403
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

The Association Between Dry Eye and Sleep Disorders: The Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

ORCID Icon, , , , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 2203-2212 | Received 16 Jun 2022, Accepted 01 Nov 2022, Published online: 15 Dec 2022

References

  • Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, et al. TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):334–365. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.003
  • Zhang S, Hong J. Risk factors for dry eye in Mainland China: a multi-center cross-sectional hospital-based study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2019;26(6):393–399. doi:10.1080/09286586.2019.1632905
  • Wolffsohn JS, Wang MTM, Vidal-Rohr M, et al. Demographic and lifestyle risk factors of dry eye disease subtypes: a cross-sectional study. Ocul Surf. 2021;21:58–63. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.001
  • Pavlova M, Latreille V. Sleep disorders. Am J Med. 2019;132(3):292–299. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.09.021
  • Everson CA, Bergmann BM, Rechtschaffen A. Sleep deprivation in the rat: III. Total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 1989;12(1):13–21. doi:10.1093/sleep/12.1.13
  • Han K-T, Nam JH, Park E-C. Do sleep disorders positively correlate with dry eye syndrome? Results of national claim data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5):878. doi:10.3390/ijerph16050878
  • Ayaki M, Kawashima M, Negishi K, Kishimoto T, Mimura M, Tsubota K. Sleep and mood disorders in dry eye disease and allied irritating ocular diseases. Sci Rep. 2016;6:22480. doi:10.1038/srep22480
  • Vehof J, Snieder H, Jansonius N, Hammond CJ. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands. Ocul Surf. 2021;19:83–93. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.04.005
  • Magno MS, Utheim TP, Snieder H, Hammond CJ, Vehof J. The relationship between dry eye and sleep quality. Ocul Surf. 2021;20:13–19. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.12.009
  • Yu X, Guo H, Liu X, et al. Dry eye and sleep quality: a large community-based study in Hangzhou. Sleep. 2019;42(11). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz160
  • Lim EWL, Chee ML, Sabanayagam C, et al. Relationship between sleep and symptoms of tear dysfunction in Singapore Malays and Indians. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(6):1889–1897. doi:10.1167/iovs.19-26810
  • Cui Y, Li J, Li L, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and impact of sleep disturbance in Chinese patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Int J Rheum Dis. 2020;23(3):367–373. doi:10.1111/1756-185X.13678
  • Hackett KL, Gotts ZM, Ellis J, et al. An investigation into the prevalence of sleep disorders in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Rheumatology. 2017;56(4):570–580. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew443
  • Wang YF, Fan Z, Cheng YB, Jin YB, Huo Y, He J. [Investigation of sleep disturbance and related factors in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020;52(6):1063–1068. Chinese. doi:10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.06.012
  • Priori R, Minniti A, Antonazzo B, Fusconi M, Valesini G, Curcio G. Sleep quality in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016;34(3):373–379.
  • Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science. 1953;118(3062):273–274. doi:10.1126/science.118.3062.273
  • Grandner MA, Hale L, Moore M, Patel NP. Mortality associated with short sleep duration: the evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(3):191–203. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.07.006
  • Luyster FS, Strollo PJ, Zee PC, Walsh JK. Sleep: a health imperative. Sleep. 2012;35(6):727–734. doi:10.5665/sleep.1846
  • Hanyuda A, Sawada N, Uchino M, et al. Relationship between unhealthy sleep status and dry eye symptoms in a Japanese population: the JPHC-NEXT study. Ocul Surf. 2021;21:306–312. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.001
  • Lee W, Lim -S-S, Won J-U, et al. The association between sleep duration and dry eye syndrome among Korean adults. Sleep Med. 2015;16(11):1327–1331. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.06.021
  • Lee YB, Koh JW, Hyon JY, Wee WR, Kim JJ, Shin YJ. Sleep deprivation reduces tear secretion and impairs the tear film. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(6):3525–3531. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-13881
  • Li S, Ning K, Zhou J, et al. Sleep deprivation disrupts the lacrimal system and induces dry eye disease. Exp Mol Med. 2018;50(3):e451. doi:10.1038/emm.2017.285
  • Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(11):846–850. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008
  • Bayon V, Leger D, Gomez-Merino D, Vecchierini M-F, Chennaoui M. Sleep debt and obesity. Ann Med. 2014;46(5):264–272. doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.931103
  • Spiegel K, Tasali E, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5(5):253–261. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.23
  • Spiegel K, Knutson K, Leproult R, Tasali E, Van Cauter E. Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99(5):2008–2019. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00660.2005
  • Grus FH, Sabuncuo P, Dick HB, Augustin AJ, Pfeiffer N. Changes in the tear proteins of diabetic patients. BMC Ophthalmol. 2002;2:4. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-2-4
  • Dogru M, Katakami C, Inoue M. Tear function and ocular surface changes in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(3):586–592. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00599-6
  • Dogru M. Tear secretion and tear film function in insulin dependent diabetics. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(10):1210. doi:10.1136/bjo.84.10.1210
  • Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala N-B, et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep. 2008;31(5):619–626. doi:10.1093/sleep/31.5.619
  • Mastrota KM. Impact of floppy eyelid syndrome in ocular surface and dry eye disease. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(9):814–816. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181852777
  • Mojon D. [Eye diseases in sleep apnea syndrome]. Ther Umsch. 2001;58(1):57–60. German. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.58.1.57
  • Taban M, Taban M, Perry JD. Plasma leptin levels in patients with floppy eyelid syndrome. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;22(5):375–377. doi:10.1097/01.iop.0000235497.34188.c1
  • Tang L, Wang X, Wu J, et al. Sleep deprivation induces dry eye through inhibition of PPARα expression in corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(13):5494–5508. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24504
  • Chen Q, Ji C, Zheng R, et al. Palmitoylethanolamine maintains local lipid homeostasis to relieve sleep deprivation-induced dry eye syndrome. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1622. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01622
  • Germain A, Kupfer DJ. Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2008;23(7):571–585. doi:10.1002/hup.964
  • Adan A, Archer SN, Hidalgo MP, Di Milia L, Natale V, Randler C. Circadian typology: a comprehensive review. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(9):1153–1175. doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.719971
  • Cartwright RD. Alcohol and NREM parasomnias: evidence versus opinions in the international classification of sleep disorders, 3rd edition. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(9):1039–1040. doi:10.5664/jcsm.4050
  • Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976;4(2):97–110.
  • Huang Y-L, Liu R-Y, Wang Q-S, Van Someren EJW, Xu H, Zhou J-N. Age-associated difference in circadian sleep-wake and rest-activity rhythms. Physiol Behav. 2002;76(4–5):597–603. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00733-3
  • Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Sleep loss in elderly volunteers. Sleep. 1985;8(3):207–221. doi:10.1093/sleep/8.3.207
  • Kramer CJ, Kerkhof GA, Hofman WF. Age differences in sleep-wake behavior under natural conditions. Pers Individ Dif. 1999;27(5):853–860. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00034-3
  • Randler C, Gomà-i-Freixanet M, Muro A, Knauber C, Adan A. Do different circadian typology measures modulate their relationship with personality? A test using the alternative five factor model. Chronobiol Int. 2015;32(2):281–288. doi:10.3109/07420528.2014.968282
  • Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Sebastiani T, Vagnoni C. Sleeping habits in Italian children adolescents. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2005;3(1):15–21. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2005.00155.x
  • Li SX, Chan NY, Man Yu MW, et al. Eveningness chronotype, insomnia symptoms, and emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents. Sleep Med. 2018;47:93–99. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.03.025
  • Merikanto I, Kronholm E, Peltonen M, Laatikainen T, Lahti T, Partonen T. Relation of chronotype to sleep complaints in the general Finnish population. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(3):311–317. doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.655870
  • Lehnkering H, Siegmund R. Influence of chronotype, season, and sex of subject on sleep behavior of young adults. Chronobiol Int. 2007;24(5):875–888. doi:10.1080/07420520701648259
  • Vitale JA, Roveda E, Montaruli A, et al. Chronotype influences activity circadian rhythm and sleep: differences in sleep quality between weekdays and weekend. Chronobiol Int. 2015;32(3):405–415. doi:10.3109/07420528.2014.986273
  • Sun J, Chen M, Cai W, et al. Chronotype: implications for sleep quality in medical students. Chronobiol Int. 2019;36(8):1115–1123. doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1619181
  • Sasawaki Y, Shiotani H. The influence of chronotype and working condition on sleep status and health related quality of life of daytime office workers. Kobe J Med Sci. 2019;64(5):E189–E196.
  • Silva VM, Magalhaes JE, Duarte LL. Quality of sleep and anxiety are related to circadian preference in university students. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0238514. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238514
  • Kivelä L, Papadopoulos MR, Antypa N. Chronotype and psychiatric disorders. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2018;4(2):94–103. doi:10.1007/s40675-018-0113-8
  • Ayaki M, Kawashima M, Negishi K, Tsubota K. High prevalence of sleep and mood disorders in dry eye patients: survey of 1000 eye clinic visitors. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:889–894. doi:10.2147/NDT.S81515
  • Hallak JA, Tibrewal S, Jain S. Depressive symptoms in patients with dry eye disease: a case-control study using the beck depression inventory. Cornea. 2015;34(12):1545–1550. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000641
  • Labbé A, Wang YX, Jie Y, Baudouin C, Jonas JB, Xu L. Dry eye disease, dry eye symptoms and depression: the Beijing Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(11):1399–1403. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303838
  • Selvi FF, Karakaş SA, Boysan M, Selvi Y. Effects of shift work on attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, and their relationship with chronotype. Biol Rhythm Res. 2015;46(1):53–61. doi:10.1080/09291016.2014.948299
  • Hasler BP, Allen JJB, Sbarra DA, Bootzin RR, Bernert RA. Morningness-eveningness and depression: preliminary evidence for the role of the behavioral activation system and positive affect. Psychiatry Res. 2010;176(2–3):166–173. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.06.006
  • Milić J, Škrlec I, Milić Vranješ I, Podgornjak M, Heffer M. High levels of depression and anxiety among Croatian medical and nursing students and the correlation between subjective happiness and personality traits. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2019;31(7–8):653–660. doi:10.1080/09540261.2019.1594647
  • Ciarleglio CM, Resuehr HES, McMahon DG. Interactions of the serotonin and circadian systems: nature and nurture in rhythms and blues. Neuroscience. 2011;197:8–16. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.036
  • Versteeg RI, Serlie MJ, Kalsbeek A, la Fleur SE. Serotonin, a possible intermediate between disturbed circadian rhythms and metabolic disease. Neuroscience. 2015;301:155–167. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.067
  • Daut RA, Fonken LK. Circadian regulation of depression: a role for serotonin. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2019;54:100746. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.04.003
  • Chhadva P, Lee T, Sarantopoulos CD, et al. Human tear serotonin levels correlate with symptoms and signs of dry eye. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(8):1675–1680. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.010
  • Tevy MF, Giebultowicz J, Pincus Z, Mazzoccoli G, Vinciguerra M. Aging signaling pathways and circadian clock-dependent metabolic derangements. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013;24(5):229–237. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2012.12.002
  • Yu JH, Yun C-H, Ahn JH, et al. Evening chronotype is associated with metabolic disorders and body composition in middle-aged adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(4):1494–1502. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3754
  • Saxvig IW, Evanger LN, Pallesen S, et al. Circadian typology and implications for adolescent sleep health. Results from a large, cross-sectional, school-based study. Sleep Med. 2021;83:63–70. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.04.020
  • Tsubota K, Yokoi N, Shimazaki J, et al. New perspectives on dry eye definition and diagnosis: a consensus report by the Asia dry eye society. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(1):65–76. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2016.09.003
  • Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int. 2006;23(1–2):497–509. doi:10.1080/07420520500545979
  • Matsumoto Y, Dogru M, Goto E, et al. Alterations of the tear film and ocular surface health in chronic smokers. Eye. 2008;22(7):961–968. doi:10.1038/eye.2008.78
  • Satici A, Bitiren M, Ozardali I, Vural H, Kilic A, Guzey M. The effects of chronic smoking on the ocular surface and tear characteristics: a clinical, histological and biochemical study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2003;81(6):583–587. doi:10.1111/j.1395-3907.2003.00158.x
  • Altinors DD, Akça S, Akova YA, et al. Smoking associated with damage to the lipid layer of the ocular surface. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(6):1016–1021. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.12.047
  • Milić J, Milić Vranješ I, Krajina I, Heffer M, Škrlec I. Circadian typology and personality dimensions of croatian students of health-related university majors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(13):4794. doi:10.3390/ijerph17134794
  • Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism. Endocr Dev. 2010;17:11–21.
  • Rains JL, Jain SK. Oxidative stress, insulin signaling, and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;50(5):567–575. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.006
  • Rocha EM, Fernandes M, Velloso LA. Insulin signaling in the aging nervous system. Adv Cell Aging Gerontol. 2004;16(16):107–132.
  • Chia E-M, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, Lee AJ, Maroun R, Wang JJ. Prevalence and associations of dry eye syndrome in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003;31(3):229–232. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9071.2003.00634.x
  • Alves M, Cunha DA, Calegari VC, et al. Nuclear factor-kappaB and advanced glycation end-products expression in lacrimal glands of aging rats. J Endocrinol. 2005;187(1):159–166. doi:10.1677/joe.1.06209
  • Rocha EM, Carvalho CRO, Saad MJA, Velloso LA. The influence of ageing on the insulin signalling system in rat lacrimal and salivary glands. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2003;81(6):639–645. doi:10.1111/j.1395-3907.2003.00162.x
  • Batista TM, Tomiyoshi LM, Dias AC, et al. Age-dependent changes in rat lacrimal gland anti-oxidant and vesicular related protein expression profiles. Mol Vis. 2012;18:194–202.
  • Roth T, Roehrs T, Pies R. Insomnia: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11(1):71–79. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2006.06.002
  • Buckley TM, Schatzberg AF. On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):3106–3114. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1056
  • Cui R, Li B, Suemaru K, Araki H. Psychological stress-induced changes in sleep patterns and their generation mechanism. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2008;128(3):405–411. doi:10.1248/yakushi.128.405
  • Thomson F, Craighead M. Innovative approaches for the treatment of depression: targeting the HPA axis. Neurochem Res. 2008;33(4):691–707. doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9518-3
  • Wan KH, Chen LJ, Young AL. Depression and anxiety in dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye. 2016;30(12):1558–1567. doi:10.1038/eye.2016.186
  • Kaiser T, Janssen B, Schrader S, Geerling G. Depressive symptoms, resilience, and personality traits in dry eye disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(3):591–599. doi:10.1007/s00417-019-04241-1
  • Yilmaz U, Gokler ME, Unsal A. Dry eye disease and depression-anxiety-stress: a hospital-based case control study in Turkey. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(3):626–631. doi:10.12669/pjms.313.7091
  • Heinrichs C, Tsigos C, Deschepper J, et al. Familial adrenocorticotropin unresponsiveness associated with alacrima and achalasia: biochemical and molecular studies in two siblings with clinical heterogeneity. Eur J Pediatr. 1995;154(3):191–196. doi:10.1007/BF01954269
  • Tsigos C, Arai K, Latronico AC, DiGeorge AM, Rapaport R, Chrousos GP. A novel mutation of the adrenocorticotropin receptor (ACTH-R) gene in a family with the syndrome of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency, but no ACTH-R abnormalities in two families with the triple A syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(7):2186–2189. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.7.7608277
  • Várkonyi A, Julesz J, Szüts P, Tóth I, Faredin I. [Simultaneous occurrence of selective ACTH deficiency, achalasia, alacrimia and hyperlipoproteinemia]. Orv Hetil. 1990;131(50):2763–2766. Hungarian.
  • Huebner A, Yoon SJ, Ozkinay F, et al. Triple A syndrome--clinical aspects and molecular genetics. Endocr Res. 2000;26(4):751–759. doi:10.3109/07435800009048596
  • Huang Z, Liang P, Jia X, et al. Abnormal amygdala connectivity in patients with primary insomnia: evidence from resting state fMRI. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(6):1288–1295. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.03.029
  • Wilson SE, Lloyd SA, Kennedy RH. Fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, interleukin-1 receptor, and glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA production in the human lacrimal gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34(6):1977–1982.
  • Mahler B, Kamperis K, Schroeder M, Frøkiær J, Djurhuus JC, Rittig S. Sleep deprivation induces excess diuresis and natriuresis in healthy children. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012;302(2):F236–F243. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00283.2011
  • Everson CA, Reed HL. Pituitary and peripheral thyroid hormone responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone during sustained sleep deprivation in freely moving rats. Endocrinology. 1995;136(4):1426–1434. doi:10.1210/endo.136.4.7895653
  • Velazquez-Moctezuma J, Dominguez-Salazar E, Cortes-Barberena E, et al. Differential effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation and immobilization stress on blood lymphocyte subsets in rats. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2004;11(4):261–267. doi:10.1159/000078445
  • Hu J, Chen Z, Gorczynski CP, et al. Sleep-deprived mice show altered cytokine production manifest by perturbations in serum IL-1ra, TNFa, and IL-6 levels. Brain Behav Immun. 2003;17(6):498–504. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2003.03.001
  • Horohov DW, Pourciau SS, Mistric L, Chapman A, Ryan DH. Increased dietary fat prevents sleep deprivation-induced immune suppression in rats. Comp Med. 2001;51(3):230–233.
  • Thomas O, Mahé M, Campion L, et al. Long-term complications of total body irradiation in adults. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49(1):125–131. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(00)01373-0
  • Dias AC, Módulo CM, Jorge AG, et al. Influence of thyroid hormone on thyroid hormone receptor beta-1 expression and lacrimal gland and ocular surface morphology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(7):3038–3042. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-1309
  • Brent GA, Brent GA. The molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(13):847–853. doi:10.1056/NEJM199409293311306
  • Gelir E, Arslan SO, Sayan H, Pinar L. Effect of rapid-eye-movement sleep deprivation on rat hypothalamic prostaglandins. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2005;73(5):391–396. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2005.05.021
  • Kadyan A, Asghar J, Dowson L, Sandramouli S. Ocular findings in sleep apnoea patients using continuous positive airway pressure. Eye. 2010;24(5):843–850. doi:10.1038/eye.2009.212
  • Ong ES, Alghamdi YA, Levitt RC, et al. Longitudinal examination of frequency of and risk factors for severe dry eye symptoms in US veterans. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(2):116–123. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.4925
  • Muhafiz E, Ölçen M, Erten R, Bozkurt E. Evaluation of Meibomian glands in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Cornea. 2020;39(6):685–690. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002252
  • Karaca EE, Akçam HT, Uzun F, Özdek Ş, Ulukavak Çiftçi T. Evaluation of ocular surface health in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2016;46(3):104–108. doi:10.4274/tjo.57778
  • Acar M, Firat H, Yuceege M, Ardic S. Long-term effects of PAP on ocular surface in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Can J Ophthalmol. 2014;49(2):217–221. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.11.010
  • Karaca I, Yagci A, Palamar M, Tasbakan MS, Basoglu OK. Ocular surface assessment and morphological alterations in meibomian glands with meibography in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(4):771–776. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2019.06.003
  • Hayirci E, Yagci A, Palamar M, Basoglu OK, Veral A. The effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on the ocular surface. Cornea. 2012;31(6):604–608. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e31824a2040
  • Simons LE, Elman I, Borsook D. Psychological processing in chronic pain: a neural systems approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;39:61–78. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.006
  • Galor A, Seiden BE, Park JJ, et al. The association of dry eye symptom severity and comorbid insomnia in US veterans. Eye Contact Lens. 2018;44(Suppl 1):S118–S124. doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000349
  • Hakki Onen S, Alloui A, Jourdan D, Eschalier A, Dubray C. Effects of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on pain sensitivity in the rat. Brain Res. 2001;900(2):261–267. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02320-4
  • Wu M, Liu X, Han J, Shao T, Wang Y. Association between sleep quality, mood status, and ocular surface characteristics in patients with dry eye disease. Cornea. 2019;38(3):311–317. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000001854
  • McMonnies CW. Why the symptoms and objective signs of dry eye disease may not correlate. J Optom. 2021;14(1):115.
  • Seligman MEP, Steen TA, Park N, Peterson C. Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. Am Psychol. 2005;60(5):410–421. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
  • Bitton E, Keech A, Jones L, Simpson T. Subjective and objective variation of the tear film pre- and post-sleep. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(8):740–749. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e318181a92f
  • Shen M, Wang J, Tao A, et al. Diurnal variation of upper and lower tear menisci. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(5):801–806. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.12.024
  • Craig JP, Willcox MDP, Argüeso P, et al. The TFOS International Workshop on contact lens discomfort: report of the contact lens interactions with the tear film subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(11):TFOS123–TFOS156. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-13235
  • Fullard RJ, Carney LG. Diurnal variation in human tear enzymes. Exp Eye Res. 1984;38(1):15–26. doi:10.1016/0014-4835(84)90134-9
  • Carney LG, Hill RM. Human tear pH. diurnal variations. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976;94(5):821–824. doi:10.1001/archopht.1976.03910030405011
  • Fullard RJ, Carney LG. Human tear enzyme changes as indicators of the corneal response to anterior hypoxia. Acta Ophthalmol. 1985;63(6):678–683. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1985.tb01580.x
  • Terry JE, Hill RM. Human tear osmotic pressure: diurnal variations and the closed eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96(1):120–122. doi:10.1001/archopht.1978.03910050076019
  • Bonanno JA, Polse KA. Measurement of in vivo human corneal stromal pH: open and closed eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987;28(3):522–530.
  • McNamara NA, Chan JS, Han SC, Polse KA, McKenney CD. Effects of hypoxia on corneal epithelial permeability. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(2):153–157. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00342-0
  • Willcox MD, Morris CA, Thakur A, Sack RA, Wickson J, Boey W. Complement and complement regulatory proteins in human tears. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38(1):1–8.