208
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Nursing concerns with palliative care and at the end-of-life in patients with heart failure

&
Pages 33-47 | Published online: 12 Feb 2015

References

  • Goodlin SJ, Hauptman PJ, Arnold R, et al. Consensus statement: palliative and supportive care in advanced heart failure. J Card Fail. 2004;10(3):200–209.
  • Formiga F, López-Soto A, Navarro M, Riera-Mestre A, Bosch X, Pujol R. Hospital deaths of people aged 90 and over: end-of-life palliative care management. Gerontology. 2008;54:148–152.
  • Formiga F, Chivite D, Ortega C, Casas S, Ramón JM, Pujol R. End-of-life preferences in elderly patients admitted for heart failure. QJM. 2004;97:803–808.
  • World Health Organization. WHO Definition of Palliative Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Available from: http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/en/.
  • McCarthy M, Lay M, Addington-Hall J. Dying from heart disease. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1996;30:325–328.
  • Murray SA, Worth A, Boyd K, et al. Patients’, Carers’ and Professionals’ Experiences of Diagnosis, Treatment and End-of-Life Care in Heart Failure: A Prospective, Qualitative Interview Study. London: Department of Health/British Heart Foundation Heart Failure Research Initiative; 2007. Final report.
  • Murray SA, Sheikh A. Palliative care beyond cancer: care for all at the end of life. Br Med J. 2008;336:958–959.
  • Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care. Living and Dying with Advanced Heart Failure: A Palliative Care Approach. Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care; 2008. Available from: http://www.palliativecarescotland.org.uk.
  • Harding R, Selman L, Beynon T, et al. Meeting the communication and information needs of chronic heart failure patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;36:149–156.
  • Bekelman DB, Hutt E, Masoudi FA, Kutner JS, Rumsfeld JS. Defining the role of palliative care in older adults with heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2008;125:183–190.
  • Arnold JM, Liu P, Demers C, et al; Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Canadian Cardiovascular Society consensus conference recommendations on heart failure 2006: diagnosis and management. Can J Cardiol. 2006;22(1):23–45.
  • Brännström M, Forssell A, Pettersson B. Physicians’ experiences of palliative care for heart failure patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2011;10(1):64–69.
  • Nordgren L, Sörensen S. Symptoms experienced in the last six months of life in patients with end-stage heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2003;2(3):213–217.
  • Adler ED, Goldfinger JZ, Kalman J, Park ME, Meier DE. Palliative care in the treatment of advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2009;120(25):2597–2606.
  • Daveson BA, Harding R, Shipman C, et al. The real-world problem of care coordination: a longitudinal qualitative study with patients living with advanced progressive illness and their unpaid caregivers. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):1–12. e95523.
  • Howlett JG. Palliative care in heart failure: addressing the largest care gap. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2011;26:144–148.
  • Bakitas M, MacMartin M, Trzepkowski K, et al. Palliative care consultations for heart failure patients: how many, when, and why? J Card Fail. 2013;19:193–201.
  • Wotton K, Borbasi S, Redden M. When all else has failed: nurses’ perception of factors influencing palliative care for patients with end-stage heart failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2005;20(1):18–25.
  • Hupcey JE, Penrod J, Fogg J. Heart failure and palliative care: implications in practice. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(6):531–536.
  • National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care. National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care Home Page; 2013. Available from: http://www.nationalconsensusproject.org.
  • Ivany E, While A. Understanding the palliative care needs of heart failure patients. Br J Community Nurs. 2013;18(9):441–445.
  • Goodlin SJ. Palliative care in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:386–396.
  • O’Leary N, Murphy NF, O’Loughlin C, Tiernan E, McDonald K. A comparative study of the palliative care needs of heart failure and cancer patients. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:406–412.
  • Boyd KJ, Worth A, Kendall M, et al. Making sure services deliver for people with advanced heart failure: a longitudinal qualitative study of patients, family carers, and health professionals. Palliat Med. 2009;23:767–776.
  • Stuart B. Palliative care and hospice in advanced heart failure. J Palliat Med. 2007;10(1):210–228.
  • Charnock LA. End of life care services for patients with heart failure. Nursing Standard. 2014;28(51):35–41.
  • Brown S, Macdonald S, May CR, Macleod U, Mair FS. Patient, carer and professional perspectives on barriers and facilitators to quality care in advanced heart failure. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):1–8. e93288.
  • Westlake C, Sethares K, Davidson P. How can health literacy influence outcomes in heart failure patients? Mechanisms and interventions. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2013;10(3):232–243.
  • Pastor DK, Moore G. Uncertainties of the heart: palliative care and adult heart failure. Home Healthc Nurse. 2013;31(1):29–36.
  • Falk H, Ekman I, Anderson R, Fu M, Granger B. Older patients’ experiences of heart failure-an integrative literature review. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2013;45(3):247–255.
  • Dev S, Abernethy AP, Rogers JG, O’Connor CM. Preferences of people with advanced heart failure – a structured narrative literature review to inform decision making in the palliative care setting. Am Heart J. 2012;164:313–319.
  • Pantilat SZ, O’Riordan DL, Dibble SL, Landefeld CS. Hospital-based palliative medicine consultation: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(22):2038–2040.
  • Somogyi-Zalud E, Zhong Z, Lynn J, Hamel MB. Elderly persons’ last six months of life: findings from the Hospitalized Elderly Longitudinal Project. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(Suppl 5):S131–S139.
  • ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult. Circulation. 2005;112(12):e154–235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/12/e154.full. Accessed November 19, 2014.
  • Stewart GC, Weintraub JR, Pratibhu PP, et al. Patient expectations from implantable defibrillators to prevent death in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2010;16(2):106–113.
  • Bekelman DB, Nowels CT, Retrum JH, et al. Giving voice to patients’ and family caregivers’ needs in chronic heart failure: implications for palliative care programs. J Palliat Med. 2011;14(12):1320.
  • Goldstein NE, Kalman J, Kutner JS, et al. A study to improve communication between clinicians and patients with advanced heart failure: method and challenges behind the Working to Improve diScussions about Defibrillator Management (WISDOM) trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;3:1–29.
  • MacIver J, Ross H. Quality of life and left ventricular assist device support. Circulation. 2012;126:866–874.
  • Wray J, Hallas CN, Banner NR. Quality of life and psychological well-being during and after left ventricular assist device support. Clin Transplant. 2007;21:622–627.
  • O’Neill BJ, Kazer MW. Destination to nowhere: a new look at aggressive treatment for heart failure – a case study. Crit Care Nurse. 2014;34(2):47–54.
  • Davidson JE. Family-centered care: meeting the needs of patients’ families and helping families adapt to critical illness. Crit Care Nurse. 2009;29(3):28–34.
  • Allen LA, Yager JE, Funk MJ. Discordance between patient-predicted and model-predicted life expectancy among ambulatory patients with heart failure. JAMA. 2008;299:2533–2542.
  • Sobanski P, Jaarsma T, Krajnik M. End of life matters in chronic heart failure patients. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2014;8(4):364–370.
  • Goodlin SJ, Cassell E. Coping with patient’s deaths. In: Beattie J, Goodlin S, editors. Supportive Care in Heart Failure. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008:477–482.
  • Goodlin SJ, Quill TE, Arnold RM. Communication and decision-making about prognosis in heart failure care. J Card Fail. 2008;14(2):106–113.
  • Fitzsimmons D, Mullan D, Wilson JS. The challenge of patients’ unmet palliative care needs in the final stages of chronic illness. Palliat Med. 2007;21:313–322.
  • Moser DK, Dracup KA, Marsden C. Needs of recovering cardiac patients and their spouses: compared views. Int J Nurs Stud. 1993;30: 105–114.
  • Hagenhoff BD, Feutz C, Conn VS, Safehorn KK, Moranville-Hunziker M. Patient education needs as reported by congestive heart failure patients and their nurses. J Adv Nurs. 1994;19:685–690.
  • Dracup K, Baker DW, Dunbar SB, Dacey RA, Brooks NH, Johnson JC. Management of heart failure: II. Counseling, education, and lifestyle modifications. JAMA. 1994;272:1442–1446.
  • Dracup K, Moser DK, Guzy PM, Taylor SE, Marsden C. Is cardiopulmonary resuscitation training deleterious for family members of cardiac patients? Am J Public Health. 1994;84:116–118.
  • Dracup K, Heaney DM, Taylor SE, Guzy PM, Breu C. Can family members of high-risk cardiac patients learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation? Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:61–64.
  • Waterworth S, Jorgensen D. It’s not just about heart failure – voices of older people in transition to dependence and death. Health Soc Care Community. 2010;18(2):199–207.
  • Buck HG, Zambroski CH. Upstreaming palliative care for patients with heart failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2012;27(2):147–153.
  • Campbell ML, Frank RR. Experience with an end-of-life practice at a university hospital. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:197–202.
  • Evangelista LS, Lombardo D, Malik S, Ballard-Hernandez J, Motie M, Liao S. Examining the effects of an outpatient palliative care consultation on symptom burden, depression, and quality of life in patients with symptomatic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2012;18(12):894–899.
  • Dougherty CM, Pyper GP, Au DH, Levy WC, Sullivan MD. Drifting in a shrinking future living with advanced heart failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007;22(6):480–487.
  • Willems DL, Hak A, Visser FC, Cornel J, van der Wal G. Patient work in end-stage heart failure: a prospective longitudinal multiple case study. Palliat Med. 2006;20:25–33.
  • Hagglund L, Boman K, Lundman B. The experience of fatigue among elderly women with chronic heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2008;7(4):290–295.
  • Retrum JH, Nowels CT, Bekelman DB. Patient and caregiver congruence: the importance of dyads in heart failure care. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2013;28(2):129–136.
  • Cleland JG, Tendera M, Adamus J, et al. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2338–2345.
  • Captopril Multicenter Research Group. A placebo-controlled trial of captopril in refractory chronic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;2:755–763.
  • Notarius CF, Morris B, Floras JS. Caffeine prolongs exercise duration in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2006;12:220–226.
  • Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA. 1995;273:1450–1456.
  • Mansfield DR, Gollogly NC, Kaye DM. Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:361–366.
  • Bayliss J, Norell M, Canepa-Anson R, Sutton G, Poole-Wilson P. Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics. Br Heart J. 1987;57:17–22.
  • Colin Ramirez E, Castillo Martinez L, Orea Tejeda A. Effects of a nutritional intervention on body composition, clinical status and quality of life in patients with heart failure. Nutrition. 2004;20:890–895.
  • Dracup K, Westlake C, Erickson VS, Moser DK, Caldwell ML, Hamilton MA. Perceived control reduces emotional stress in patients with heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003;22:90–93.
  • Yeh GY, Wood MJ, Lorell BH. Effects of tai chi mind-body movement therapy on functional status and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2004;117:541–548.
  • Bartlo P. Evidence-based application of aerobic and resistance training in patients with congestive heart failure. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007;27:368–375.
  • Chiappa GR, Roseguini BT, Vieira PJ. Inspiratory muscle training improves blood flow to resting and exercising limbs in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1663–1671.
  • Laoutaris I, Dritsas A, Brown MD, Manginas A, Alivizatos PA, Cokkinos DV. Inspiratory muscle training using an incremental endurance test alleviates dyspnea and improves functional status in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004;11: 489–496.
  • Mancini DM, Henson D, La Manca J, Donchez L, Levine S. Benefit of selective respiratory muscle training on exercise capacity in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1995;91: 320–329.
  • Mancini DM, Katz SD, Lang CC. Effect of erythropoietin on exercise capacity in patients with moderate to severe chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107:294–299.
  • Freemantle N, Tharmanathan P, Calvert MJ. Cardiac resynchronisation for patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006;8: 433–440.
  • Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ. Randomized evaluation of mechanical assistance for the treatment of congestive heart failure (REMATCH) study group long-term use of a left ventricular assistance for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345: 1435–1443.
  • Beniaminovitz A, Lang CC, LaManca J, Mancini DM. Selective low-level leg muscle training alleviates dyspnea in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1602–1608.
  • Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709–717.
  • Binanay C, Califf RM, Hasselblad V. ESCAPE investigators and ESCAPE study coordinators evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial. JAMA. 2005;294:1625–1633.
  • Krantz MJ, Martin J, Stimmel B, Mehta D, Haigney MC. QTc interval screening in methadone treatment. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150: 387–395.
  • Chua TP, Harrington D, Ponikowski P, Webb-Peploe K, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ. Effects of dihydrocodeine on chemosensitivity and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:147–152.
  • Johnson MJ, McDonagh TA, Harkness A, McKay SE, Dargie HJ. Morphine for the relief of breathlessness in patients with chronic heart failure – a pilot study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;4:753–756.
  • Williams SG, Wright DJ, Marshall P. Safety and potential benefits of low dose diamorphine during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart. 2003;89:1085–1086.
  • Krum H, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Goldsmith RL. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1995;92:1499–1506.
  • Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation. 2002;106:2194–2199.
  • Broström A, Hubbert L, Jakobsson P, Johansson P, Fridlund B, Dahlström U. Effects of long-term nocturnal oxygen treatment in patients with severe heart failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2005;20:385–396.
  • Cohn JN, Goldstein SO, Greenberg BH. A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. Vesnarinone Trial Investigators.. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1810–1816.
  • Hershberger RE, Nauman D, Walker TL, Dutton D, Burgess D. Care processes and clinical outcomes of continuous outpatient support with inotropes (COSI) in patients with refractory endstage heart failure. J Card Fail. 2003;9:180–187.
  • Kaneko Y, Floras JS, Usui K. Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1233–1241.
  • Yamamoto U, Mohri M, Shimada K. Six-month aerobic exercise training ameliorates central sleep apnea in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2007;13:825–829.
  • Evangelista LS, Dracup K, Doering L, Westlake C, Fonarow GC, Hamilton M. Emotional well-being of heart failure patients and their caregivers. J Card Fail. 2002;8:300–305.
  • Sullivan MJ, Wood L, Terry J. The support, education and research in chronic heart failure (SEARCH) study: a mindfulness-based psychoeducational intervention improves depression and clinical symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 2009;157:84–90.
  • Jacob S, Spinler SA. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40: 1618–1622.
  • Horne G, Payne S. Removing the boundaries: palliative care for patients with heart failure. Palliat Med. 2004;18:291–296.
  • Westlake C, Dracup K. Role of spirituality in adjustment of patients with advanced heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2001;16(Summer 3):119–125.
  • Strachan P, Ross H, Rocker G, Dodek P, Heyland D. Mind the gap: opportunities for improving end-of-life care for patients with advanced heart failure. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25(11):635–640.
  • Waller A, Girgis A, Davidson PM, et al. Facilitating needs-based support and palliative care for people with chronic heart failure: preliminary evidence for the acceptability, inter-rater reliability, and validity of a needs assessment tool. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;45(5):912–925.
  • Ross L, Austin J. Spiritual needs and spiritual support preferences of people with end-stage heart failure and their carers: implications for nurse managers. J Nurs Manag. 2013;7:1–9.
  • Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Chua TP, et al. Oscillatory breathing patterns during wakefulness in patients with chronic heart failure: clinical implications and role of augmented peripheral chemosensitivity. Circulation. 1999;100:2418–2424.
  • Hauptman PJ, Havranek EP. Integrating palliative care into heart failure care. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:374–378.
  • Fox E, Landrum-Mcniff K, Zhong Z, Dawson NV, Wu AW, Lynn J. Evaluation of prognostic criteria for determining hospice eligibility in patients with advanced lung, heart, or liver disease: SUPPORT Investigators: study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments. JAMA. 1999;282:1638–1645.
  • Teno JM, Clarridge BR, Casey V, et al. Family perspectives on end-of-life care at the last place of care. JAMA. 2004;291:88–93.
  • Davis MP, Albert NM, Young JB. Palliation of heart failure. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2005;22:211–222.
  • Gott M, Barnes S, Parker C, Payne S, Seamark D, Small N. Dying trajectories in heart failure. Palliat Med. 2007;21:95–99.
  • Huynh BC, Rovner A, Rich MW. Identification of older patients with heart failure who may be candidates for hospice care: development of a simple four-item risk score. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56: 1111–1115.
  • Levenson JW, McCarthy EP, Lynn J, Davis RB, Phillips RS. The last six months of life for patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:S101–S109.
  • Casarett DJ, Quill TE. “I’m not ready for hospice”: strategies for timely and effective hospice discussions. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:443–449.
  • Rohde LE, Goldraich L, Polanczyk Cam Borges AP, et al. A simple clinically based predictive rule for heart failure in-hospital mortality. J Card Fail. 2006;12(8):587–593.
  • Abraham W, Fonarow G, Young J, et al. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for heart failure: insights from the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF). Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology. 2008;52(5):347–356.
  • Bittner V, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, et al; SOLVD Investigators. Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. JAMA. 1993;270:1702–1707.
  • Doust JA, Pietrzak E, Dobson A, Glasziou P. How well does B-type natriuretic peptide predict death and cardiac events in patients with heart failure: systematic review. BMJ. 2005;330:625.
  • Smith GL, Vaccarino V, Kosiborod M, et al. Worsening renal function: what is a clinically meaningful change in creatinine during hospitalization with heart failure? J Card Fail. 2003;9:13–25.
  • Aaronson KD, Schwartz JS, Chen TM, Wong KL, Goin JE, Mancini DM. Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation. Circulation. 1997;95:2660–2667.
  • Zugck C, Kruger C, Kell R, et al. Risk stratification in middle-aged patients with congestive heart failure: prospective comparison of the Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS) and a simplified two-variable model. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001;3:577–585.
  • Lee DS, Austin PC, Rouleau JL, Liu PP, Naimark D, Tu JV. Predicting mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure: derivation and validation of a clinical model. JAMA. 2003;290:2581–2587.
  • Pocock SJ, Ariti CA, McMurray JV, et al; on behalf of the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). Predicting survival in heart failure: a risk score based on 39 372 patients from 30 studies. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(19):1404–1413.
  • Brophy JM, Dagenais GR, McSherry F, Williford W, Yusuf S. A multivariate model for predicting mortality in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction. Am J Med. 2004;116:300–304.
  • Levy WC, Mozaffarian D, Linker DT, et al. The Seattle Heart Failure Model: prediction of survival in heart failure. Circulation. 2006;113:1424–1433.
  • Stempfle HU, Alt A, Stief J, Siebert U. The Munich score: a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure in the era of new medical therapies. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:222–228.
  • Lupón J, de Antonio M, Vila J, et al. Development of a novel heart failure risk tool: the Barcelona bio-heart failure risk calculator (BCN Bio-HF Calculator). PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85466.
  • Anderson F, Downing G, Hill J, Casorso L, Lerch N. Palliative performance scale: a new tool. J Palliat Care. 1996;12(1):5–11.
  • Ezekowitz JA, Thai V, Hodenfield TS, Sanderson L, Cujec B. The correlation of Standard heart failure assessment and palliative care questionnaires in a multidisciplinary heart failure clinic. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;42(379e):387.
  • Yamokoski LM, Hasselblad V, Moser DK. Prediction of rehospitalization and death in severe heart failure by physicians and nurses of the ESCAPE trial. J Cardiac Fail. 2007;13:8–13.
  • Kaasalainen S, Strachan PH, Heckman GA, et al. Living and dying with heart failure in long-term care: experiences of residents and their family members. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2013;19(4):435–482.
  • Singer PA, Martin DK, Kelner M. Quality end-of-life care: patients’ perspectives. JAMA. 1999;281(2):163–168.
  • Schockett ER, Teno JM, Miller SC, Stuart B. Late referral to hospice and bereaved family member perception of quality of end-of-life care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;30:400–407.
  • Goldstein N, Carlson M, Livote E, Kutner JS. Brief communication: management of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in hospice: a nationwide survey. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(5):296–299.
  • Whittingham K, Hodgson LJ. The complexities of caring for a patient with an ICD in end-stage heart failure. Br J Cardiac Nurs. 2010;5(12):568–575.
  • Fonarow GC, Yancy CW, Hernandez AF, Peterson ED, Spertus JA, Heidenreich PA. Potential impact of optimal implementation of evidence-based heart failure therapies on mortality. Am Heart J. 2011;161(6):1024–1030.
  • Faris R, Flather MD, Purcell H, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ. Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006:CD003838.
  • Jennings AL, Davies AN, Higgins JP, Gibbs JS, Broadley KE. A systematic review of the use of opioids in the management of dyspnoea. Thorax. 2002;57:939–944.
  • Abernethy AP, Currow DC, Frith P, Fazekas BS, McHugh A, Bui C. Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial of sustained release morphine for the management of refractory dyspnoea. BMJ. 2003;327:523–528.
  • Packer M. Effect of vasodilator and inotropic drugs on clinical symptoms and long-term survival in chronic congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1988;9(Suppl H):105–108.
  • Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al; UNLOAD Trial Investigators. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:675–683.
  • Bausewein C, Booth S, Gysels M, Higginson I. Non-pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in advanced stages of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008: CD005623.
  • Pozehl B, Duncan K, Hertzog M. The effects of exercise training on fatigue and dyspnea in heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2008;7:127–132.
  • Pittler MH, Guo R, Ernst E. Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008:CD005312.
  • Booth S, Anderson H, Swannick M, Wade R, Kite S, Johnson M. The use of oxygen in the palliation of breathlessness: a report of the expert working group of the Scientific Committee of the Association of Palliative Medicine. Respir Med. 2004;98:66–77.
  • Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, et al; Clinical efficacy assessment subcommittee of the American college of physicians. Evidence-based interventions to improve the palliative care of pain, dyspnea, and depression at the end of life: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:141–146.
  • Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, et al. 2007 Chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:2264–2274.
  • Lee H, Schmidt K, Ernst E. Acupuncture for the relief of cancer-related pain: a systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2005;9:437–444.
  • Knols R, Aaronson NK, Uebelhart D, Fransen J, Aufdemkampe G. Physical exercise in cancer patients during and after medical treatment: a systematic review of randomized and controlled clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3830–3842.
  • Cepeda MS, Carr DB, Lau J, Alvarez H. Music for pain relief. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006:CD004843.
  • Harris JD. Fatigue in chronically ill patients. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2008;2:180–186; Radbruch L, Strasser F, Elsner F, et al; Research Steering Committee of the European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC). Fatigue in palliative care patients: an EAPC approach. Palliat Med. 2008;22:13–32.
  • Radbruch L, Strasser F, Elsner F, et al; Research Steering Committee of the European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC). Fatigue in palliative care patients: an EAPC approach. Palliat Med. 2008;22:13–32.
  • Rutledge T, Reis VA, Linke SE, Greenberg BH, Mills PJ. Depression in heart failure: a meta-analytic review of prevalence, intervention effects, and associations with clinical outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1527–1537.
  • Lane DA, Chong AY, Lip GY. Psychological interventions for depression in heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005: CD003329.
  • Ströhle A. Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm. 2009;116:777–784.
  • Ewing G, Grande G. Development of a Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) for end-of-life care practice at home: a qualitative study. Palliat Med. 2012;27(3):244–256.
  • Murray SA, Kendall M, Boyd K, Benton TF. Exploring the spiritual needs of people dying of lung cancer or heart failure: a prospective qualitative interview study of patients and their carers. Palliat Med. 2004;18(1):39–45.
  • Galbraith S, Fagan P, Perkins P, Lynch A, Booth S. Does the use of a handheld fan improve chronic dyspnea? A randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Journal Of Pain And Symptom Management. 2010;39(5):831–838.