Obesity and contraception: controversy?

References

• World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity and overweight. Factsheet No 311. Geneva: WHO; 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. Accessed April 3, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Defining overweight and obesity [web page on the Internet]. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2010 [updated June 21, 2010]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/defining. html#. Accessed April 3, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• The Global Challenge of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force: tables. Los Angeles, CA: International Union of Nutritional Sciences; nd. Available from: http://www.iuns.org/features/obesity/tabfig. htm#Figure%201. Accessed August 26, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• CDC. Overweight and obesity: data and statistics [web page on the Internet]. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2011 [updated May 16, 2011]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/index.html. Accessed June 8, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• CDC. Overweight and obesity: economic consequences [web page on the Internet]. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2011 [updated March 28, 2011]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/causes/economics.html. Accessed April 3, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. National diabetes statistics, 2011: fast facts on diabetes [web page on the Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse; 2011. Available from: http://diabetes.niddk.nih.goV/dm/pubs/statistics/#fast. Accessed June 8, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Kulie T, Slattengren A, Redmer J, Counts H, Eglash A, Schrager S. Obesity and women’s health: an evidence-based review. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(1):75–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy AS. Obesity and contraception: emerging issues. Sem Reprod Med. 2010;28(2):156–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BD - Worldwide. Newsroom: diabetes care [web page on the Internet]. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Becton, Dickinson and Company; 2011. Available from: http://www.bd.com/press/newsroom/diabetes.asp. Accessed April 3, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Packinathan I, Finer N. Medical consequences of obesity. Obesity. 2003:8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Bianchini F, Kaaks R, Vainio H. Overweight, obesity and cancer risk. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:565–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour D. Implications of the growing obesity epidemic on contraception and reproductive health. J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2004;30(4):209–211.
   Google Scholar
• Avi Dor CF. Heavy Burden Report. Washington DC: The George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services, Department of Health Policy; 2010. Available from: http://www.gwumc. edu/sphhs/departments/healthpolicy/pdf/HeavyBurdenReport.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Wuntakal R, Hollingworth T. The implications of obesity on pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Reprod Med. 2009;19(12):344–359.
   Google Scholar
• Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005:200–214.
   Google Scholar
• Kaneshiro B, Edeman A, Carlson N, Nichols M, Jensen J. The relationship between body mass index and unintended pregnancy; results from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception. 2008;77(4):234–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantoja M, Madeiros T, Baccarin MC, Morais SS, Bahamondes L, Fernandes AM. Variations in body mass index of users of depot- medroxyprogesterone acetate as a contraceptive. Contraception. 2010;81(2):107–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graesslin O, Korver T. The contraceptive efficacy of Implanon: a review of clinical trials and marketing experience. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2008;13(Suppl 1):4–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaunitz AM, Darney PD, Ross D, Wolter KD, Speroff L. Subcutaneous DMPA vs intramuscular DMPA: a 2 years study of contraceptive efficacy and bone mineral density. Contraception. 2009;80(1):7–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman AB, Cherala G, Stancyzk FZ. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of contraceptive steroids in obese women: a review. Contraception. 2010;82:314–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman AB, Carlson NE, Cherala G, et al. Impact of obesity on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian activity. Contraception. 2009;80:119–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westoff C, Torgal, A, Mayeda E, Pike, M, Stanczyk, F. Pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive in obese and normal-weight women. Contraception. 2010;81:474–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner Huber LR, Toth JL. Obesity and oral contraceptive failure: Findings from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Am J Epidem. 2007;166(11):1306–1311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt V, Cushing Haugen K, Daline J. Body weight and risk of oral contraceptive failure. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:820–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt V, Scholes D, Wicklund K, Cushing-Haughen K, Daling J. Body mass index, weight and oral contraceptive failure risk. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:46–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussel J, Schwarz EB, Guthrie K. Obesity and oral contraceptive pill failure. Contraception. 2009;79(5):334–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zieman M, Guillebaud J, Weisberg E, Shangold GA, Fisher AC, Creasy GW. Contraceptive efficacy and cycle control with the Ortho Evra/Evra transdermal system: the analysis of pooled data. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(2 Suppl 2):S13–S18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieben TO, Roumen FJ, Apter D. Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100(3):585–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westhoff C. Higher body weight does not affect NuvaRing’s efficacy [abstract]. Obstet Gyneco.l 2005;105(Suppl 4):56S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnadottir RI, Tuppurainen M, Killick SR. Comparison of cycle control with a combined contraceptive vaginal ring and oral levonorgestrel/ ethinyl estradiol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(3):389–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger J, Cronin M, Mohner S, Schnellschmimidt I, Minh T, Westhoff C. Oral contraceptive effectiveness according to body mass index, weight, age and other factors. (EURAS-OC). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;80(1):7–17.
   Google Scholar
• Segall-Gutierrez P, Taylor D, Liu X, Stanczyk FZ, Azen S, Mishell DR. Follicular development and ovulation in extremely obese women receiving depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate subcutaneously. Contraception. 2010;81:487–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hylckama Hlieg A, Helmerhost FM, Rosendall FR. The risk of deep venous thrombosis associated with injectable depot- medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptives or a levonorgestrel intrauterine device. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:2297–2300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tice JA, Karliner L, Walsh J, Peterson AJ, Feldman MD. Gastric banding or bypass? A systematic review comparing the two most popular bariatric procedures. Amer J Med. 2008;121:885–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer PR, Ikramuddin S, Gourash W, Ramanathan R, Luektich J. Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 2000;232(4):515–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMaria EJ, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, Meador JG, Wolfe LG. Results of 281 consecutive total laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses to treat morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 2002;235(5):640–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall JC, Watts JM, O’Brien PE, et al. Gastric surgery for morbid obesity. The Adelaide Study. Ann Surg. 1990;211:419–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochester D, Jain A, Polotsky AJ, Polotsky H, Gibbs K, Isaac B, et al. Partial recovery of luteal function after bariatric surgery in obese women. Fertil Steril. 2009;92:1410–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehri Z. Impact of bariatric surgery on female reproduction. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(5):1501–1508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrits EG, Ceulemans R, van Hee R, Hendrickx L, Totte E. Contraceptive treatment after biliopancreatic diversion needs consensus. Obesity Surg. 2003;13:378–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan S, Hacker M, Haider S, et al. Contraceptive counseling and utilization in women who underwent bariatric surgery. Poster presented at Annual Meeting of the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals, October 1, 2009, Los Angeles, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Elkins G, Whitfield P, Marcus J, Symmonds R, Rodriguez J, Cook T. Noncompliance with behavioral recommendations following bariatric surgery. Obesity Surg. 2005;15:546–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggard MA, Yermilov I, Li Z, et al. Pregnancy and fertility following bariatric surgery. A systematic review. JAMA. 2008;300(19):2286–2296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor A, Odlind V, Kral JG. Oral contraceptive absorption and sex hormone binding globulins in obese women: effects of jejunoileal bypass. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1987;16:483–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Obesity and reproduction: an educational bulletin. Practice Committee Birmingham, AL. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(Suppl 3):S21–S29.
   Google Scholar
• Merhi ZO. Challenging oral contraception after weight loss by bariatric surgery. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2007;64:100–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viegas M, Vasconselos RS, Neves AP, Diniz ET, Bandeira F. Bariatric surgery and bone metabolism: a systematic review. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2010;54(2):158–162.
   Google Scholar
• Abdollahi M, Cushman M, Rosendaal FR. Obesity: risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and contraceptive use. Thromb Haemost. 2003;89(3):493–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomp ER, le Cessie S, Rosendaal FE, Doggen CJ. Risk of venous thrombosis: obesity and its joint effect with oral contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations. Br J Haematol. 2007;139:289–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosman G, King W, Schrope B, Steffen K, Strain G, et al. Reproductive health of women electing bariatric surgery. Fertil Steril. 2010;94:1426–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulen ME, Zapata LB, Cansino C, Curtis KM, Jamieson D. Contraceptive use among women with a history of bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Contraception. 2010;82:86–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar