730
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Medical management of epileptic seizures: challenges and solutions

, , &
Pages 467-485 | Published online: 24 Feb 2016

References

  • Centers for Disease Control and PreventionEpilepsy fast facts2015 Available from: cdc.gov/epilepsy/basics/fast-facts.htmAccessed October 8, 2015
  • SirvenJINoeKHoerthMDrazkowskiJAntiepileptic drugs 2012: recent advances and trendsMayo Clin Proc201287987988922958992
  • KellyTETeratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs. I: Review of the literatureAm J Med Genet19841934134346391167
  • OlafssonEHallgrimssonJTHauserWALudvigssonPGudmundssonGPregnancies of women with epilepsy: a population-based study in IcelandEpilepsia19983988878929701382
  • AdabNKiniUVintenJThe longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsyJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry200475111575158315491979
  • BarrettCRichensAEpilepsy and pregnancy: report of an epilepsy research foundation workshopEpilepsy Res200352314718712536051
  • TomsonTBattinoDBonizzoniEDose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registryLancet Neurol201110760961721652013
  • VajdaFJO’BrienTJGrahamJLanderCMEadieMJThe outcomes of pregnancy in women with untreated epilepsySeizure201524778125218112
  • PennellPBPengLNewportDJLamotrigine in pregnancy: clearance, therapeutic drug monitoring, and seizure frequencyNeurology20087022 Pt 22130213618046009
  • PetrenaiteVSabersAHansen-SchwartzJSeizure deterioration in women treated with oxcarbazepine during pregnancyEpilepsy Res2009842–324524919231139
  • HardenCLPennellPBKoppelBSPractice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy – focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy SocietyNeurology200973214214919398680
  • TomsonTLandmarkCJBattinoDAntiepileptic drug treatment in pregnancy: changes in drug disposition and their clinical implicationsEpilepsia201354340541423360413
  • ReisingerTLNewmanMLoringDWPennellPBMeadorKJAntiepileptic drug clearance and seizure frequency during pregnancy in women with epilepsyEpilepsy Behav2013291131823911354
  • BurakgaziEPollardJHardenCThe effect of pregnancy on seizure control and antiepileptic drugs in women with epilepsyRev Neurol Dis201181–2162221769067
  • BattinoDTomsonTBonizzoniESeizure control and treatment changes in pregnancy: observations from the EURAP epilepsy pregnancy registryEpilepsia20135491621162723848605
  • ThomasSVSyamUDeviJSPredictors of seizures during pregnancy in women with epilepsyEpilepsia2012535e85e8822429269
  • HardenCLHoppJTingTYManagement issues for women with epilepsy – focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): I. Obstetrical complications and change in seizure frequencyEpilepsia20095051229123619496807
  • HiilesmaaVKBardyATeramoKObstetric outcome in women with epilepsyAm J Obstet Gynecol198515254995044014343
  • ViinikainenKHeinonenSErikssonKKälviäinenRCommunity-based, prospective, controlled study of obstetric and neonatal outcome of 179 pregnancies in women with epilepsyEpilepsia200647118619216417548
  • HvasCLHenriksenTBØstergaardJRDamMEpilepsy and pregnancy: effect of antiepileptic drugs and lifestyle on birthweightBJOG2000107789690210901562
  • SukumaranSCSarmaPSThomasSVPolytherapy increases the risk of infertility in women with epilepsyNeurology201075151351135520938026
  • EdlowJACaplanLRO’BrienKTibblesCDDiagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum womenLancet Neurol201312217518523332362
  • KarnadDRGuntupalliKKNeurologic disorders in pregnancyCrit Care Med20053310 SupplS362S37116215360
  • WallisABSaftlasAFHsiaJAtrashHKSecular trends in the rates of preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension, united states, 1987–2004Am J Hypertens200821552152618437143
  • MaynardSEKarumanchiSAAngiogenic factors and preeclampsiaSemin Nephrol2011311334621266263
  • SchroederBMACOG practice bulletin on diagnosing and managing preeclampsia and eclampsia. American College of Obstetricians and GynecologistsAm Fam Physician200266233033112152970
  • DecollogneSTomasALecerfCAdamowiczESemanMNMDA receptor complex blockade by oral administration of magnesium: comparison with MK-801Pharmacol Biochem Behav19975812612689264101
  • No authors listedWhich anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the collaborative eclampsia trialLancet19953458963145514637769899
  • Committee on Obstetric PracticeCommittee opinion no. 514: emergent therapy for acute-onset, severe hypertension with preeclampsia or eclampsiaObstet Gynecol201111861465146822105295
  • ThomasSVManaging epilepsy in pregnancyNeurol India2011591596521339661
  • SibaiBMDiagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsiaObstet Gynecol2005105240241015684172
  • HartLASibaiBMSeizures in pregnancy: epilepsy, eclampsia, and strokeSemin Perinatol201337420722423916020
  • VarnerMSeizures and status epilepticusBelfortMSaadeGFoleyMPhelanJDildyGCritical Care Obstetrics5th edOxford, UKWiley-Blackwell2010222227
  • PennellPBPregnancy in women who have epilepsyNeurol Clin200422479982015474768
  • BettsTFoxCProactive pre-conception counselling for women with epilepsy – is it effective?Seizure19998632232710512771
  • OguniMDanskyLAndermannESherwinAAndermannFImproved pregnancy outcome in epileptic women in the last decade: relationship to maternal anticonvulsant therapyBrain Dev19921463713801492649
  • MartinPJMillacPAPregnancy, epilepsy, management and outcome: a 10-year perspectiveSeizure1993242772808162395
  • MetcalfeAStewartCPostansNAbnormal loading of the major joints in knee osteoarthritis and the response to knee replacementGait Posture2013371323622841587
  • PackAMDavisARKritzerJYoonACamusAAntiepileptic drugs: are women aware of interactions with oral contraceptives and potential teratogenicity?Epilepsy Behav200914464064419435578
  • PashleySO’DonoghueMFThe safety of anti-epileptic drug regimens: a qualitative study of factors determining the success of counselling women before conceptionJ Fam Plann Reprod Health Care200935315315619622204
  • BirbeckGLFrenchJAPeruccaEEvidence-based guideline: antiepileptic drug selection for people with HIV/AIDS. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Ad Hoc Task Force of the Commission on Therapeutic Strategies of the International League Against EpilepsyNeurology201278213914522218281
  • OkuliczJFGranditsGAFrenchJAThe impact of enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs on antiretroviral drug levels: a case-control studyEpilepsy Res20131032–324525322835761
  • SiddiqiOBirbeckGLSafe treatment of seizures in the setting of HIV/AIDSCurr Treat Options Neurol201315452954323657845
  • YacoobYBhigjeeAIMoodleyPParboosingRSodium valproate and highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV positive patients who develop new onset seizuresSeizure2011201808220952215
  • BrewBJThompsonJEpilepsy: issues with antiepileptic drug use in HIV-infected patientsNat Rev Neurol20128418718822410581
  • LeeKVivithanapornPSiemieniukRAClinical outcomes and immune benefits of anti-epileptic drug therapy in HIV/AIDSBMC Neurol2010104420565780
  • SiddiqiOKElafrosMASikazweIAcute EEG findings in HIV-infected Zambian adults with new-onset seizureNeurology201584131317132225740861
  • PotchenMJSiddiqiOKElafrosMANeuroimaging abnormalities and seizure recurrence in a prospective cohort study of Zambians with human immunodeficiency virus and first seizureNeurol Int201464554725568738
  • SikazweIElafrosMABositisCMHIV and new onset seizures: slipping through the cracks in HIV care and treatmentHIV Med Epub2015722
  • CorradaMMBrookmeyerRPaganini-HillABerlauDKawasCHDementia incidence continues to increase with age in the oldest old: the 90+ studyAnn Neurol201067111412120186856
  • GhoshSJehiLENew-onset epilepsy in the elderly: challenges for the internistCleve Clin J Med201481849049825085987
  • HauserWAAnnegersJFKurlandLTIncidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984Epilepsia19933434534688504780
  • FriedmanDHonigLSScarmeasNSeizures and epilepsy in Alzheimer’s diseaseCNS Neurosci Ther201218428529422070283
  • HesdorfferDCHauserWAAnnegersJFKokmenERoccaWADementia and adult-onset unprovoked seizuresNeurology19964637277308618673
  • PiccoAArchettiSFerraraMSeizures can precede cognitive symptoms in late-onset Alzheimer’s diseaseJ Alzheimers Dis201127473774221876255
  • VosselKABeagleAJRabinoviciGDSeizures and epileptiform activity in the early stages of Alzheimer diseaseJAMA Neurol20137091158116623835471
  • RomanelliMFMorrisJCAshkinKCobenLAAdvanced Alzheimer’s disease is a risk factor for late-onset seizuresArch Neurol19904788478502375689
  • NoebelsJA perfect storm: converging paths of epilepsy and Alzheimer’s dementia intersect in the hippocampal formationEpilepsia201152Suppl 1394621214538
  • McAreaveyMJBallingerBRFentonGWEpileptic seizures in elderly patients with dementiaEpilepsia19923346576601628580
  • LaccheoIAblahEHeinrichsRSadlerTBaadeLLiowKAssessment of quality of life among the elderly with epilepsyEpilepsy Behav200812225726117988950
  • TheodoreWHThe postictal state: effects of age and underlying brain dysfunctionEpilepsy Behav201019211812020724220
  • HayesMJLangmanMJShortAHChanges in drug metabolism with increasing age: 2. Phenytoin clearance and protein bindingBr J Clin Pharmacol19752173791234490
  • BirnbaumAHardieNALeppikIEVariability of total phenytoin serum concentrations within elderly nursing home residentsNeurology200360455555912601091
  • RowanAJRamsayRECollinsJFNew onset geriatric epilepsy: a randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepineNeurology200564111868187315955935
  • BrodieMJOverstallPWGiorgiLMulticentre, double-blind, randomised comparison between lamotrigine and carbamazepine in elderly patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. The UK Lamotrigine Elderly Study GroupEpilepsy Res1999371818710515178
  • CumboELigoriLDLevetiracetam, lamotrigine, and phenobarbital in patients with epileptic seizures and Alzheimer’s diseaseEpilepsy Behav201017446146620188634
  • Borhani HaghighiASabayanBCan prolonged administration of valproic acid put patients with epilepsy at higher risk for development of Alzheimer’s disease?Epilepsy Behav200812120620717980672
  • TekinSAykut-BingölCTanridağTAktanSAntiglutamatergic therapy in Alzheimer’s disease – effects of lamotrigine. short communicationJ Neural Transm (Vienna)19981052–32953039660108
  • MendezMLimGSeizures in elderly patients with dementia: epidemiology and managementDrugs Aging2003201179180312964886
  • JohnstonJALineberryCGAscherJAA 102-center prospective study of seizure in association with bupropionJ Clin Psychiatry199152114504561744061
  • WilliamsAMParkSHSeizure associated with clozapine:incidence, etiology, and managementCNS Drugs201529210111125537107
  • AlperKSchwartzKAKoltsRLKhanASeizure incidence in psychopharmacological clinical trials: an analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) summary basis of approval reportsBiol Psychiatry200762434535417223086
  • KumlienELundbergPOSeizure risk associated with neuroactive drugs: data from the WHO adverse drug reactions databaseSeizure2010192697320036167
  • LertxundiUHernandezRMedranoJDomingo-EchaburuSGarcíaMAguirreCAntipsychotics and seizures: higher risk with atypicals?Seizure201322214114323146619
  • BloechligerMRüeggSJickSSMeierCRBodmerMAntipsychotic drug use and the risk of seizures: follow-up study with a nested case-control analysisCNS Drugs201529759160326242478
  • AbendNSDlugosDJHahnCDHirschLJHermanSTUse of EEG monitoring and management of non-convulsive seizures in critically ill patients: a survey of neurologistsNeurocrit Care201012338238920198513
  • GavvalaJAbendNLaRocheSContinuous EEG monitoring: a survey of neurophysiologists and neurointensivistsEpilepsia201455111864187125266728
  • HirschLJUrgent continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring leads to changes in treatment in half of casesEpilepsy Curr2010104828520697500
  • BrophyGMBellRClaassenJGuidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticusNeurocrit Care201217132322528274
  • ForemanBClaassenJAbou KhaledKGeneralized periodic discharges in the critically ill: a case-control study of 200 patientsNeurology201279191951196023035068
  • OddoMCarreraEClaassenJMayerSAHirschLJContinuous electroencephalography in the medical intensive care unitCrit Care Med20093762051205619384197
  • AbendNSGutierrez-ColinaAZhaoHInterobserver reproducibility of electroencephalogram interpretation in critically ill childrenJ Clin Neurophysiol2011281151921221016
  • BeniczkySHirschLJKaplanPWUnified EEG terminology and criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticusEpilepsia201354Suppl 6282924001066
  • StewartCPOtsuboHOchiASharmaRHutchisonJSHahnCDSeizure identification in the ICU using quantitative EEG displaysNeurology201075171501150820861452
  • YigitOErayOMihciEYilmazDErayBOzkaynakSEEG as a part of the decision-making process in the emergency departmentEur J Emerg Med201320640240723274716
  • HaufMSlotboomJNirkkoAvon BredowFOzdobaCWiestRCortical regional hyperperfusion in nonconvulsive status epilepticus measured by dynamic brain perfusion CTAJNR Am J Neuroradiol200930469369819213823
  • MerceronSGeeraertsTMontlahucCBedosJResche-RigonMLegrielSAssessment of cerebral blood flow changes in nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose patients: a pathophysiological transcranial Doppler studySeizure201423428428924456622
  • WijdicksEFHijdraAYoungGBBassettiCLWiebeSPractice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy Of NeurologyNeurology200667220321016864809
  • PeberdyMACallawayCWNeumarRWPart 9: Post-cardiac arrest care: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular careCirculation201012218 Suppl 3S768S78620956225
  • KnightWAHartKWAdeoyeOMThe incidence of seizures in patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation from cardiac arrestEpilepsy Res2013106339640223906560
  • RittenbergerJCPopescuABrennerRPGuyetteFXCallawayCWFrequency and timing of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose post-cardiac arrest subjects treated with hypothermiaNeurocrit Care201216111412221638118
  • SandroniCNolanJPNeurologically favorable outcome is still possible despite myoclonus in comatose survivors of cardiac arrestCrit Care Med2015439e396e39726274730
  • AccardoJDe LisiDLazzeriniPPrimaveraAGood functional outcome after prolonged postanoxic comatose myoclonic status epilepticus in a patient who had undergone bone marrow transplantationCase Rep Neurol Med2013201387212724368951
  • MalhotraSMohinderKLance-Adams syndrome: difficulties surrounding diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment after cardiac arrestAnesth Essays Res20126221822225885623
  • CrepeauAZBrittonJWFugateJERabinsteinAAWijdicksEFElectroencephalography in survivors of cardiac arrest: comparing pre- and post-therapeutic hypothermia erasNeurocrit Care201522116517225030710
  • DraganceaIBackmanSWesthallERundgrenMFribergHCronbergTOutcome following postanoxic status epilepticus in patients with targeted temperature management after cardiac arrestEpilepsy Behav20154917317726117526
  • SadakaFDoerrDHindiaJLeeKPLoganWContinuous electroencephalogram in comatose postcardiac arrest syndrome patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia: outcome prediction studyJ Intensive Care Med201530529229624399172
  • MaiaBRoqueRAmaral-SilvaALourençoSBentoLAlcântaraJPredicting outcome after cardiopulmonary arrest in therapeutic hypothermia patients: clinical, electrophysiological and imaging prognosticatorsActa Med Port2013262939723809738
  • KarapetkovaMKoenigMAJiaXEarly prognostication markers in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermiaEur J Neurol Epub2015731
  • SandroniCGeocadinRGNeurological prognostication after cardiac arrestCurr Opin Crit Care201521320921425922894
  • AbendNSTopjianAIchordRElectroencephalographic monitoring during hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrestNeurology200972221931194019487651
  • CronbergTBrizziMLiedholmLJNeurological prognostication after cardiac arrest – recommendations from the Swedish Resuscitation CouncilResuscitation201384786787223370163
  • Tjepkema-CloostermansMCHofmeijerJTrofRJBlansMJBeishuizenAvan PuttenMJElectroencephalogram predicts outcome in patients with postanoxic coma during mild therapeutic hypothermiaCrit Care Med201543115916725251761
  • ManiRSchmittSEMazerMPuttMEGaieskiDFThe frequency and timing of epileptiform activity on continuous electroencephalogram in comatose post-cardiac arrest syndrome patients treated with therapeutic hypothermiaResuscitation201283784084722366352
