Prevalence of increased intraocular pressure in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and association with ophthalmic signs and symptoms in the north-west of Iran

References

• Cockerham KP, Pal C, Jani B, Wolter A, Kennerdell JS. The prevalence and implications of ocular hypertension and glaucoma in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(6):914–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TJ, Hegedüs L. Graves’ disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1552–1565. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1510030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahn RS. Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:726–738. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0905750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley EA. Graves ophthalmopathy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2001;12(5):347–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersinga W, Smit T, Van Der Gaag R, Mounts M, Koomneef L. Clinical presentation of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmic Res. 1989;21(2):73–82. doi:10.1159/000266782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastegar A, Besharati MR, Shoja MR, Manaviat MR, Ahmadieh MH. Clinical survey of ocular findings in patients with grave’s disease. J Qazvin Univ. 2006;10(9):43–51.
   Google Scholar
• da Silva FLM, Rodrigues MDV, Akaishi PMS, Cruz AA. Graves’ orbitopathy: frequency of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Eye. 2008;23(4):957–959. doi:10.1038/eye.2008.155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burch HB, Wartofsky L. Graves’ ophthalmopathy: current concepts regarding pathogenesis and management. Endocr Rev. 1993;14(6):747–793. doi:10.1210/edrv-14-6-747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrouzi Z, Rabei HM, Azizi F, et al. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma, glaucoma suspect, and ocular hypertension in thyroid-related immune orbitopathy. J Glaucoma. 2007;16(4):358–362. doi:10.1097/IJG.0b013e31802e644b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doughty MJ, Zaman ML. Human corneal thickness and its impact on intraocular pressure measures: a review and meta-analysis approach. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;44(5):367–408. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(00)00110-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman I, Cannon PS, Sadiq SA. Tonopen versus goldmann applanation tonometry for detecting restrictive thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;26(1):36–38. doi:10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181b80fcb
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly W, Cove-Smith R, Rashid A. Ocular manifestations of Graves’ disease. J R Soc Med. 1985;78(5):417.
   Google Scholar
• Woo KI, Kim Y-D, Lee SY. Prevalence and risk factors for thyroid eye disease among korean dysthyroid patients. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2013;27:397–404. doi:10.3341/kjo.2013.27.6.397
   Google Scholar
• Etezad-Razavi M, Aboutorabi R-B, Zarei-Ghanavati S, et al. Prevalence and severity of ophthalmic manifestations of Graves’ disease in mashhad university endocrine clinics. Iran J Ophthalmol. 2007;19(3):14–21.
   Google Scholar
• Lee AJ, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Healey PR, Mitchell P. Does smoking affect intraocular pressure? Findings from the blue mountains eye study. J Glaucoma. 2003;12(3):209–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timothy C, Nneli R. The effects of cigarette smoking on intraocular pressure and arterial blood pressure of normotensive young Nigerian male adults. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2007;22(1–2):33–36.
   Google Scholar
• Dielemans I, Vingerling JR, Algra D, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, de Jong PTVM. Primary Open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure, and systemic blood pressure in the general elderly population. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(1):54–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuka K. Intraocular pressure and proptosis in 95 patients with graves ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124(4):570–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardeshirei M, Daftariyan N, Mehrabi Y, Azizi F. Prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations in patients with diffuse toxic goiter in Tehran. Iran J Endocrinol Metab. 2005;7(3):217–222.
   Google Scholar
• Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadrmas EF, et al. Long-term follow-up of Graves ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(6):958–962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaddipati RV, Meyer DR. Eyelid retraction, lid lag, lagophthalmos, and von Graefe’s sign quantifying the eyelid features of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmol. 2008;115:1083–1088. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.07.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshome T, Seyoum B. Graves’ thyroid ophthalmopathy in Ethiopian patients. Ethiop Med J. 2001;39(1):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Jankauskiene J, Jarusaitiene D. Clinical ocular features in children and young adults with thyroid diseases. Thyroid Disorders Ther. 2017;6:221. doi:10.4172/2167-7948
   Google Scholar
• Nowak M, Marek B, Kos-Kudła B, Kajdaniuk D, Siemińska L. Tear film profile in patients with active thyroid orbithopathy. Klinikaoczna. 2005;107(7–9):479–482.
   Google Scholar
• Schein OD, MUÑO B, Tielsch JM, Bandeen-Roche K, West S. Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124(6):723–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. Long-term incidence of dry eye in an older population. Optometry Vision Sci. 2008;85(8):668–674. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e318181a947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Incidence of dry eye in an older population. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(3):369–373. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.3.369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima M, Yamada M, Suwaki K, et al. A clinic-based survey of clinical characteristics and practice pattern of dry eye in Japan. Adv Ther. 2017;34(3):732–743. doi:10.1007/s12325-017-0487-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris FL, Kassoff A, Bresnick GH, Bailey I. New visual acuity charts for clinical research. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;94(1):91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Lee KE. Changes in visual acuity in a population. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(8):1169–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson SE, Werkman S, Rhodes P, Tolley E. Visual-Acuity Development in Healthy Preterm Infants: Effect of Marine-Oil Supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58(1):35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott DB, Yang KC, Whitaker D. Visual acuity changes throughout adulthood in normal, healthy eyes: seeing beyond 6/6. Optom Vis Sci. 1995;72:186–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long GM, Crambert RF. The nature and basis of age-related changes in dynamic visual acuity. Psychol Aging. 1990;5(1):138. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.5.1.138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpel EF, Engstrom PF. The normal cup-disk ratio. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;91(5):588–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar