Caring for elderly patients with dementia: nursing interventions

References

• Caplan J, Rabinowitz T. An approach to the patient with cognitive impairment: delirium and dementia. Med Clin North Am. 2010; 1103–1116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• One Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America. National Alzheimer’s Project Act. Washington: One Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America; 2010. Available from: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-111s3036enr/pdf/BILLS-111s3036enr.pdf. Accessed July 7, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Dementia statistics [webpage on the Internet]. Alzheimer’s Disease International. Available from: http://www.alz.co.uk/research/statistics.html. Accessed December 27, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Luppa M, Luck T, Brähler E, König HH, Riedel-Heller SG. Prediction of institutionalization in dementia. A systematic review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;26(1):65–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell S, Teno J, Kiely D, et al. The clinical course of advanced dementia. New Engl J Med. 2009;361:1529–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold E. Sorting out the 3 D’s: delirium, dementia, depression: learn how to sift through overlapping signs and symptoms so you can help improve an older patient’s quality of life. Holis Nurs Pract. 2005;19(3):99–105.
   Google Scholar
• Fick, D Mion L. Delirium superimposed on dementia. American Journal of Nursing. 2008;108(1):52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landers J, Bonner A. Evaluating and managing delirium, dementia, and depression in older adults hospitalized with otorhinolaryngic conditions. ORL Head Neck Nurs. 2007;25(3):14–25.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy GJ. Try this: best practices in nursing care for hospitalized older adults with dementia. Brief evaluation of executive dysfunction: an essential refinement in the assessment of cognitive impairment. Nebr Nurse. 2004;37(2):31.
   Google Scholar
• Vernooij-Dassen MJ, Moniz-Cook ED, Woods RT, et al. Factors affecting timely recognition and diagnosis of dementia across Europe: from awareness to stigma. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20:377–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boustani M, Baker MS, Campbell N, et al. Impact and recognition of cognitive impairment among hospitalized elders. J Hosp Med. 2010;5(2):69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor MD, Stephens C, Bowles KH, Bixby MB. Cognitively impaired older adults: from hospital to home. Am J Nurs. 2005;105(2):52–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell A, Meader N, Pentzek M. Clinical recognition of dementia and cognitive impairment in primary care: a meta-analysis of physician accuracy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011;124:165–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fick DM, Agostini JV, Inouye SK. Delirium superimposed on dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(10):1723–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurila JV, Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS. Detection and documentation of dementia and delirium in acute geriatric wards. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26(1):31–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D, Brown R, Ding E, Kiel D, Berry S. Dementia medications, and risk for falls, syncope, and related adverse events: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1019–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslow K, Mezey M. Recognition of dementia in hospitalized older adults. Am J Nursing. 2008;108:40–49.
   Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Dementia: A NICE-SCIE guideline on supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. London; The British Psychological Society and Gaskell; 2007. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG42Dementiafinal.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. Caregiving strategies for older adults with delirium, dementia and depression. Ontario: Registered Nurses Association of Ontario; 2004. Available from: http://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/Caregiving_Strategies_for_Older_Adults_with_Delirium_Dementia_and_Depression.pdf. Accessed May 3, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Brodaty H, Arasaratnam C. Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(9):946–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGilton K, Wells J, Davis A, et al. Rehabilitating patients with dementia who have had a hip fracture: Part II: Cognitive symptoms that influence care. Top Geriatr Rehabil. 2007;23(2):174–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volicer L, Mckee A, Hewitt S. Dementia. Neurol Clin. 2001;19(40): 867–885.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher K. Dementia. In: Capezuti E, Zwicker D, Mezey M, Fulmer T, Gray-Miceli D, editors. Evidence-based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2008:83–109.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan TA, Gawande A, Thomas E, Studdert D. Accidental deaths, saved lives, and improved quality. New Engl J Med. 2005;353(13): 1405–1409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ela S, Lang N, Lundeen S. Time for a nursing legacy: Ensuring excellence through actionable knowledge. Nurse Leader. 2006; 4(6):42.
   Google Scholar
• Hook ML, Devine EC, Lang NM. Using a computerized fall risk assessment process to tailor interventions in acute care. (Vol 1: . Assessment.. In: Henriksen K, Battles JB, Keyes MA, Grady ML, editors. Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative Approaches. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Lang NM. The promise of simultaneous transformation of practice and research with the use of clinical information systems. Nurs Outlook. 2008;56(5):232–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang NM, Hook ML, Akre ME, et al. Translating knowledge-based nursing into referential and executable applications in an intelligent clinical information system. In: Weaver C, Delaney C, Weber P, Carr R, editors. Nursing and Informatics for the 21st Century: An International Look at the Cases, Practice, and the Future. Chicago: Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society; 2006:291–303.
   Google Scholar
• Bakken S, Currie LM, Lee NJ, Roberts WD, Collins SA, Cimino JJ. Integrating evidence into clinical information systems for nursing decision support. Int J Med Inform. 2008;77:413–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis SL, Dirksen SR, Heitkemper MM, Bucher L, Camera I. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. 8th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Hong WS. Evidence-based nursing practice for health promotion in adults with hypertension: A literature review. Asian Nurs Res. 2010;4(4):227–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Persoon A, Banningh LJ, van de Vrie W, Olde Rikkert MG, van Achterberg T. Daily observation of cognitive functioning in hospitalized patients on acute geriatric wards. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(13):1930–1936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beers MH, Berkow R, editors. The Merck Manual of Geriatrics. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al; Alzheimer’s Disease International. Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366(9503):2112–2117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani MA, Inouye SK, McNicoll L, Redlich CA. Screening for preexisting cognitive impairment in older intensive care unit patients: use of proxy assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(5):689–693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braes T, Milisen K, Foreman MD. Assessing cognitive function. In: Capezuti E, Zwicker D, Mezey M, Fulmer T, editors. Evidence-based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2008:41–56.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other cognitive disorders. In: American Psychiatric Association, editor. DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000:147–171.
   Google Scholar
• Foreman MD, Fletcher K, Mion LC, Simon L. Assessing cognitive function. Geriatr Nurs. 1996;17(5):228–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm AF A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): Development and cross-validation. Psychol Med. 1994;24(1):145–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall GJ. A review of screening instruments for assessing cognition and mental status in older adults. Nurse Pract. 1990;15(11):18–28.
   Google Scholar
• Carolan Doerflinger DM. How to try this: the mini-cog. Am J Nurs. 2007;107(12):62–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borson S, Brush M, Gil E, et al. The Clock Drawing Test: utility for dementia detection in multiethnic elders. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999;54(11):M534–M540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borson S, Scanlan J, Brush M, Vitaliano P, Dokmak A. The mini-cog: a cognitive ‘vital signs’ measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15(11):1021–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borson S, Scanlan JM, Chen P, Ganguli M. The Mini-Cog as a screen for dementia: Validation in a population-based sample. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(10):1451–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borson S, Scanlan JM, Watanabe J, Tu SP, Lessig M. Simplifying detection of cognitive impairment: comparison of the mini-cog and mini-mental state examination in a multiethnic sample. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(5):871–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorentz WJ, Scanlan JM, Borson S. Brief screening tests for dementia. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47(8):723–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons DL, Grimley SM, Sydnor L. Double trouble: when delirium complicates dementia. Nursing. 2008;38(9):48–54.
   Google Scholar
• Scanlan J, Borson S. The Mini-Cog: receiver operating characteristics with expert and naive raters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001 ; 16(2): 216–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voyer P, Cole MG, McCusker J, Belzile E. Prevalence and symptoms of delirium superimposed on dementia. Clin Nurs Res. 2006;15(1): 46–66.
   Google Scholar
• Hoogerduijn JG, Schuurmans MJ, Duijnstee MS, de Rooij SE, Grypdonck MF. A systematic review of predictors and screening instruments to identify older hospitalized patients at risk for functional decline. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16(1):46–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradway C, Hirschman KB. Working with families of hospitalized older adults with dementia: caregivers are useful resources and should be part of the care team. Am J Nurs. 2008;108(10):52–60.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenito-Moyet LJ. . Chronic confusion. In: Carpenito-Moyet LJ, editor. Nursing Diagnosis: Application to Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010:175–180.
   Google Scholar
• Hall GR, Maslow K. Working with families of hospitalized older adults with dementia. Am J Nurs. 2008;108(10):57–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilgers J. Comforting a confused patient: Learn how simple interventions and diversions can a help a confused patient. Nursing. 2003; 33(1):48–50.
   Google Scholar
• Miller CA. Communication difficulties in hospitalized older adults with dementia. Am J Nurs. 2008;108(3):58–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle W, Olorenshaw R, Wallis M, Borbasi S. Best practice for the management of older people with dementia in the acute care setting: a review of the literature. Int J Older People Nurs. 2008;3(2):121–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith M, Hall GR, Gerdner L, Buckwalter KC. Application of the progressively lowered stress threshold model across the continuum of care. Nurs Clin North Am. 2006;41(1):57–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuhas N, McGowan B, Fontaine T, Czech J, Gambrell-Jones J. Psychosocial interventions for disruptive symptoms of dementia. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2006;44(11):34–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algase, D. Wandering. In: Ackley BJ, Ladwig GB, editors. Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: A Guide to Planning Care. 7th ed. St Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2006:1315–1323.
   Google Scholar
• Allen LA. Treating agitation without drugs. Am J Nurs. 1999;99(4): 36–42.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham C. Understanding challenging behaviour in patients with dementia. Nurs Stand. 2006;20(47):42–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans LK, Cotter VT. Avoiding restraints in patients with dementia: understanding, prevention, and management are the keys. Am J Nurs. 2008;108(3):40–49.
   Google Scholar
• Jones J, Borbasi S, Nankivell A, Lockwood C. Dementia related aggression in the acute sector: is a Code Black really the answer? Contemp Nurse. 2006;21(1):103–115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCloskey RM. Caring for patients with dementia in an acute care environment. Geriatr Nurs. 2004;25(3):139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGonigal-Kenny ML, Schutte DL. Nonpharmacologic management of agitated behaviors in persons with Alzheimer disease and other chronic dementing conditions. J Gerontol Nurs. 2006;32(2):9–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rader J, Barrick AL, Hoeffer B, et al. The bathing of older adults with dementia: easing the unnecessarily unpleasant aspects of assisted bathing. Am J Nurs. 2006;106(4):40–48.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe M. Wandering in hospitalized older adults: identifying risk is the first step in this approach to preventing wandering in patients with dementia. Am J Nurs. 2008;108(10):62–70.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler SL, Houston K. The role of diversional activities in the general medical hospital setting. Holist Nurs Pract. 2005;19(2):87–89.
   Google Scholar
• Ouldred E, Bryant C. Dementia care. Part 2: understanding and managing behavioral challenges. Br J Nurs. 2008;17(4):242–247.
   Google Scholar
• Ouldred E, Bryant C. Dementia care. Part 1: guidance and the assessment process. Br J Nurs. 2008;17(3):138–145.
   Google Scholar
• Holden U. Dementia in acute units: Confusion. Nurs Stand. 1995; 9(17):37–39.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen MD, White HK. Dementia assessment and management. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7(2):109–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milisen K, Braes T, Fick DM, Foreman MD. Cognitive assessment and differentiating the 3 Ds (dementia, depression, delirium). Nurs Clin North Am. 2006;41(1):1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, et al; EFNS. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(1):e1–e26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar