Use of combined oral contraceptive pills among teenage girls in Calabar, Nigeria

References

• Stacey D. Choosing a birth control method. About.com Contraception. [updated 2012 February 11]. Available from: http://contraception.about. com/od/contraceptionoverview/bb/considerations.htm. Accessed May 14, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Glasier A. Contraception. In: Edmonds DK, editor. Dewhursts Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Postgraduates. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Inc; 2007:299–317.
   Google Scholar
• van Vlijmen EF, Brouwer JL, Veeger NJ, Eskes TK, de Graeff PA, van der Meer J. Oral contraceptives and the absolute risk of venous thromboembolism in women with single or multiple thrombophilic defects: results from a retrospective family cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(3):282–289.
   Google Scholar
• Singh S, Darroch JE, Vlassoff M, Nadeau J. Adding It Up: The benefits of investing in sexual and reproductive health. New York, NY: The Alan Guttmacher Institute; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Carr D, Khan M. The Unfinished Agenda: Meeting the needs for family planning in less developed countries. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Otoide VO, Oronsaye F, Okonofua FE. Why Nigerian adolescents seek abortion rather than contraception: evidence from focus-group discussions. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 2001;27(2):77–81.
   Google Scholar
• Abiodun OM, Balogun OR. Sexual activity and contraceptive use among young female students of tertiary educational institutions in Ilorin, Nigeria. Contraception. 2009;79:146–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Republic of Nigeria. National Policy on Population for Development, Unity, Progress and Self-Reliance. Lagos, Nigeria: Department of Population Activities, Federal Ministry of Health; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Adekunle AO. Recent advances in contraceptive and development. In: Friday O, Kunle O, editors. Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Developing Countries. Benin City: Women’s Health and Action Research Centre; 2003:110–127.
   Google Scholar
• Clerk NT, Ladipo OA. Contraception. In: Agboola A, editor. Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Medical Students. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books; 2006:145–154.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis KM, Chrisman CE, Peterson HB; WHO Programme for Mapping Best Practices in Reproductive Health. Contraception for women in selected circumstances. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:1100–1112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, et al: Contraceptive Technology. 18th ed. New York, NY: Adent Media; 2004:236, 374, 327.
   Google Scholar
• Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, Clinical Effectiveness Unit. FFPRHC Guidance (October 2003): first prescription of combined oral contraception. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2003;29:209–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo MF, Grimes DA, Schulz KF, Helmerhorst FM. Combination estrogen-progestin contraceptives and body weight: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:359–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson G, Milsom I, Lindstedt G, Rybo G. The influence of low dose combined oral contraceptive on menstrual period and iron status. Contraception. 1992;46:327–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorogood M, Villard-Mackintosh L. Combined oral contraceptive pill: risks and benefits. Br Med Bull. 1993;49:124–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monga A, editor. Fertility control. In: Gynaecology by Ten Teachers, 18th ed. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd; 2006:59–70.
   Google Scholar
• Holt VL, Cushing-Haugen KL, Daling JR. Oral contraceptives, tubal sterilization, and functional ovarian cyst risk. J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:252–258.
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher RA, Trussel J, Stewart F, et al. The pill: combined oral contraceptives. Contracept Technol. 1994;18:223–248.
   Google Scholar
• Burkman RT. Cardiovascular issues with oral contraceptives: evidence- based medicine. Int JFertil Womens Med. 2000;45:166–174.
   Google Scholar
• Michelle MD, Roland T, Burkman MD. Contraception and family planning. In: Decherny AH, Laurent N. Current Obstetrics and Gynaeco- logic Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, NY: Lang Medical Books/ McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2003:631–650.
   Google Scholar
• Beral V, Hermon C, Kaay C, Hannaford P, Darby S, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners oral contraception study. BMJ. 1999;318:96–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulier R, Helmerhorst FM, Maitra N, Gülmezoglu AM. Effectiveness and acceptability of progestogens in combined oral contraceptives – a systematic review. Reprod Health. 2004;1:1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaffer JI, Hoffman BL, Cunningham FG, et al, editors. Contraception and sterilization. In: Williams Gynaecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2008:105–132.
   Google Scholar
• Metson D. Lessons from an audit of unplanned pregnancies. BMJ. 1988;297:904–906.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Audet MC, Morean M, Koltun WD, et al; ORTHO EVRA/EVRA 004 Study Group. Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:2347–2354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contraceptives and congenital anomalies. ACOG Committee Opinion: Committee on Gynecologic Practice. Number 124-July 1993. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1993;42(3):316–317.
   Google Scholar
• Milsom I, Sundell G, Andersch B. The influence of different combined oral contraceptives on the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea. Contraception. 1990;42:497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 1996;347:1717–1727.
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher RA, Rinehart W, Blackburn R, et al. Low dose combined oral contraceptives. The essentials of contraceptive technology. 2001;3:5–1–5–25.
   Google Scholar
• Oye-Adeniran BA, Adewole IF, Odeyemi KA, Ekanem EE, Umoh AV Contraceptive prevalence among young women in Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol 2005;25:182–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amazigo U, Silva N, Kaufman J, Obikeze DS. Sexual activity and contraceptive knowledge and use among in-school adolescents in Nigeria. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 1997;23:28–33.
   Google Scholar
• Okpani AOU, Okpani JU. Sexual activity and contraceptive use among female adolescents--a report from Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2000;4:40–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Odujinrin OM. Sexual activity, contraceptive practice and abortion among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1991;34:361–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makinwa AP. Sexual behaviour. Reproductive knowledge and contraceptive use among urban youths in Nigeria. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 1992;18(2):66–70.
   Google Scholar
• National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission and ICF Macro; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Okogbenin SA, Okpere EE. Age and reproductive outcome. In: Okpere EE, editor. Clinical Obstetrics, revised edition. Benin City: Uniben Press; 2004:398–400.
   Google Scholar
• Women’s perceptions of the safety of the pill: a survey in eight developing countries. Report of the perceptions of the pill survey group. J Biosoc Sci. 1987;19:313–321.
   Google Scholar