Predictors of Visual Acuity After Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration – Current Perspectives

References

• Flaxman SR, Bourne RR, Resnikoff S, et al. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2017;5(12):e1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2014;2(2):e106. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70145-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris FL, Fine SL, Hyman L. Age-related macular degeneration and blindness due to neovascular maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(11):1640–1642. doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031330019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvanta A, Algvere P, Berglin L, Seregard S. Subfoveal fibrovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration express vascular endothelial growth factor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37(9):1929–1934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature. 1992;359(6398):843–845. doi:10.1038/359843a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spilsbury K, Garrett KL, Shen W-Y, Constable IJ, Rakoczy PE. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retinal pigment epithelium leads to the development of choroidal neovascularization. Am J Pathol. 2000;157(1):135–144. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64525-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finger RP, Guymer RH, Gillies MC, Keeffe JE. The impact of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment on quality of life in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(6):1246–1251. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.12.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Eng J Med. 2006;355(14):1419–1431. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DM, Kaiser PK, Michels M, et al. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Eng J Med. 2006;355(14):1432–1444. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa062655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heier JS, Brown DM, Chong V, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept (VEGF trap-eye) in wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(12):2537–2548. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Erfurth U, Kaiser PK, Korobelnik J-F, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept injection for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: ninety-six–week results of the VIEW studies. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(1):193–201. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugel PU, Koh A, Ogura Y, et al. HAWK and HARRIER: phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-masked trials of brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(1):72–84. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.04.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin DF, Maguire MG, Fine SL, et al. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year results. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(7):1388–1398. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group CR. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Eng j Med. 2011;364(20):1897–1908. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1102673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group ToA-RMDwPTS. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin. One-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials-TAP report 1. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:1329–1345. doi:10.1001/archopht.117.10.1329
   Google Scholar
• Group MPS. Laser photocoagulation of subfoveal neovascular lesions of age-related macular degeneration. Updated findings from two clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:1200–1209. doi:10.1001/archopht.1993.01090090052019
   Google Scholar
• Bloch SB, Larsen M, Munch IC. Incidence of legal blindness from age-related macular degeneration in Denmark: year 2000 to 2010. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(2):209–213. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarranz-Ventura J, Liew G, Johnston RL, et al. The neovascular age-related macular degeneration database: report 2: incidence, management, and visual outcomes of second treated eyes. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(10):1966–1975. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong V. Ranibizumab for the treatment of wet AMD: a summary of real-world studies. Eye. 2016;30(2):270–286. doi:10.1038/eye.2015.217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holz FG, Figueroa MS, Bandello F, et al. Ranibizumab treatment in treatment-naive neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results from LUMINOUS, a global real-world study. Retina. 2020;40(9):1673. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rofagha S, Bhisitkul RB, Boyer DS, Sadda SR, Zhang K, Group S-US. Seven-year outcomes in ranibizumab-treated patients in ANCHOR, MARINA, and HORIZON: a multicenter cohort study (SEVEN-UP). Ophthalmology. 2013;120(11):2292–2299. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.03.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire MG, Martin DF, Ying G-S, et al. Five-year outcomes with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(8):1751–1761. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.03.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra S, Arpa C, Menon D, et al. Ten-year outcomes of antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Eye. 2020;34(10):1888–1896. doi:10.1038/s41433-020-0764-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finger RP, Wickremasinghe SS, Baird PN, Guymer RH. Predictors of anti-VEGF treatment response in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2014;59(1):1–18. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill CR, Hewitt CE, Lightfoot T, Gale RP. Demographic and clinical factors that influence the visual response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2020;9(4):725–737. doi:10.1007/s40123-020-00288-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer DS, Antoszyk AN, Awh CC, et al. Subgroup analysis of the MARINA study of ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(2):246–252. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Erfurth U, Waldstein SM, Deak -G-G, Kundi M, Simader C. Pigment epithelial detachment followed by retinal cystoid degeneration leads to vision loss in treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(4):822–832. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu DJ, Keenan TD, Faes L, et al. Insights from survival analyses during 12 years of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;139:57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westborg I, Albrecht S, Rosso A. Risk for low visual acuity after 1 and 2 years of treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2017;37(11):2035–2046. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies M, Arnold J, Bhandari S, et al. Ten-year treatment outcomes of neovascular age-related macular degeneration from two regions. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;210:116–124. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrosa AC, Sousa T, Pinheiro-Costa J, et al. Treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration with anti-VEGF agents: predictive factors of long-term visual outcomes. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017:4263017. doi:10.1155/2017/4263017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho AC, Kleinman DM, Lum FC, et al. Baseline visual acuity at wet AMD diagnosis predicts long-term vision outcomes: an analysis of the iris registry. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51(11):633–639. doi:10.3928/23258160-20201104-05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brynskov T, Munch IC, Larsen TM, Erngaard L, Sørensen TL. Real‐world 10‐year experiences with intravitreal treatment with ranibizumab and aflibercept for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020;98(2):132–138. doi:10.1111/aos.14183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arpa C, Khalid H, Chandra S. et al. Ten-year survival trends of neovascular age-related macular degeneration at first presentation. Br J Ophthalmol;2020. bjophthalmol-2020-317161. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spooner K, Fraser-Bell S, Hong T, Phan L, Wong JG, Chang A. Long-term anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: the LATAR study: report 1: ten-year, real-world outcomes. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;5:511.
   Google Scholar
• van Asten F, Rovers MM, Lechanteur YT, et al. Predicting non-response to ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2014;21(6):347–355. doi:10.3109/09286586.2014.949010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen CL, Gillies MC, Nguyen V, et al. Characterization of poor visual outcomes of neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(5):735–742. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.11.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulcher C, Hazel CA, Pacey I, Ali H, Ghanchi FD. Predicting visual outcomes in patients treated with aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: data from a real-world clinical setting. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020;30(3):543–549. doi:10.1177/1120672119839299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen V, Daien V, Guymer R, et al. Projection of long-term visual acuity outcomes based on initial treatment response in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(1):64–74. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying GS, Maguire MG, Daniel E, et al. Association of baseline characteristics and early vision response with 2-year vision outcomes in the comparison of AMD treatments trials (CATT). Ophthalmology. 2015;122(12):2523–2531.e2521. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.08.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canan H, Sızmaz S, Altan-Yaycıoğlu R, Sarıtürk C, Yılmaz G. Visual outcome of intravitreal ranibizumab for exudative age-related macular degeneration: timing and prognosis. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:141–145. doi:10.2147/CIA.S56863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim JH, Wickremasinghe SS, Xie J, et al. Delay to treatment and visual outcomes in patients treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(4):678–686. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang K, Tian J, Qing X, et al. Predictors of visual response to intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. J Ophthalmol. 2013;2013:1–9. doi:10.1155/2013/676049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Chang YS, Kim JW, Kim CG, Yoo SJ, Cho HJ. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for submacular hemorrhage from choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(4):926–935. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser PK, Brown DM, Zhang K, et al. Ranibizumab for predominantly classic neovascular age-related macular degeneration: subgroup analysis of first-year ANCHOR results. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(6):850–857. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying G-S, Huang J, Maguire MG, et al. Baseline predictors for one-year visual outcomes with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(1):122–129. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.07.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzetta P, Cruess AF, Cohen SY, et al. Predictors of visual outcomes in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration treated with anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy: post hoc analysis of the VIEW studies. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018;96(8):e911. doi:10.1111/aos.13751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regillo CD, Busbee BG, Ho AC, Ding B, Haskova Z. Baseline predictors of 12-month treatment response to ranibizumab in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160(5):1014–1023.e1012. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2015.07.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying G-S, Maguire MG, Pan W, et al. Baseline predictors for five-year visual acuity outcomes in the comparison of AMD treatment trials. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018;2(6):525–530. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2017.10.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holz FG, Tadayoni R, Beatty S, et al. Key drivers of visual acuity gains in neovascular age-related macular degeneration in real life: findings from the AURA study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(12):1623–1628. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-308166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashiro K, Tomita K, Tsujikawa A, et al. Factors associated with the response of age-related macular degeneration to intravitreal ranibizumab treatment. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(1):125–136. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki R, Yasuda M, Song SJ, et al. The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(5):921–927. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok A, Lai T, Chan C, Neoh E, Lam D. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Chinese patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(8):892–897. doi:10.1136/bjo.86.8.892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokame GT, deCarlo TE, Kaneko KN, Omizo JN, Lian R. Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor resistance in exudative macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Ophthalmol Retina. 2019;3(9):744–752. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2019.04.018
   Google Scholar
• Lorentzen TD, Subhi Y, Sørensen TL. Prevalence of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in white patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis. Retina. 2018;38(12):2363–2371. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatz K, Prünte C. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Caucasian patients with presumed neovascular age-related macular degeneration and poor ranibizumab response. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(2):188–194. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM, Holz FG, Wong TY. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet. 2012;379(9827):1728–1738. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60282-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piermarocchi S, Miotto S, Colavito D, Leon A, Segato T. Combined effects of genetic and non-genetic risk factors affect response to ranibizumab in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;93(6):e451. doi:10.1111/aos.12587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Song SJ, Yu HG. Current smoking is associated with a poor visual acuity improvement after intravitreal ranibizumab therapy in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28(5):769. doi:10.3346/jkms.2013.28.5.769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S, Roh YJ. One-year results of intravitreal ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and clinical responses of various subgroups. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2009;53(4):389–395. doi:10.1007/s10384-009-0670-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Fu EX, Smith SD, Williams DR, Kaiser PK. Predictive factors of visual and anatomical outcome after intravitreal bevacizumab treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: an optical coherence tomography study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(10):1353–1358. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.141879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abedi F, Wickremasinghe S, Richardson AJ, et al. Variants in the VEGFA gene and treatment outcome after anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(1):115–121. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byun YJ, Lee SJ, Koh HJ. Predictors of response after intravitreal bevacizumab injection for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2010;54(6):571–577. doi:10.1007/s10384-010-0866-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann MM, van Asten F, Muether PS, et al. Polymorphisms in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 are associated with better response rates to ranibizumab treatment in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(4):905–910. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.10.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen DB, Torp TL, Stefansson E, Peto T, Grauslund J. Retinal metabolic and structural alterations in response to aflibercept treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019;97(5):525–531. doi:10.1111/aos.13996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Ji B, Chung H, Kim HC. Correlation between optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci and visual outcomes after anti-vegf treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina. 2016;36(3):465–475. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagstrom SA, Ying GS, Pauer GJT, et al. Pharmacogenetics for genes associated with age-related macular degeneration in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT). Ophthalmology. 2013;120(3):593–599. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.11.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotery AJ, Gibson J, Cree AJ, et al. Pharmacogenetic associations with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in participants with neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the IVAN Study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(12):2637–2643. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.07.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G, Tzekov R, Li W, Jiang F, Mao S, Tong Y. Pharmacogenetics of complement factor H Y402H polymorphism and treatment of neovascular AMD with anti-VEGF agents: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong N, Shen Y, Yu CY, Wang SQ, Tong JP. Association of the polymorphism Y402H in the CFH gene with response to anti-VEGF treatment in age‐related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94(4):334–345. doi:10.1111/aos.13049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Z, Xie P, Ding Y, Yuan D, Liu Q. Association between variants A69S in ARMS2 gene and response to treatment of exudative AMD: a meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(5):593–598. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Liu Z, Hu S, Qi J. Meta-analysis of the pharmacogenetics of ARMS2 A69S polymorphism and the response to advanced age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Res. 2021;64(2):192–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y-L, Chen C-L, Wang Y-X, et al. Association between polymorphism rs11200638 in the HTRA1 gene and the response to anti-VEGF treatment of exudative AMD: a meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017;17(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0487-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagstrom SA, Ying G-S, Pauer GJ, et al. Vegfa and vegfr2 gene polymorphisms and response to anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy: comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials (CATT). JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(5):521–527. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boltz A, Ruiß M, Jonas JB, et al. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms in the treatment success in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(8):1615–1620. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzeri S, Figus M, Orlandi P, et al. VEGF-A polymorphisms predict short-term functional response to intravitreal ranibizumab in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Pharmacogenomics. 2013;14(6):623–630. doi:10.2217/pgs.13.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park UC, Shin JY, Kim SJ, et al. Genetic factors associated with response to intravitreal ranibizumab in Korean patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2014;34(2):288–297. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182979e1e
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Gonzalez F, Cabrillo-Estévez L, López-Valverde G, Cieza-Borrella C, Hernández-Galilea E, González-Sarmiento R. Predictive value of VEGF A and VEGFR2 polymorphisms in the response to intravitreal ranibizumab treatment for wet AMD. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252(3):469–475. doi:10.1007/s00417-014-2585-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagstrom SA, Ying G-S, Maguire MG, et al. VEGFR2 gene polymorphisms and response to anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(8):1563–1568. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu M, Xiong H, Xu Y, et al. Association between VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 polymorphisms and response to treatment of neovascular AMD with anti-VEGF agents: a meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(7):976–984. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelstrup AB, Pomares E, Navarro R, Group BS. Relationship between aflibercept efficacy and genetic variants of genes associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: the BIOIMAGE trial. Ophthalmologica. 2020;243(6):461–470. doi:10.1159/000508902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis PJ. The influence of genetics on response to treatment with ranibizumab (Lucentis) for age-related macular degeneration: the Lucentis Genotype Study (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2011;109:115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riaz M, Lorés-Motta L, Richardson AJ, et al. GWAS study using DNA pooling strategy identifies association of variant rs4910623 in OR52B4 gene with anti-VEGF treatment response in age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):1–10. doi:10.1038/srep37924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorés-Motta L, Riaz M, Grunin M, et al. Association of genetic variants with response to anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(8):875–884. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.2019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel E, Shaffer J, Ying G-S, et al. Outcomes in eyes with retinal angiomatous proliferation in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials (CATT). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(3):609–616. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld PJ, Shapiro H, Tuomi L, Webster M, Elledge J, Blodi B. Characteristics of patients losing vision after 2 years of monthly dosing in the Phase III ranibizumab clinical trials. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(3):523–530. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe GJ, Ying G-S, Toth CA, et al. Macular morphology and visual acuity in year five of the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(2):252–260. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinle NC, Du W, Gibson A, Saroj N. Outcomes by baseline choroidal neovascularization features in age-related macular degeneration: a post hoc analysis of the VIEW Studies. Ophthalmol Retina. 2021;5(2):141–150. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2020.07.003
   Google Scholar
• Dugel PU, Singh RP, Koh A, et al. HAWK and HARRIER: ninety-six-week outcomes from the phase 3 trials of brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(1):89–99. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Toth CA, Daniel E, et al. Macular morphology and visual acuity in the second year of the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(4):865–875. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung AE, Lalwani GA, Rosenfeld PJ, et al. An optical coherence tomography-guided, variable dosing regimen with intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(4):566–583. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.01.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans RN, Reeves BC, Maguire MG, et al. Associations of variation in retinal thickness with visual acuity and anatomic outcomes in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration lesions treated with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(10):1043–1051. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.3001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simader C, Ritter M, Bolz M, et al. Morphologic parameters relevant for visual outcome during anti-angiogenic therapy of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(6):1237–1245. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.12.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Erfurth U, Vogl W-D, Jampol LM, Bogunović H. Application of automated quantification of fluid volumes to Anti–VEGF therapy of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(9):1211–1219. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter GS, Grechenig C, Vogl W-D, et al. Analysis of fluid volume and its impact on visual acuity in the fluid study as quantified with deep learning. Retina. 2021;41(6):1318–1328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busbee BG, Ho AC, Brown DM, et al. Twelve-month efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg or 2.0 mg ranibizumab in patients with subfoveal neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(5):1046–1056. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldstein SM, Simader C, Staurenghi G, et al. Morphology and visual acuity in aflibercept and ranibizumab therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the VIEW trials. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(7):1521–1529. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.03.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guymer RH, Markey CM, McAllister IL, et al. Tolerating subretinal fluid in neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with ranibizumab using a treat-and-extend regimen: FLUID study 24-month results. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(5):723–734. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.11.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldstein SM, Wright J, Warburton J, Margaron P, Simader C, Predictive S-EU. Value of retinal morphology for visual acuity outcomes of different ranibizumab treatment regimens for neovascular AMD. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(1):60–69. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhaveri CD Visual and anatomical outcomes for brolucizumab and aflibercept in patients with nAMD: 96-week data from HAWK and HARRIER. Paper presented at: American Society of Retina Specialists; July 2019; Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Willoughby AS, Ying G-S, Toth CA, et al. Subretinal hyperreflective material in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(9):1846–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers JP, Zahid R, Kaiser PK, et al. Longitudinal assessment of ellipsoid zone integrity, subretinal hyperreflective material, and subretinal pigment epithelium disease in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol Retina. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2021.02.012
   Google Scholar
• Sarraf D, London NJ, Khurana RN, et al. Ranibizumab treatment for pigment epithelial detachment secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration: post hoc analysis of the HARBOR study. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(10):2213–2224. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javaheri M, Hill L, Ghanekar A, Stoilov I. Changes in treatment-naive pigment epithelial detachments associated with the initial anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injection: a post hoc analysis from the HARBOR Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(2):219–223. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.5130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanani AM, Eichenbaum D, Schlottmann PG, Tuomi L, Sarraf D. Optimal management of pigment epithelial detachments in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2018;38(11):2103. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying G-S, Kim BJ, Maguire MG, et al. Sustained visual acuity loss in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(8):915–921. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.1019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhisitkul RB, Mendes TS, Rofagha S, et al. Macular atrophy progression and 7-year vision outcomes in subjects from the ANCHOR, MARINA, and HORIZON studies: the SEVEN-UP study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159(5):915–924. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altaweel MM, Daniel E, Martin DF, et al. Outcomes of eyes with lesions composed of> 50% blood in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials (CATT). Ophthalmology. 2015;122(2):391–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanescu-Segall D, Balta F, Jackson TL. Submacular hemorrhage in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a synthesis of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 2016;61(1):18–32. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel E, Pan W, Ying G-S, et al. Development and course of scars in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(7):1037–1046. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okeagu CU, Agrón E, Vitale S, et al. Principal cause of poor visual acuity after neovascular age-related macular degeneration: age-related eye disease study 2 report number 23. Ophthalmol Retina. 2021;5(1):23–31. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2020.09.025
   Google Scholar
• Chakravarthy U, Harding SP, Rogers CA, et al. A randomised controlled trial to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alternative treatments to Inhibit VEGF in Age-related choroidal Neovascularisation (IVAN). Health Tech Assessment. 2015;19(78):1. doi:10.3310/hta19780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wykoff CC, Ou WC, Brown DM, et al. Randomized trial of treat-and-extend versus monthly dosing for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: 2-year results of the TREX-AMD study. Ophthalmol Retina. 2017;1(4):314–321. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2016.12.004
   Google Scholar
• Kertes PJ, Galic IJ, Greve M, et al. Efficacy of a treat-and-extend regimen with ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(3):244–250. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.5540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin-Yee D, Eck T, Fowler S, Hardi A, Apte RS. A systematic review of as needed versus treat and extend ranibizumab or bevacizumab treatment regimens for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(7):914–917. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wykoff CC, Ou WC, Croft DE, et al. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration management in the third year: final results from the TREX-AMD randomised trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(4):460–464. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spooner KL, Fraser-Bell S, Cozzi M, et al. Macular atrophy incidence and progression in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors using a treat-and-extend or a pro re nata regimen: four-year results of the MANEX Study. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(12):1663–1673. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasler K, Moraes G, Wagner S, et al. One- and two-year visual outcomes from the Moorfields age-related macular degeneration database: a retrospective cohort study and an open science resource. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):e027441. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Erfurth U, Bogunovic H, Sadeghipour A, et al. Machine learning to analyze the prognostic value of current imaging biomarkers in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018;2(1):24–30. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2017.03.015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohm M, Tresp V, Müller M, et al. Predicting visual acuity by using machine learning in patients treated for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(7):1028–1036. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.12.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Wykoff CC, Tadayoni R, et al. Visual and expanded anatomical outcomes for brolucizumab versus aflibercept in patients with neovascular AMD: 96-week data from HAWK and HARRIER. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(9):5194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweifel SA, Saroj N, Shapiro H, Freund KB. The effect of fellow eye visual acuity on visual acuity of study eyes receiving ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2012;32(7):1243–1249. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182469064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalwani GA, Rosenfeld PJ, Fung AE, et al. A variable-dosing regimen with intravitreal ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: year 2 of the PrONTO Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(1):43–58. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.01.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DM, Tuomi L, Shapiro H, Group PS. Anatomical measures as predictors of visual outcomes in ranibizumab-treated eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2013;33(1):23–34. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318263cedf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenkel RE, Shapiro H, Stoilov I. Predicting vision gains with anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients by using low-luminance vision. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(8):1052–1057. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana RN, Chang L, Day BM, Ghanekar A, Stoilov I. Timing of peak vision gains in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with ranibizumab. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;4(8):760–766. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2020.02.011
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder M, Westborg I, Lövestam Adrian M. Twelve per cent of 6142 eyes treated for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) presented with low visual outcome within 2 years. Analysis from the Swedish macula registry (SMR). Acta Ophthalmol. 2020;98(3):274–278. doi:10.1111/aos.14239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar