Characterization of Retinal Thickness in Individuals with Albinism: Baseline Data for a Black South African Population

References

• Kruijt CC, de Wit GC, Bergen AA, Florijn RJ, Schalij-Delfos NE, van Genderen MM. The phenotypic spectrum of albinism. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(12):1953–1960. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struck MC. Albinism: update on ocular features. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2015;3(4):232–237. doi:10.1007/s40135-015-0083-7
   Google Scholar
• Lee H, Scott J, Griffiths H, Self JE, Lotery A. Oral levodopa rescues retinal morphology and visual function in a murine model of human albinism. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2019;32(5):657–671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong GT, Farsiu S, Freedman SF, et al. Abnormal foveal morphology in ocular albinism imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(1):37–44. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2008.550
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer CH, Lapolice DJ, Freedman SF. Foveal hypoplasia in oculocutaneous albinism demonstrated by optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(3):409–410. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(01)01326-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul R, Kulshrestha M, Shanmugalingam S, Barr D. Foveal hypoplasia in oculocutaneous albinism and the role of OCT. Adv Ophthalmol Vis Syst. 2015;2(3):89–90.
   Google Scholar
• Wilk MA, MaAllister JT, Cooper RF, et al. Relationship between foveal cone specialization and pit morphology in albinism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(7):4186–4198. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-13217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong ES, Zeeb H, Repacholi MH. Albinism in Africa as a public health issue. BMC Public Health. 2006;6(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kromberg JGR, Manga P, Kerr R. Children with oculocutaneous albinism in Africa: characteristics, challenges and medical care. SAJCH. 2020;14(1):50–54.
   Google Scholar
• Freddo TF, Chaum E. Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit: The Clinical Essentials. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Pavan-Langston D. Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy. 5th ed. Pavan-Langston D, ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002:67–129.
   Google Scholar
• Woertz EN, Omoba BS, Dunn TM, et al. Assessing ganglion cell layer topography in human albinism using optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(3):1–13. doi:10.1167/iovs.61.3.36
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhi M, Aziz S, Muhammad K, Adhi MI. Macular thickness by age and gender in healthy eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmström G, Eriksson U, Hellgren K, Larsson E. Optical coherence tomography is helpful in the diagnosis of hypoplasia. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010;88(4):439–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister JT, Dubis AM, Tait A, et al. Arrested development: high-resolution imaging of foveal morphology in albinism. Vision Res. 2010;50(8):810–817. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provis JM, Hendrickson AE. The foveal avascular region of developing human retina. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(4):507–511. doi:10.1001/archopht.126.4.507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brücher VC, Heiduschka P, Grezebach U, Eter N, Biermann J. Distribution of macular ganglion cell layer thickness in foveal hypoplasia: a new diagnostic criterion for ocular albinism. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):1–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas MG, Kumar A, Mohammad S, et al. Structural grading of foveal hypoplasia using spectral domain optical coherence tomography; a predictor of visual acuity? Ophthalmology. 2011;118(8):1653–1660. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.01.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers CG. Albinism: classification, clinical characteristics, and recent findings. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86(6):659–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Optovue. iVue100 User’s Manual Version 1.9. USA: Optovue Inc; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• van der Walt JEC, Sinclair W. Vitamin D levels in patients with albinism compared with those in normally pigmented Black patients attending dermatology clinics in the Free State province, South Africa. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(9):1014–1019. doi:10.1111/ijd.13119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zungu Z, Mashige KP. Utilisation of eye and skin care, and social services among persons with albinism in Ulundi, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr Vis Eye Health. 2019;78(1):1–5. doi:10.4102/aveh.v78i1.484
   Google Scholar
• Makgaba NT, Oduntan OA. Perceived effects of coloured overlays on reading material in persons with albinism. S Afr Optom. 2008;67(3):118–124.
   Google Scholar
• Jhetam S, Mashige KP. Ocular findings and vision status of learners with oculocutaneous albinism. Afr Vis Eye Health. 2019;78(1):1–6. doi:10.4102/aveh.v78i1.466
   Google Scholar
• Hirota L, Almeida MS, de Almeida Manzano RP, Sano RY. Analysis of foveal thickness in patients with oculocutaneous albinism using OCT with eyetracker. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(9):1110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izquierdo NJ, Emanuelli A, Izquierdo JC, García M, Candilla C, Berrocal MH. Foveal thickness and macular volume in patients with oculocutaneous albinism. Retina. 2007;27:1227–1230. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3180592b48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Purohit R, Sheth V, et al. Retinal development in albinism: a prospective study using optical coherence tomography in infants and young children. Lancet. 2015;385(suppl 1):14. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60329-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ang M, Chong W, Tay WT, et al. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography study of the cornea and anterior segment in adult ethnic South Asian Indian eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(1):120–125. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCafferty BK, Wilk MA, McAllister JT, et al. Clinical insights into foveal morphology in albinism. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2015;52(3):167–172. doi:10.3928/01913913-20150427-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams DR, Menezes S, Jauregui R, et al. One-year pilot study on the effects of nitisinone on melanin in patients with OCA-1B. JCI Insight. 2019;4(2):1–15. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.124387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri A, Camparini M, Tedesco SA, Lamedica A, Delfini E, Macaluso C. A high-resolution OCT evaluation of the foveal region in human albinism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(13):2141.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner-Schuman M, Dubis AM, Nordgren RN, et al. Race- and sex-related difference in retinal thickness and foveal pit morphology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(1):625–634. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jethani J, Jethani M, Parmar S, Purohit J. Correlation of macular thickness, multifocal ERG with visual acuity in oculocutaneous albinism. Health. 2014;6:2109–2114. doi:10.4236/health.2014.616244
   Google Scholar
• Murugan C, Golodza BZ, Pillay K, et al. Retinal thickness in black and Indian myopic students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Afr Vis Eye Health. 2015;74(1):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Rampersad N, Hansraj R. Repeatability of macular thickness measurements with the iVue-100 optical coherence tomographer. Afr Vis Eye Health. 2018;77(1):1–6. doi:10.4102/aveh.v77i1.413
   Google Scholar