498
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Guidelines for the Management of Center-Involving Diabetic Macular Edema: Treatment Options and Patient Monitorization

ORCID Icon, , , , , , ORCID Icon, , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 3221-3230 | Published online: 30 Jul 2021

References

  • Romero-Aroca P, Fernández-Balart J, Baget-Bernaldiz M, et al. Changes in the diabetic retinopathy epidemiology after 14 years in a population of Type 1 and 2 diabetic patients after the new diabetes mellitus diagnosis criteria and a more strict control of the patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2009;23(4):229–238. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.02.012
  • Romero-Aroca P. Targeting the pathophysiology of diabetic macular edema. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2484–2485. doi:10.2337/dc10-1580
  • American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(Suppl 1):S61–S70. doi:10.2337/dc19-S006
  • Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Bandello F, et al. Guidelines for the management of diabetic macular edema by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA). Ophthalmologica. 2017;237(4):185–222. doi:10.1159/000458539
  • The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings, DRS report number 8. Ophthalmol. 1981;88(7):583–600.
  • Jampol L, Bressler N, Glassman A. Revolution to a new standard treatment of diabetic macular edema. JAMA. 2014;311(22):2269–2270. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2536
  • Figueira J, Khan J, Nunes S, et al. Prospective randomised controlled trial comparing sub-threshold micropulse diode laser photocoagulation and conventional green laser for clinically significant diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(10):1341–1344. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.146712
  • Vujosevic S, Martini F, Longhin E, Convento E, Cavarzeran F, Midena E. Subthreshold micropulse yellow laser versus subthreshold micropulse infrared laser in center-involving diabetic macular edema: morphologic and functional safety. Retina. 2015;35(8):1594–1603. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000521
  • Vujosevic S, Bottega E, Casciano M, Pilotto E, Convento E, Midena E. Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in diabetic macular edema: subthreshold micropulse diode laser versus modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study laser photocoagulation. Retina. 2010;30(6):908–916. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181c96986
  • Scholz P, Altay L, Fauser S. A review of subthreshold micropulse laser for treatment of macular disorders. Adv Ther. 2017;17(34):1528–1555. doi:10.1007/s12325-017-0559-y
  • Gawęcki M. Micropulse laser treatment of retinal diseases. J Clin Med. 2019;8(2):242. doi:10.3390/jcm8020242
  • Moshfeghi DM, Kaiser PK, Michels S, et al. The role of anti-VEGF therapy in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47(6 Suppl):S4–S14. doi:10.3928/23258160-20160415-01
  • Sarwar S, Bakbak B, Sadiq MA, et al. Fusion proteins: aflibercept (VEGF Trap-Eye). Dev Ophthalmol. 2016;55:282–294.
  • Ferrara N, Adamis AP. Ten years of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;15(6):385–403.
  • Cai S, Bressler NM. Aflibercept, bevacizumab or ranibizumab for diabetic macular oedema: recent clinically relevant findings from DRCR.net protocol T. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(6):636–643. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000424
  • Chawan-Saad J, Wu M, Wu A, Wu L. Corticosteroids for diabetic macular edema. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2019;9(4):233–242. doi:10.4103/tjo.tjo_68_19
  • Urias EA, Urias GA, Monickaraj F, McGuire P, Das A. Novel therapeutic targets in diabetic macular edema: beyond VEGF. Vision Res. 2017;139:221–227. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2017.06.015
  • Haller JA, Kuppermann BD, Blumenkranz MS, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(3):289–296. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.21
  • Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Shah SM, et al. Sustained ocular delivery of fluocinolone acetonide by an intravitreal insert. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(7):1393–1399.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.11.024
  • Bressler SB, Glassman AR, Almukhtar T, et al. Five-year outcomes of ranibizumab with prompt or deferred laser versus laser or triamcinolone plus deferred ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;164:57–68. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2015.12.025
  • Fung AT, Tran T, Lim LL, et al. Local delivery of corticosteroids in clinical ophthalmology: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;48(3):366–401.
  • Heier JS, Korobelnik JF, Brown DM. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema: 148-week results from the VISTA and VIVID studies. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(11):2376–2385. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.032
  • Prünte C, Fajnkuchen F, Mahmood S. Ranibizumab 0.5mg treat-and-extend regimen for diabetic macular oedema: the RETAIN study. Brit J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(6):787–795. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307249
  • Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. New Engl J Med. 1994;331(22):1480–1487. doi:10.1056/NEJM199412013312203
  • Fong DS, Strauber SF, Aiello LP. Comparison of the modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(4):469–480.
  • Lavinsky D, Sramek C, Wang J. Subvisible retinal laser therapy: titration algorithm and tissue response. Retina. 2014;34(1):87–97. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182993edc
  • Avery RL, Gordon GM. Systemic safety of prolonged monthly anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic macular edema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(1):21–29. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.4070
  • Chandra S, Sheth J, Anantharaman G, Gopalakrishnan M. Ranibizumab-induced retinal reperfusion and regression of neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy: an angiographic illustration. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2018;9:41–44. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.01.006
  • Medeiros MD, Alkabes M, Nucci P. Effectiveness of the dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of patients with diabetic macular oedema. Eur Endocrinol. 2014;10(2):111. doi:10.17925/EE.2014.10.02.111
  • Boyer DS, Faber D, Gupta S, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of diabetic macular edema in vitrectomized patients. Retina. 2011;31(5):915–923. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318206d18c
  • Hostovsky A, Muni RH, Eng KT, Mulhall D, Leung C, Kertes PJ. Intraoperative dexamethasone intravitreal implant (ozurdex) in vitrectomy surgery for epiretinal membrane. Curr Eye Res. 2020;45(6):737–741. doi:10.1080/02713683.2019.1697454
  • Chang YC, Liu PK, Kao TE, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (ozurdex) for long-term macular edema after epiretinal membrane peeling surgery. J Ophthalmol. 2018;2018:5832186.
  • García-Layana A, Figueroa MS, Arias L, et al. Clinical decision-making when treating diabetic macular edema patients with dexamethasone intravitreal implants. Ophthalmologica. 2018;240(2):61–72. doi:10.1159/000486800
  • Kodjikian L, Bellocq D, Bandello F, et al. First-line treatment algorithm and guidelines in center-involving diabetic macular edema. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2019;29(6):573–584. doi:10.1177/1120672119857511
  • Vujosevic S, Simó R. Local and systemic inflammatory biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy: an integrative approach. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(6):BIO68–BIO75. doi:10.1167/iovs.17-21769
  • Vujosevic S, Torresin T, Bini S. Imaging retinal inflammatory biomarkers after intravitreal steroid and anti-VEGF treatment in diabetic macular oedema. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95(5):464–471. doi:10.1111/aos.13294
  • Santos AR, Costa MÂ, Schwartz C. Optical coherence tomography baseline predictors for initial best-corrected visual acuity response to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in eyes with diabetic macular edema: the CHARTRES Study. Retina. 2018;38(6):1110–1119. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001687
  • Gerendas BS, Prager S, Deak G. Predictive imaging biomarkers relevant for functional and anatomical outcomes during ranibizumab therapy of diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(2):195–203. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310483
  • Zur D, Iglicki M, Busch C, et al. OCT biomarkers as functional outcome predictors in diabetic macular edema treated with dexamethasone implant. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(2):267–275. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.08.031
  • Meduri A, Oliverio GW, Trombetta L, et al. Optical coherence tomography predictors of favorable functional response in naïve diabetic macular edema eyes treated with dexamethasone implants as a first-line agent. J Ophthalmol. 2021;2021:6639418. doi:10.1155/2021/6639418
  • Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, et al. Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2125–2132. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.04.030
  • Bilgic A, Aditya S, Laurent K, et al. Pro re nata dexamethasone implant for treatment-naive phakic eyes with diabetic macular edema: a prospective study. Ophthalmol Ret. 2019;3(11):929–937. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2019.05.027
  • Malcles A, Janin-Manificat H, Yhuel Y, et al. Anterior chamber migration of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) in pseudophakic eyes: report of three cases. J Francaisd’ Ophtalmologie. 2013;36(4):327–362.
  • Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs–an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5):786–806. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(13)38012-9
  • Manousaridis K, Talks J. Macular ischaemia: a contraindication for anti-VEGF treatment in retinal vascular disease? Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(2):179–184. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-301087
  • Castro-Navarro V, Cervera-Taulet E, Navarro-Palop C, et al. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant Ozurdex® in naïve and refractory patients with different subtypes of diabetic macular edema. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019;19(1):15. doi:10.1186/s12886-018-1022-9
  • Scott G, Ivor J, Gregory L, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1134–1146. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.100.10.1134
  • Avery RL, Castellarin AA, Steinle NC. Systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravitreal aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab. Retina. 2017;37(10):1847–1858. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001493
  • Heier JS, Bressler NM, Avery RL. Comparison of aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab for treatment of diabetic macular edema: extrapolation of data to clinical practice. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(1):95–99. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.4110
  • Polizzi S, Mahajan VB. Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in pregnancy: case series and review of literature. J Ocular Pharmacol Therap. 2015;31(10):605–610. doi:10.1089/jop.2015.0056
  • Yoo R, Kim HC, Chung H. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for diabetic macular edema in a pregnant patient. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016;9(10):1524.
  • Rosenthal JM, Johnson MW. Management of retinal diseases in pregnant patients. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2018;13(1):62–65. doi:10.4103/jovr.jovr_195_17
  • Ehlken C, Helms M, Böhringer D, Agostini HT, Stahl A. Association of treatment adherence with real-life VA outcomes in AMD, DME, and BRVO patients. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:13–20. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S151611
  • Wubben TJ, Johnson MW; Anti-VEGF treatment interruption study group. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic retinopathy: consequences of inadvertent treatment interruptions. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;204:13–18. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.005
  • Busch C, Fraser-Bell S, Iglicki M, et al. Real-world outcomes of non-responding diabetic macular edema treated with continued anti-VEGF therapy versus early switch to dexamethasone implant: 2-year results. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56(12):1341. doi:10.1007/s00592-019-01416-4
  • Roche. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of the port delivery system with ranibizumab in participants with diabetic macular edema compared with intravitreal ranibizumab (Pagoda). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04108156. NLM identifier: NCT04108156. Accessed May 31, 2021.
  • Novartis. A study of the efficacy and safety of brolucizumab vs. aflibercept in patients with visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema (KITE). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03481660. NLM identifier: NCT04079231. Accessed May 31, 2021.
  • Roche. A study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of faricimab (RO6867461) in participants with diabetic macular edema (YOSEMITE). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03622580. NLM identifier: NCT03622580. Accessed May 31, 2021.
  • Kodiac Sciences Inc. A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Durability, and Safety of KSI-301 Compared to Aflibercept in Participants With Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) (GLIMMER). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04603937. NLM identifier: NCT04603937. Accessed May 31, 2021.
  • Mylan Inc. Comparative study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MYL-1701P and Eylea® in subjects with diabetic macular edema. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03610646. NLM identifier: NCT03610646. Accessed May 31, 2021.
  • Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc. ADVM-022 Intravitreal Gene Therapy for DME (INFINITY). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04418427. NLM identifier:NCT044184276. Accessed May 31, 2021.