New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus Secondary to COVID-19 Infection in Adults: A Systematic Review

References

• Covid19.who.int. WHO coronavirus (covid-19) dashboard [internet]; 2022. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed May 6, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Elis.sk. Bratislava medical journal; 2022. Available from: http://www.elis.sk/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=7056&category_id=171&option=com_virtuemart&vmcchk=1&Itemid=1. Accessed January 24, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed MU, Hanif M, Ali MJ, et al. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): a review. Front Neurol. 2020;11:518. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R, Garg A, Sapra H, et al. Pathophysiological mechanisms and neurological manifestations in COVID-19. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2020;24(10):975–980. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kase Y, Okano H. Neurological pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): from virological features to clinical symptoms. Inflamm Regen. 2021;41(1). doi:10.1186/s41232-021-00165-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narula N, Joseph R, Katyal N, et al. Seizure and COVID-19: association and review of potential mechanism. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2020;38:49–53. doi:10.1016/j.npbr.2020.10.001
   Google Scholar
• Betjemann JP, Josephson SA, Lowenstein DH, Burke JF. Trends in status epilepticus-related hospitalizations and mortality: redefined in US practice over time: redefined in US practice over time. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(6):650–655. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhillon RA, Qamar MA, Gilani JA, et al. The mystery of COVID-19 reinfections: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg. 2021;72:103130. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHLBI, NIH. Study quality assessment tools. Nhlbi.nih.gov; 2022. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools. Accessed January 24, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Shorvon S, Sen A. What is status epilepticus and what do we know about its epidemiology? Seizure. Eur J Epilepsy. 2020;75:131–136. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2019.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Périn B, Szurhaj W. New onset refractory status epilepticus: state of the art. Rev Neurol. 2022;178(1–2):74–83. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2021.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattanzi S, Leitinger M, Rocchi C, et al. Unraveling the enigma of new-onset refractory status epilepticus: a systematic review of aetiologies. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29(2):626–647. doi:10.1111/ene.15149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer U, Chi CS, Lin KL, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome: a multicenter study on 77 children. Epilepsia. 2011;52(11):1956–1965. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03250.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal MK, Chakravarthi S, Modi M, Bhalla A, Lal V. Status epilepticus severity score (STESS): a useful tool to predict outcome of status epilepticus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2015;139:96–99. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aukland P, Lando M, Vilholm O, Christiansen EB, Beier CP. Predictive value of the Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS) and its components for long-term survival. BMC Neurol. 2016;16(1):213. doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0730-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SK. Diagnosis and treatment of status epilepticus. J Epilepsy Res. 2020;10(2):45–54. doi:10.14581/jer.20008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jang Y, Kim DW, Yang KI, et al. Clinical approach to autoimmune epilepsy. J Clin Neurol. 2020;16(4):519–529. doi:10.3988/jcn.2020.16.4.519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan TH-L, Perucca P, O’Brien TJ, Kwan P, Monif M. Inflammation, ictogenesis, and epileptogenesis: an exploration through human disease. Epilepsia. 2021;62(2):303–324. doi:10.1111/epi.16788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valton L, Benaiteau M, Denuelle M, et al. Etiological assessment of status epilepticus. Rev Neurol. 2020;176(6):408–426. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2019.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gofton TE, Wong N, Hirsch LJ, Hocker SE. Communication challenges: a spotlight on new-onset refractory status epilepticus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(5):857–863. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belluzzo M, Nilo A, Valente M, Gigli GL. New-onset status epilepticus in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case series. Neurol Sci. 2021;3:2015–2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gaspard N, Hirsch LJ, Sculier C, et al. New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): state of the art and perspectives. Epilepsia. 2018;59(4):745–752. doi:10.1111/epi.14022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(2):157–165. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70310-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musick S, Alberico A. Neurologic assessment of the neurocritical care patient. Front Neurol. 2021;12:588989. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.588989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang ST, Ballout AA, Mirza U, et al. Acute seizures occurring in association with SARS-CoV-2. Front Neurol. 2020;11:576329. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.576329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najjar S, Najjar A, Chong DJ, et al. Central nervous system complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: integrative concepts of pathophysiology and case reports. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):231. doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01896-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti G, Giovannini G, Marudi A, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting as new onset refractory status epilepticus in COVID-19. Seizure. 2020;81:18–20. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2020.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dono F, Carrarini C, Russo M, et al. New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) in post SARS-CoV-2 autoimmune encephalitis: a case report. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(1):35–38. doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04846-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somani S, Pati S, Gaston T, Chitlangia A, Agnihotri S. De novo status epilepticus in patients with COVID-19. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(7):1240–1244. doi:10.1002/acn3.51071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karvigh SA, Vahabizad F, Mirhadi MS, Banihashemi G, Montazeri M. COVID-19-related refractory status epilepticus with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (RNA) in the CSF: a case report. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(7):2611–2614. doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05239-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manganotti P, Furlanis G, Ajčević M, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin response in new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) COVID-19 adult patients. J Neurol. 2021;268(10):3569–3573. doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10468-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall T, Hussein H, Murray T. Covid-19-associated leukoencephalopathy presenting as new onset refractory status epilepticus. Chest. 2021;160(4):A934. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babymhospital.org. View of immune responsive NORSE in a patient with COVID 19 infection. Available from: https://www.babymhospital.org/BMH_MJ/index.php/BMHMJ/article/view/313/665. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Palacios Mendoza M, Prieto Montalvo J, Massot-Tarrús A. Anakinra in the treatment of new-onset refractory status epilepticus: our experience from a clinical case. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28:699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRISMA. Prisma-statement.org. [cited 2022 Aug 24]. Available from: https://prisma-statement.org/prismastatement/flowdiagram. Accessed August 25, 2022.
   Google Scholar