2,886
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Presbyopia – A Review of Current Treatment Options and Emerging Therapies

, ORCID Icon, , , , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 2167-2178 | Published online: 24 May 2021

References

  • Glasser A, Campbell MC. Biometric, optical and physical changes in the isolated human crystalline lens with age in relation to presbyopia. Vision Res. 1999;39(11):1991–2015. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00283-1
  • Heys K, Cram LS, Roger J. University of Wollongong. Massive increase in the stiffness of the human lens nucleus with age: the basis for presbyopia? Molecular Vision. 2004;10:956–963.
  • Garner WH, Garner MH. Protein disulfide levels and lens elasticity modulation: applications for presbyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(6):2851–2863. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-18413
  • David G, Pedrigi RM, Humphrey J. Accommodation of the human lens capsule using a finite element model based on nonlinear regionally anisotropic biomembranes. Computer Methods Biomechanics Biomed Eng. 2017;20(3):302–307. doi:10.1080/10255842.2016.1228907
  • Fricke TR, Tahhan N, Resnikoff S, et al. Global Prevalence of Presbyopia and Vision Impairment from Uncorrected Presbyopia: systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Modelling. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1492–1499. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.013
  • Mancil G, Bailey I, Brookman K. Optometric clinical practice guideline care of the patient with presbyopia. Reference guide for clinicians. Am Optometric Assoc. 2011;1:458.
  • Goertz AD, Stewart WC, Burns WR, Stewart JA, Nelson LA. Review of the impact of presbyopia on quality of life in the developing and developed world. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92(6):497–500. doi:10.1111/aos.12308
  • Chan VF, MacKenzie GE, Kassalow J, Gudwin E, Congdon N. Impact of presbyopia and its correction in low-and middle-income countries. Asia Pacific J Ophthalmol. 2018;7(6):370–374. doi:10.22608/APO.2018449
  • Han X, Lee PY, Liu C, He M. Distribution and progression of add power among people in need of near correction. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2018;46(8):882–887. doi:10.1111/ceo.13301
  • Holden BA, Fricke TR, Ho SM, et al. Global vision impairment due to uncorrected presbyopia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(12):1731–1739. doi:10.1001/archopht.126.12.1731
  • Gajapati CV, Pradeep A, Kakhandaki A, Praveenchandra R, Rao S. Awareness of Presbyopia among Rural Female Population in North Karnataka. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2017;11(9):NC01. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/26125.10608
  • Patel I, Munoz B, Burke AG, et al. Impact of presbyopia on quality of life in a rural African setting. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(5):728–734. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.01.028
  • Reddy PA, Congdon N, MacKenzie G, et al. Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia (PROSPER): a randomised trial. Lancet Global Health. 2018;6(9):e1019–e1027. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30329-2
  • Wolffsohn JS, Davies LN. Presbyopia: effectiveness of correction strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2019;68:124–143.
  • Bilbao-Calabuig R, Gónzalez-López F, Llovet-Rausell A, Ortega-Usobiaga J, Fernández VT, Llovet-Osuna F. Lens-based surgical correction of presbyopia. Where are we in 2020? Arch de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. 2020.
  • Carlson NB, Aurora Denial O. Hyperopia and presbyopia: a teaching case report. Optometric Educ. 2017;42(3):78.
  • Weale RA. Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48(5):515–543. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(03)00086-9
  • Stevens M, Bergmanson J. Does sunlight cause premature aging of the crystalline lens? J Am Optom Assoc. 1989;60(9):660–663.
  • Sliney DH. Geometrical gradients in the distribution of temperature and absorbed ultraviolet radiation in ocular tissues. Dev Ophthalmol. 2002;35:40–59.
  • Babu PS, Dhanunjaya A, Amaresh G. Demographic pattern of presbyopia in a tertiary teaching hospital. J Evolution Med Dental Sci. 2015;4:650–657. doi:10.14260/jemds/2015/95
  • Hickenbotham A, Roorda A, Steinmaus C, Glasser A. Meta-analysis of sex differences in presbyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(6):3215–3220. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9791
  • Oriahi M. The Importance Of Epidemiology In Optometry. J Nigerian Optometric Assoc. 2009;15:48–51.
  • Thomas D, Weegen L, Walendzik A, Wasem J, Jahn R Comparative analysis of delivery of primary eye care in three European countries. Available from: https://www.ecoo.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/WASEMstudyWebsite.pdf. Accessed 3 January, 2021.
  • Wubben T, Wolfe G, Guerrero C, Korcz WJ, Ramsey DJ. Near visual acuity in an inner city Hispanic community: understanding the barriers and benefits of correction. Community Eye Health. 2014;27(86):41.
  • Doan B, Lévy D, Pavot J. Demographic forecasts of medical workforce supply in France (2000–2050). What numerus clausus for what future? Cahiers De Sociologie et de Démographie Médicales. 2004;44(1):101–148.
  • Charman WN. Developments in the correction of presbyopia I: spectacle and contact lenses. Ophthalmic Physiol Optics. 2014;34(1):8–29. doi:10.1111/opo.12091
  • Charman WN. Non-surgical treatment options for presbyopia. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2018;13(4):219–231. doi:10.1080/17469899.2018.1506330
  • Sánchez-Brau M, Domenech-Amigot B, Brocal-Fernández F, Quesada-Rico JA, Seguí-Crespo M. Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome and Its Relationship with Ergonomic and Individual Factors in Presbyopic VDT Workers Using Progressive Addition Lenses. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3):1003. doi:10.3390/ijerph17031003
  • Chu BS, Wood JM, Collins MJ. Effect of presbyopic vision corrections on perceptions of driving difficulty. Eye Contact Lens. 2009;35(3):133–143. doi:10.1097/ICL.0b013e3181a1435e
  • Pérez‐Prados R, Piñero DP, Pérez‐Cambrodí RJ, Madrid‐Costa D. Soft multifocal simultaneous image contact lenses: a review. Clin Exp Optometry. 2017;100(2):107–127. doi:10.1111/cxo.12488
  • Bennett ES. Contact lens correction of presbyopia. Clin Exp Optometry. 2008;91(3):265–278. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00242.x
  • Jain S, Arora I, Azar DT. Success of monovision in presbyopes: review of the literature and potential applications to refractive surgery. Surv Ophthalmol. 1996;40(6):491–499. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(96)82015-7
  • Kirschen DG, Hung CC, Nakano TR. Comparison of suppression, stereoacuity, and interocular differences in visual acuity in monovision and acuvue bifocal contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 1999;76(12):832–837. doi:10.1097/00006324-199912000-00018
  • Rajagopalan AS, Bennett ES, Lakshminarayanan V. Visual performance of subjects wearing presbyopic contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 2006;83(8):611–615. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000232185.00091.45
  • Collins MJ, Brown B, Bowman KJ. Contrast sensitivity with contact lens corrections for presbyopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1989;9(2):133–138. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00832.x
  • Owsley C, McGwin G. Vision and driving. Vision Res. 2010;50(23):2348–2361. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.05.021
  • Remón L, Pérez-Merino P, Macedo-de-araújo RJ, Amorim-de-sousa AI, González-Méijome JM. Bifocal and Multifocal Contact Lenses for Presbyopia and Myopia Control. J Ophthalmol. 2020;2020:8067657. doi:10.1155/2020/8067657
  • Pérez-Prados R, Piñero DP, Pérez-Cambrodí RJ, Madrid-Costa D. Soft multifocal simultaneous image contact lenses: a review. Clin Exp Optometry. 2017;100(2):107–127.
  • Morgan PB, Efron N, Woods CA. Consortium ICLPS. An international survey of contact lens prescribing for presbyopia. Clin Exp Optometry. 2011;94(1):87–92. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00524.x
  • Jones D, Woods C, Jones L, Efron N, Morgan P. A sixteen year survey of Canadian contact lens prescribing. Contact Lens Anterior Eye. 2016;39(6):402–410. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2016.09.002
  • Efron N, Nichols JJ, Woods CA, Morgan PB. Trends in US contact lens prescribing 2002 to 2014. Optometry Vision Sci. 2015;92(7):758–767. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000623
  • Rueff EM, Varghese RJ, Brack TM, Downard DE, Bailey MD. A survey of presbyopic contact lens wearers in a university setting. Optometry Vision Sci. 2016;93(8):848–854. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000881
  • Kandel H, Khadka J, Fenwick EK, et al. Constructing item banks for measuring quality of life in refractive error. Optometry Vision Sci. 2018;95(7):575–587. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001246
  • Rueff EM, Bailey MD. Presbyopic and non-presbyopic contact lens opinions and vision correction preferences. Contact Lens Anterior Eye. 2017;40(5):323–328. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2017.03.010
  • Morgan PB, Efron N. Prescribing soft contact lenses for astigmatism. Contact Lens Anterior Eye. 2009;32(2):97–98. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2008.10.006
  • Igras E, O’Caoimh R, O’Brien P, Power W. Patient experience of laser in situ keratomileusis and monocular small‐aperture corneal inlay implantation for the surgical compensation of presbyopia and additional ametropia. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2016;44(8):728–730. doi:10.1111/ceo.12755
  • Geffen D. Presbyopia: the State of Surgical Correction. Rev Cornea Contact Lenses. 2018:20–24.
  • Ahn JH, Kim DH, Shyn KH. Investigation of the changes in refractive surgery trends in Korea. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2018;32(1):8–15. doi:10.3341/kjo.2017.0010
  • Hossain P, Barbara R. The future of refractive surgery: presbyopia treatment, can we dispense with our glasses? Eye. 2021;35:359–361. doi:10.1038/s41433-020-01172-8
  • Kuo IC. Trends in refractive surgery at an academic center: 2007–2009. BMC Ophthalmol. 2011;11(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-11-11
  • Venter JA, Pelouskova M, Bull CE, Schallhorn SC, Hannan SJ. Visual outcomes and patient satisfaction with a rotational asymmetric refractive intraocular lens for emmetropic presbyopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015;41(3):585–593. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.06.035
  • Levinger E, Trivizki O, Pokroy R, Levartovsky S, Sholohov G, Levinger S. Monovision surgery in myopic presbyopes: visual function and satisfaction. Optometry Vision Sci. 2013;90(10):1092–1097. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000002
  • Mahrous A, Ciralsky JB, Lai EC. Revisiting monovision for presbyopia. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29(4):313–317. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000487
  • Steinert RF. Visual outcomes with multifocal intraocular lenses. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2000;11(1):12–21. doi:10.1097/00055735-200002000-00004
  • Gundersen KG, Potvin R. Comparing Visual Acuity, Low Contrast Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity After Trifocal Toric and Extended Depth of Focus Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:1071. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S253250
  • Liang Y-L, Jia S-B. Clinical application of accommodating intraocular lens. Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(6):1028–1037. doi:10.18240/ijo.2018.06.22
  • Alió JL, Alió Del Barrio JL, Vega-Estrada A. Accommodative intraocular lenses: where are we and where we are going. Eye and Vision. 2017;4(1):16. doi:10.1186/s40662-017-0077-7
  • American Academy of Ophthalmology. Light Adjustable Intraocular lenses - EyeWiki. Available from: https://eyewiki.aao.org/Light_Adjustable_Intraocular_lenses. Accessed 16 December, 2020.
  • Levinger E, Levinger S, Mimouni M, et al. Unilateral refractive lens exchange with a multifocal intraocular lens in emmetropic presbyopic patients. Curr Eye Res. 2019;44(7):726–732. doi:10.1080/02713683.2019.1591460
  • Chang JS, Ng JC, Lau SY. Visual outcomes and patient satisfaction after presbyopic lens exchange with a diffractive multifocal intraocular lens. J Refractive Surg. 2012;28(7):468–474. doi:10.3928/1081597X-20120612-01
  • Cochener B, Fernández-Vega L, Alfonso JF, Maurel F, Meunier J, Berdeaux G. Spectacle independence and subjective satisfaction of ReSTOR® multifocal intraocular lens after cataract or presbyopia surgery in two European countries. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:81.
  • Gibbons A, Ali TK, Waren DP, Donaldson KE. Causes and correction of dissatisfaction after implantation of presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:1965. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S114890
  • Schmid R, Luedtke H. A Novel Concept of Correcting Presbyopia: first Clinical Results with a Phakic Diffractive Intraocular Lens. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:2011. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S255613
  • Davidson RS, Dhaliwal D, Hamilton DR, et al. Surgical correction of presbyopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2016;42(6):920–930. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.05.003
  • Stahl JE. Conductive keratoplasty for presbyopia: 1-year results. J Refractive Surg. 2006;22(2):137–144. doi:10.3928/1081-597X-20060201-10
  • McDonald MB, Durrie D, Asbell P, Maloney R, Nichamin L. Treatment of presbyopia with conductive keratoplasty®: six-month results of the 1-year united states FDA clinical trial. Cornea. 2004;23(7):661–668. doi:10.1097/01.ico.0000126321.13143.a0
  • Dexl AK, Seyeddain O, Riha W, et al. One-year visual outcomes and patient satisfaction after surgical correction of presbyopia with an intracorneal inlay of a new design. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012;38(2):262–269. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.08.031
  • American Academy of Ophthalmology. Updated To FDA Class 1 Device Recall: raindrop Near Vision Inlay may raise risk of corneal haze. Available from: https://www.aao.org/headline/fda-alert-raindrop-near-vision-inlay-may-raise-ris. Accessed 8 February, 2021.
  • Dexl AK, Jell G, Strohmaier C, et al. Long-term outcomes after monocular corneal inlay implantation for the surgical compensation of presbyopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015;41(3):566–575. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.05.051
  • Vukich JA, Durrie DS, Pepose JS, Thompson V, van de Pol C, Lin L. Evaluation of the small-aperture intracorneal inlay: three-year results from the cohort of the US Food and Drug Administration clinical trial. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018;44(5):541–556. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2018.02.023
  • Ayoubi MG, Leccisotti A, Goodall EA, McGilligan VE, Moore TC. Femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis versus conductive keratoplasty to obtain monovision in patients with emmetropic presbyopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2010;36(6):997–1002. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.12.035
  • Lafosse E, Wolffsohn J, Talens-Estarelles C, García-Lázaro S. Presbyopia and the aging eye: existing refractive approaches and their potential impact on dry eye signs and symptoms. Contact Lens Anterior Eye. 2020;43(2):103–114. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2019.08.005
  • Farid M, Steinert RF. Patient selection for monovision laser refractive surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2009;20(4):251–254. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832a0cdb
  • Alió JL, Amparo F, Ortiz D, Moreno L. Corneal multifocality with excimer laser for presbyopia correction. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2009;20(4):264–271. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832a7ded
  • Hipsley A, Hall B, Rocha KM. Scleral surgery for the treatment of presbyopia: where are we today? Eye and Vision. 2018;5(1):4. doi:10.1186/s40662-018-0098-x
  • Wolffsohn JS, Leteneux-Pantais C, Chiva-Razavi S, et al. Social Media Listening to Understand the Lived Experience of Presbyopia: systematic Search and Content Analysis Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e18306. doi:10.2196/18306
  • Hutchins B, Huntjens B. Patients’ attitudes and beliefs to presbyopia and its correction. J Optom. 2020;14(2):127–132. doi:10.1016/j.optom.2020.02.001
  • Greenhills WS. The quality of life in patients with non-surgical and surgical presbyopic corrections. Philipp J Ophthalmol. 2015;40:11–17.
  • Brayton-Chung A, Tomashek D, Smith RO. Fall Risk Assessment: Development Of A Paradigm To Measure Multifocal Eyeglass Effects. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr. 2013;31(1):47–60. doi:10.3109/02703181.2012.763200
  • Masud T, Morris RO. Epidemiology of falls. Age Ageing. 2001;30(suppl_4):3–7. doi:10.1093/ageing/30.suppl_4.3
  • Elliott DB, The Glenn A. Fry award lecture 2013: blurred vision, spectacle correction, and falls in older adults. Optom Vis Sci. 2014;91(6):593–601. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000268
  • Sander R. Multifocal glasses and falls. Nurs Older People. 2010;22(7):15.
  • Lord SR, Dayhew J, Sc BA, Howland A. Multifocal glasses impair edge‐contrast sensitivity and depth perception and increase the risk of falls in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(11):1760–1766. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50502.x
  • Vale A, Scally A, Buckley JG, Elliott DB. The effects of monocular refractive blur on gait parameters when negotiating a raised surface. Ophthalmic Physiol Optics. 2008;28(2):135–142. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00543.x
  • Elliott DB, Chapman GJ. Adaptive gait changes due to spectacle magnification and dioptric blur in older people. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(2):718–722. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4250
  • Haran MJ, Cameron ID, Ivers RQ, et al. Effect on falls of providing single lens distance vision glasses to multifocal glasses wearers: VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340(may25 1):c2265. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2265
  • Elliott DB, Hotchkiss J, Scally AJ, Foster R, Buckley JG. Intermediate addition multifocals provide safe stair ambulation with adequate ‘short‐term’reading. Ophthalmic Physiol Optics. 2016;36(1):60–68. doi:10.1111/opo.12236
  • Optometry Times. Treatments for presbyopia coming soon. Available from: https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/treatments-for-presbyopia-coming-soon. Accessed 9 February, 2021.
  • Renna A, Vejarano LF, De la Cruz E, Alió JL. Pharmacological treatment of presbyopia by novel binocularly instilled eye drops: a pilot study. Ophthalmol Therapy. 2016;5(1):63–73. doi:10.1007/s40123-016-0050-x
  • Abdelkader A. Improved presbyopic vision with miotics. Eye Contact Lens. 2015;41(5):323–327. doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000137
  • Visus therapeutics launches and announces clinical development program for novel presbyopia eye drop. Available from: https://apnews.com/press-release/business-wire/products-and-services-ownership-changes-business-patent-acquisitions-product-testing-6b4e855ea0fd4a358b9c8a94379b50d3. Accessed 8 February, 2021.
  • Allergan, an AbbVie Company, Announces Positive Phase 3 Topline Results for Investigational AGN-190584 for the Treatment of Presbyopia | abbVie News Center. Available from: https://news.abbvie.com/news/press-releases/allergan-an-abbvie-company-announces-positive-phase-3-topline-results-for-investigational-agn-190584-for-treatment-presbyopia.htm. Accessed 8 February, 2021.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. A Phase 3 Efficacy Study of AGN-190584 in Participants With Presbyopia. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03857542. Accessed 8 February, 2021.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. A Safety, Efficacy and Pharmacokinetic Study of AGN-199201 and AGN-190584 in Patients With Presbyopia. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02780115. Accessed 8 February, 2021.
  • Presbyopia Therapies press release 2018; 2019. Available from: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/presbyopia-therapies-announces-primary-safety-and-efficacy-endpoints-met-in-a-phase-iib-study-of-its-topical-prx-ophthalmic-solution-for-the-treatment-of-presbyopia-300688070.html. Accessed May 14, 2021.
  • Ocuphire Pharma Nyxol® Eye Drops. Available from: https://www.ocuphire.com/product-pipeline/nyxol. Accessed 11 February, 2021.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy of nyxol with pilocarpine eye drops in subjects with presbyopia. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04675151. Accessed 8 February, 2021.
  • Orasis Pharmaceuticals Announces CSF-1 Eye Drop Successfully Met Primary Endpoint in Phase 2b Clinical Study in Presbyopia. Available from: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/10/10/1928125/0/en/Orasis-Pharmaceuticals-Announces-CSF-1-Eye-Drop-Successfully-Met-Primary-Endpoint-in-Phase-2b-Clinical-Study-in-Presbyopia.html. Accessed 8 February, 2021.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. A Multi-Center, Double-Masked Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of CSF-1 in the Treatment of Presbyopia. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03885011. Accessed 8 February, 2021.
  • Eyewire News. FDA Approves Eyenovia’s IND Application for MicroLine for Presbyopia, Allowing for Phase 3 Trials. @eyewiretoday. Available from: https://eyewire.news/articles/fda-approves-eyenovias-ind-application-for-microline-for-presbyopia-allowing-for-phase-3-trials/. Accessed 11 February, 2021.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety & efficacy of pilocarpine eye solutions for temporary improvement of near vision in presbyopic adults. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04657172. Accessed 8 February, 2021.
  • Grzybowski A, Markeviciute A, Zemaitiene R. A review of pharmacological presbyopia treatment. Asia Pacific J Ophthalmol. 2020;9(3):226. doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000297
  • Benozzi G, Perez C, Leiro J, Facal S, Orman B. Presbyopia treatment with eye drops: an eight year retrospective study. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9(7):25.
  • Abdelkader A, Kaufman HE. Clinical outcomes of combined versus separate carbachol and brimonidine drops in correcting presbyopia. Eye Vis. 2016;3:31. doi:10.1186/s40662-016-0065-3
  • Richdale K. UNR844 ophthalmic solution for the topical treatment of presbyopia: results of a Phase II randomised controlled trial. Presented Acad Home. 2020;7:2020.
  • Korenfeld MS, Robertson SM, Stein JM, et al. Topical lipoic acid choline ester eye drop for improvement of near visual acuity in subjects with presbyopia: a safety and preliminary efficacy trial. Eye. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41433-020-01391-z
  • ViewPoint Therapeutics press release 2018. Available from: https://www.viewpointtherapeutics.com/new-blog/2018/3/5/viewpoint-therapeutics-raises-35-million-in-series-b-financing. Accessed 8 September, 2019.
  • Stival LR, Figueiredo MN, Santhiago MR. Presbyopic excimer laser ablation: a review. J Refractive Surg. 2018;34(10):698–710. doi:10.3928/1081597X-20180726-02
  • Schallhorn SC, Teenan D, Venter JA, et al. Monovision LASIK versus presbyopia-correcting IOLs: comparison of clinical and patient-reported outcomes. J Refractive Surg. 2017;33(11):749–758. doi:10.3928/1081597X-20170721-03
  • Waring GO, Waring GO. Correction of presbyopia with a small aperture corneal inlay. J Refractive Surg. 2011;27(11):842–845. doi:10.3928/1081597X-20111005-04
  • Torricelli AA, Junior JB, Santhiago MR, Bechara SJ. Surgical management of presbyopia. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:1459. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S35533
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. A Study of Safety and Efficacy of UNR844 Chloride (UNR844-Cl) Eye Drops in Subjects With Presbyopia. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03809611. Accessed 24 February, 2021.