  • AmorimERittenbergerJCBaldwinMECallawayCWPopescuAMalignant EEG patterns in cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management who survive to hospital dischargeResuscitation20159012713225779006
  • AlvarezVOddoMRossettiAOStimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic or ictal discharges (SIRPIDs) in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: characteristics and prognostic valueClin Neurophysiol2013124120420822857875
  • RossettiAOUrbanoLADelodderFKaplanPWOddoMPrognostic value of continuous EEG monitoring during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrestCrit Care2010145R17320920227
  • RundgrenMWesthallECronbergTRosenIFribergHContinuous amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram predicts outcome in hypothermia-treated cardiac arrest patientsCrit Care Med20103891838184420562694
  • BurjekNEWagnerCEHollenbeckRDEarly bispectral index and sedation requirements during therapeutic hypothermia predict neurologic recovery following cardiac arrestCrit Care Med20144251204121224365859
  • RikerRRStonePCJrMayTMcCrumBFraserGLSederDInitial bispectral index may identify patients who will awaken during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a retrospective pilot studyResuscitation201384679479723103886
  • MohammedHSHypothermia mitigates neurochemical alterations in rat’s cerebral cortex during status epilepticus induced by pilocarpineGen Physiol Biophys Epub2015729
  • KowskiABKanaanHSchmittFCHoltkampMDeep hypothermia terminates status epilepticus – an experimental studyBrain Res2012144611912622365745
  • WangYLiuPPLiLYZhangHMLiTHypothermia reduces brain edema, spontaneous recurrent seizure attack, and learning memory deficits in the kainic acid treated ratsCNS Neurosci Ther201117527128021951365
  • YuLZhouYChenWWangYMild hypothermia pretreatment protects against pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and neuronal apoptosis in immature ratsNeuropathology201131214415120880321
  • MarchiNANovyJFaouziMStahliCBurnandBRossettiAOStatus epilepticus: impact of therapeutic coma on outcomeCrit Care Med20154351003100925654177
  • ZeilerFAZeilerKJTeitelbaumJGillmanLMWestMTherapeutic hypothermia for refractory status epilepticusCan J Neurol Sci201542422122926153039
  • YangXWangXPotential mechanisms and clinical applications of mild hypothermia and electroconvulsive therapy on refractory status epilepticusExpert Rev Neurother201515213514425495421
  • CrepeauAZFugateJEMandrekarJValue analysis of continuous EEG in patients during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrestResuscitation201485678578924561030
  • AlvarezVSierra-MarcosAOddoMRossettiAOYield of intermittent versus continuous EEG in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest treated with hypothermiaCrit Care2013175R19024007625
  • ActonEKTatumWOInpatient psychiatric consultation for newly-diagnosed patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizuresEpilepsy Behav2013271363923376141
  • PintorLBaillesEMatraiSEfficiency of venlafaxine in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and anxiety and/or depressive disordersJ Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci201022440140821037125
  • LaFranceWCJrBakerGADuncanRGoldsteinLHReuberMMinimum requirements for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a staged approach. A report from the International League Against Epilepsy Nonepileptic Seizures Task ForceEpilepsia201354112005201824111933
  • ArthuisMMicoulaud-FranchiJABartolomeiFMcGonigalAGuedjEResting cortical PET metabolic changes in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES)J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry201486101106111225466258
  • LeeSAllendorferJBGastonTEWhite matter diffusion abnormalities in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizuresBrain Res2015162016917625979311
  • XueQWangZYXiongXCTianCYWangYPXuPAltered brain connectivity in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a scalp electroencephalography studyJ Int Med Res20134151682169024026773
  • ReinsbergerCSarkisRPapadelisCAutonomic changes in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: toward a potential diagnostic biomarker?Clin EEG Neurosci2015461162525780264
  • MoseleyBDDewarSHaneefZSternJMHow long is long enough? The utility of prolonged inpatient video EEG monitoringEpilepsy Res201510991225524837
  • PopkirovSGrönheitWWellmerJHyperventilation and photic stimulation are useful additions to a placebo-based suggestive seizure induction protocol in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizuresEpilepsy Behav201546889025934586
  • GoyalGKalitaJMisraUKUtility of different seizure induction protocols in psychogenic nonepileptic seizuresEpilepsy Res201410861120112724802296
  • RoblesLChiangSHaneefZReview-of-systems questionnaire as a predictive tool for psychogenic nonepileptic seizuresEpilepsy Behav20154515115425812935
  • GubbiJKusmakarSRaoAYanBO’BrienTPalaniswamiMAutomatic detection and classification of convulsive psychogenic non-epileptic seizures using a wearable deviceIEEE J Biomed Health Inform Epub2015617
  • BeniczkySConradsenIMoldovanMAutomated differentiation between epileptic and nonepileptic convulsive seizuresAnn Neurol201577234835125545895
  • RistićAJDraškovićMBukumirićZSokićDReliability of the witness descriptions of epileptic seizures and psychogenic non-epileptic attacks: a comparative analysisNeurol Res201537656056225591426
  • AlessiRValenteKDPsychogenic nonepileptic seizures: should we use response to AEDS as a red flag for the diagnosis?Seizure2014231090690825131161
  • Asadi-PooyaAASperlingMREpidemiology of psychogenic non-epileptic seizuresEpilepsy Behav201546606525882323
  • DuncanRRazviSMulhernSNewly presenting psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: incidence, population characteristics, and early outcome from a prospective audit of a first seizure clinicEpilepsy Behav201120230831121195031
  • LaFranceWCJrMillerIWRyanCECognitive behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizuresEpilepsy Behav200914459159619233313
  • GoldsteinLHChalderTChigwedereCCognitive-behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a pilot RCTNeurology201074241986199420548043
  • SantosNOBenuteGRSantiagoAMarchioriPELuciaMCPsychogenic non-epileptic seizures and psychoanalytical treatment: resultsRev Assoc Med Bras201460657758425650860
  • BasletGDworetzkyBPerezDLOserMTreatment of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: updated review and findings from a mindfulness-based intervention case seriesClin EEG Neurosci2015461546425465435
  • LaFranceWCJrKeitnerGIPapandonatosGDPilot pharmacologic randomized controlled trial for psychogenic nonepileptic seizuresNeurology201075131166117320739647
  • LaFranceWCJrBairdGLBarryJJMulticenter pilot treatment trial for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a randomized clinical trialJAMA Psychiatry2014719997100524989152
  • McKenziePOtoMRussellAPelosiADuncanREarly outcomes and predictors in 260 patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacksNeurology2010741646920038774
  • SadanONeufeldMYParmetYRozenbergAKipervasserSPsychogenic seizures: long-term outcome in patients with and without epilepsyActa Neurol Scand Epub2015714
  • MayorRBrownRJCockHA feasibility study of a brief psycho-educational intervention for psychogenic nonepileptic seizuresSeizure201322976076523916276
  • RazviSMulhernSDuncanRNewly diagnosed psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: health care demand prior to and following diagnosis at a first seizure clinicEpilepsy Behav20122317922093246
  • DworetzkyBAWeisholtzDSPerezDLBasletGA clinically oriented perspective on psychogenic nonepileptic seizure-related emergenciesClin EEG Neurosci2015461263325780265
  • Asadi-PooyaAAEmamiMEmamiYIctal injury in psychogenic non-epileptic seizuresSeizure201423536336624602798
  • KannerAMSchachterSCBarryJJDepression and epilepsy: epidemiologic and neurobiologic perspectives that may explain their high comorbid occurrenceEpilepsy Behav201224215616822632406
  • KarouniMHenningOLarssonPGJohannessenSIJohannessen LandmarkCPharmacological treatment of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with refractory epilepsyEpilepsy Behav2013291778123939032
  • ReisingerELDiIorioCIndividual, seizure-related, and psychosocial predictors of depressive symptoms among people with epilepsy over six monthsEpilepsy Behav200915219620119303457
  • HecimovicHSantosJMCarterJDepression but not seizure factors or quality of life predicts suicidality in epilepsyEpilepsy Behav201224442642922683245
  • SajatovicMWelterETatsuokaCPerzynskiATEinstadterDElectronic medical record analysis of emergency room visits and hospitalizations in individuals with epilepsy and mental illness comorbidityEpilepsy Behav201550556026119621
  • Crail-MeléndezDHerrera-MeloAMartínez-JuárezIERamírez-BermúdezJCognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: a pilot studyEpilepsy Behav2012231525622154515
  • KerrMGil-NagelAGlynnMMulaMThompsonRZuberiSMTreatment of behavioral problems in intellectually disabled adult patients with epilepsyEpilepsia201354Suppl 1344023458464
  • ClancyMJClarkeMCConnorDJCannonMCotterDRThe prevalence of psychosis in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysisBMC Psychiatry2014147524625201
  • AdachiNAkanumaNItoMOkazakiMKatoMOnumaTInterictal psychotic episodes in epilepsy: duration and associated clinical factorsEpilepsia20125361088109422429239
  • AdachiNKanemotoKde ToffolBBasic treatment principles for psychotic disorders in patients with epilepsyEpilepsia201354Suppl 1193323458463
  • MulaMRecognize and manage psychiatric comorbidities in patients with epilepsyPanminerva Med201153424125122146421
  • JohannessenSILandmarkCJAntiepileptic drug interactions – principles and clinical implicationsCurr Neuropharmacol20108325426721358975
  • CaetanoDUse of anticonvulsants as prophylaxis for seizures in patients on clozapineAustralas Psychiatry2014221788323996793
  • OkazakiMAdachiNAkanumaNDo antipsychotic drugs increase seizure frequency in epilepsy patients?Eur Neuropsychopharmacol201424111738174425453222
  • LevineMRuhaAMOverdose of atypical antipsychotics: clinical presentation, mechanisms of toxicity and managementCNS Drugs201226760161122668123
  • VerrottiAMilioniMZaccaraGSafety and efficacy of diazepam autoinjector for the management of epilepsyExpert Rev Neurother201515212713325614951
  • McKeeHRAbou-KhalilBOutpatient pharmacotherapy and modes of administration for acute repetitive and prolonged seizuresCNS Drugs2015291557025583219
  • GarnettWRBarrWHEdinboroLEKarnesHTMesaMWannarkaGLDiazepam autoinjector intramuscular delivery system versus diazepam rectal gel: a pharmacokinetic comparisonEpilepsy Res2011931111621145707
  • LamsonMJSitki-GreenDWannarkaGLMesaMAndrewsPPellockJPharmacokinetics of diazepam administered intramuscularly by autoinjector versus rectal gel in healthy subjects: a phase I, randomized, open-label, single-dose, crossover, single-centre studyClin Drug Investig2011318585597
  • Abou-KhalilBWhelessJRoginJA double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a diazepam auto-injector administered by caregivers to patients with epilepsy who require intermittent intervention for acute repetitive seizuresEpilepsia201354111968197624111974
  • HenneyHR3rdSperlingMRRabinowiczALBreamGCarrazanaEJAssessment of pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intranasal diazepam relative to rectal gel in healthy adultsEpilepsy Res201410871204121124934774
  • ThakkerAShanbagPA randomized controlled trial of intranasal-midazolam versus intravenous-diazepam for acute childhood seizuresJ Neurol2013260247047422983456
  • IvaturiVKrielRBrundageRLoewenGMansbachHCloydJBioavailability of intranasal vs rectal diazepamEpilepsy Res20131032–325426122981338
  • de HaanGJvan der GeestPDoelmanGBertramEEdelbroekPA comparison of midazolam nasal spray and diazepam rectal solution for the residential treatment of seizure exacerbationsEpilepsia201051347848219817813
  • AndersonMBuccal midazolam for pediatric convulsive seizures: efficacy, safety, and patient acceptabilityPatient Prefer Adherence20137273423341735
  • NakkenKOLossiusMIBuccal midazolam or rectal diazepam for treatment of residential adult patients with serial seizures or status epilepticusActa Neurol Scand201112429910321208198