Depression and Associated Risk Factors Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Cross Sectional Study on a Convenience Sample from the Diabetic Center, Khamis Mushait; Saudi Arabia

References

• Sharp LK, Lipsky MS. Screening for Depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66(6):1001–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoop CH, Spek VRM, Pop VJM, Pouwer F. Disease management for co-morbid depression and anxiety in diabetes mellitus: design of a randomized controlled trial in primary care. BMC Fam Pract. 2011;12:139. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-12-139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqurashi KA, Aljabri KS, Bokhari SA. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community. Ann Saudi Med. 2011;31(1):19–23. doi:10.4103/0256-4947.75773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayan KMV, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Sorensen SW, Williamson DF. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 2003;290:1884–1890. doi:10.1001/jama.290.14.1884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Ford ES, Strine TW, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of depression among U.S. adults with diabetes: findings from the 2006 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(1):105–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali S, Stone MA, Peters JL, Davies MJ, Khunti K. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1165–1173. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01943.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin EH, Korff MV, Alonso J, et al. Mental disorders among persons with diabetes–results from the World Mental Health Surveys. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65:571–580. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouwen A, Winkley K, Twisk J, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the onset of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia;2010. 1–7. doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1591-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogner HR, Morales KH, Post EP, Bruce ML. Diabetes, depression, and death: a randomized controlled trial of a depression treatment program for older adults based in primary care (PROSPECT). Diabetes Care. 2007;30(12):3005–3010. doi:10.2337/dc07-0974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer M, Stamatakis E, Kivimaki M, Pascal Kengne A, Batty GD. Psychological distress, glycated hemoglobin, and mortality in adults with and without diabetes. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:882–886. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f6696e
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schram MT, Baan CA, Pouwer F. Depression and quality of life in patients with diabetes: a systematic review from the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2009;5:112–119. doi:10.2174/157339909788166828
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin R, Ciechanowski P, Egede L, Lin E, Lustman P. Recognizing and treating depression in patients with diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2004;4:119–125. doi:10.1007/s11892-004-0067-8
   Google Scholar
• Pouwer F, Beekman A, Lubach C, Snoek F. Nurses recognition and registration of depression, anxiety and diabetes-specific emotional problems in outpatients with diabetes mellitus. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;60:235–240. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2005.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez JS, Safren SA, Cagliero E, et al. Depression, self-care, and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: relationships across the full range of symptom severity. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2222–2227. doi:10.2337/dc07-0158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egede LE, Ellis C, Grubaugh AL. The effect of depression on self-care behaviors and quality of care in a national sample of adults with diabetes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:422–427. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park H, Hong Y, Lee H, Ha E, Sung Y. Individuals with type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms exhibited lower adherence with self-care. Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57:978–984. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.01.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin EH, Heckbert SR, Rutter CM, et al. Depression and increased mortality in diabetes: unexpected causes of death. Ann Fam Med. 2009;7:414–421. doi:10.1370/afm.998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M, Rutter C, Simon GE, Oliver M. Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and preventive care. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2154–2160. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.9.2154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:S11–S61. doi:10.2337/dc10-S011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour AH, Al Badawi TH, Haourani EM, Marmash LR. Depression, psychological distress and coping skills among patients diagnosed with type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Life Sci J. 2013;10(4):3044–3048.
   Google Scholar
• AlKhathami A, Alamin M, Alqahtani A, et al. Depression and anxiety among hypertensive and diabetic primary health care patients. Could patients’ perception of their diseases control be used as a screening tool? Saudi Med J. 2017;38(6):621–628. doi:10.15537/smj.2017.6.17941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzahrani A, Alghamdi A, Alqarni T, Alshareef R, Alzahrani A. Prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among patients with type II diabetes attending primary healthcare centers in the western region of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2019;13:48. doi:10.1186/s13033-019-0307-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Mahalli AA. Prevalence and predictors of depression among type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Int J Health Sci. 2015;9(2):119–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gemeay EM, Moawed SA, Mansour EA, Ebrahiem NE, Moussa IM, Nadrah WO. The association between diabetes and depression. Saudi Med J. 2015;36(10):1210–1215. doi:10.15537/smj.2015.10.11944
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadalla AM, Mirghani HO, Mohammed OS, Alyoussef AA, Alfarraj MH, Elbadawi AS. Depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Basic Res J Med Din Sci. 2015;4(11):248–252.
   Google Scholar
• AL-Baik MZ, Moharram M, Elsaid T, et al. Screening for depression in diabetic Patients. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2014;3(2):156–160. doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2013.061120132
   Google Scholar
• Al-Ghamdi AA. A high prevalence of depression among diabetic patients at a teaching hospital in Western Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences. 2004;9(2):108–112.
   Google Scholar
• Trabulsi FA, Almasaodi KA. Depression among type 2 diabetic patients in Al-Eskan Avenue in Makkah, 2010. Am J Res Commun. 2013;1(10):49–68.
   Google Scholar
• Almawi W, Tamim H, Al-Sayed N, et al. Association of comorbid depression, anxiety, and stress disorders with type 2 diabetes in Bahrain: a country with a very high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008;31(11):1020–1024. doi:10.1007/BF03345642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweileh WM, Abu-Hadeed HM, Al-Jabi SW, Zyoud SH. Prevalence of depression among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross sectional study in Palestine. BMC Public Health. 2014;13(14):163. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsaeed O, Abuhegazy H, Roshdi R, et al. psychiatric disorders in Saudi patients with diabetes. New Egypt J Med. 2013;48(1):59–66.
   Google Scholar
• Abuhegazy H, Elkeshishi H, Farrag H, Saleh N. Depression and glycemic control in a sample of patients with type 2 diabetes. MOJ Addict Med Therapy. 2017;5(5):141–148.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(6):1069–1078. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer R, Williams W. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. JGIM. 2001;16:606–616. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SI, Yeh ZT, Huang HC, et al. Validation of Patient Health Questionnaire for depression screening among primary care patients in Taiwan. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(1):96–101. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Muzien NA, Al-Sowielem LS. Prevalence of depression in diabetics attending primary healthcare centers in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. J Bahrain Med Soc. 2014;25(1):14–18. doi:10.26715/jbms.p25_4
   Google Scholar
• Alharbi AA, Eid AO, Aldgail AA, et al. Impact of glycemic control on depression among type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Med Res Prof. 2016;2(6):155–158.
   Google Scholar
• Abuhegzy H, Elkeshishi H, Saleh N, et al. Longitudinal effect of depression on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 3-year prospective study. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr. 2017;39:27–34. doi:10.4103/1110-1105.200718
   Google Scholar
• Gavard J, Lustman PJ, Clouse RE. Prevalence of depression in adults with diabetes. Diab Care. 1993;16:1167–1178. doi:10.2337/diacare.16.8.1167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raval A, Dhanaraj E, Bhansali A, Grover S, Tiwari P. Prevalence & determinants of depression in type 2 diabetes patients in a tertiary care centre. Indian J Med Res. 2010;132:195–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larijani B, Shahi Bayat MK, Gorgani MK, Bandarian F, Akhondzadeh S, Sadjadi SA. Association between depression and diabetes. German J Psychiatry. 2004;7:62–65.
   Google Scholar
• Xu L, Ren J, Cheng M, Tang K. Depressive symptoms and risk factors in Chinese persons with type 2 diabetes. Arch Med Res. 2004;35(4):301–307. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2004.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellez-Zenteno JF, Cardiel MH. Risk factors associated with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Med Res. 2002;33(1):53–60. doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(01)00349-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskin HJ, Cobin RH, Duick DS. American association of clinical endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2002;8(6):457–469. doi:10.4158/1934-2403-8.6.457
   Google Scholar
• Hage MP, Azar ST. The link between thyroid function and depression. J Thyroid Res. 2012;8:590648.
   Google Scholar
• Jurado-Flores M, Warda F, Mooradian A. Pathophysiology and clinical features of neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disease. J Endocr Soc. 2022;6(2):bvab194. PMID: 35059548; PMCID: PMC8765786. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta analysis. Psychosomatic Med. 2001;63:619–630. doi:10.1097/00006842-200107000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrot M, Rubin RR. Persistence of depressive symptoms diabetic adults. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(3):448–452. doi:10.2337/diacare.22.3.448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridhar GR. On psychology and psychiatry in diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2020;24(5):387–395. PMID: 33489842; PMCID: PMC7810053. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_188_20
   Google Scholar
• Sridhar GR. Can the management of depression in type 2 diabetes be democratized? World J Diabetes. 2022;13(3):203–212. PMID: 35432759; PMCID: PMC8984566. doi:10.4239/wjd.v13.i3.203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar