on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognition in middle-aged adults at risk for Alzheimer’s diseaseJ Alzheimers Dis200813218719718376061
- SantanelloNCBarberBLApplegateWBEffect of pharmacologic lipid lowering on health-related quality of life in older persons: results from the Cholesterol Reduction in Seniors Program (CRISP) Pilot StudyJ Am Geriatr Soc19974518148994481
- MuldoonMFBargerSDRyanCMEffects of lovastatin on cognitive function and psychological well-beingAm J Med2000108753854610806282
- MuldoonMFRyanCMSereikaSMFloryJDManuckSBRandomized trial of the effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in hypercholesterolemic adultsAm J Med20041171182382915589485
- Berk-PlankenIde KonigIStolkRJansenHHoogerbruggeNAtorvastatin, diabetic dyslipidemia, and cognitive functioningDiabetes Care20022571250125112087035
- ParaleGPBahetiNNKulkarniPMPanchalNVEffects of atorvastatin on higher functionsEur J Clin Pharmacol200662425926516489473
- Diabetes Atorvastin Lipid Intervention (DALI) Study GroupThe effect of aggressive versus standard lipid lowering by atorvastatin on diabetic dyslipidemia: the DALI study: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic dyslipidemiaDiabetes Care20012481335134111473066
- SimonsMSchwärzlerFLütjohannDTreatment with simvastatin in normocholesterolemic patients with Alzheimer’s disease: A 26-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trialAnn Neurol200252334635012205648
- FeldmanHHDoodyRSKivipeltoMLEADe InvestigatorsRandomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: LEADeNeurology2010741295696420200346
- SanoMBellKLGalaskoDA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of simvastatin to treat Alzheimer diseaseNeurology201177655656321795660
- SparksDLConnorDJSabbaghMNPetersenRBLopezJBrownePCirculating cholesterol levels, apolipoprotein E genotype and dementia severity influence the benefit of atorvastatin treatment in Alzheimer’s disease: results of the Alzheimer’s Disease Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment (ADCLT) trialActa Neurol Scand Suppl2006185S3S7
- SparksDLSabbaghMNConnorDJAtorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: preliminary resultsArch Neurol200562575375715883262
- RockwoodKKirklandSHoganDBUse of lipid-lowering agents, indication bias, and the risk of dementia in community-dwelling elderly peopleArch Neurol200259222322711843693
- RedelmeierDAThiruchelvamDDanemanNDelirium after elective surgery among elderly patients taking statinsCMAJ2008179764565218809895
- EvansMAGolombBAStatin-associated adverse cognitive effects: survey results from 171 patientsPharmacotherapy200929780081119558254
- AgostiniJVTinettiMEHanLMcAvayGFoodyJMConcatoJEffects of statin use on muscle strength, cognition, and depressive symptoms in older adultsJ Am Geriatr Soc200755342042517341246
- GlasserSPWadleyVJuddSThe association of statin use and statin type and cognitive performance: analysis of the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) studyClin Cardiol201033528028820513066
- Rojas-FernandezCHCameronJCIs statin-associated cognitive impairment clinically relevant? A narrative review and clinical recommendationsAnn Pharmacother201246454955722474137
- JukemaJWCannonCPde CraenAJWestendorpRGTrompetSThe controversies of statin therapy: weighing the evidenceJ Am Coll Cardiol2012601087588122902202
- Institute for the Study of Aging (ISOA)Lipitor as a treatment for Alzheimer’s diseaseClinical Trials gov [website on the Internet]Bethesda, MDUS National Library of Medicine2001 [updated November 8, 2006]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00024531. NLM identifier: NCT00024531Accessed September 30, 2012
- PfizerTo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of atorvastatin plus a cholinesterase inhibitor in AD patientsClinical Trialsgov [website on the Internet]Bethesda, MDUS National Library of Medicine2005 [updated July 9, 2008]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00151502. NLM identifier: NCT00151502Accessed September 30, 2012
- National Institute on Aging (NIA)Cholesterol lowering agent to slow progression (CLASP) of Alzheimer’s disease studyClinical Trials gov [website on the Internet]Bethesda, MDUS National Library of Medicine2003 [updated July 24, 2009]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.nlm.nih.gov/ct2/show/NCT00053599. NLM identifier: NCT00053599Accessed September 30, 2012