Utilization of Drugs with Pharmacogenetic Dosing Recommendations in Switzerland: A Descriptive Study Using the Helsana Database

References

• Westervelt P, Cho K, Bright DR, Kisor DF. Drug-gene interactions: inherent variability in drug maintenance dose requirements. P T. 2014;39(9):630–637.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hahn M, Roll SC. The influence of pharmacogenetics on the clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions: drug–gene, drug–gene–gene and drug–drug–gene interactions. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14(5):487. doi:10.3390/ph14050487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum C, Sheehan NL. Understanding and preventing drug–drug and drug–gene interactions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2014;7(4):533–544. doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.910111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JW, Aminkeng F, Bhavsar AP, et al. The emerging era of pharmacogenomics: current successes, future potential, and challenges. Clin Genet. 2014;86(1):21–28. doi:10.1111/CGE.12392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji Y, Skierka JM, Blommel JH, et al. Preemptive pharmacogenomic testing for precision medicine: a comprehensive analysis of five actionable pharmacogenomic genes using next-generation DNA sequencing and a customized CYP2D6 genotyping cascade. J Mol Diagn. 2016;18(3):438–445. doi:10.1016/J.JMOLDX.2016.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battista RN, Blancquaert I, Laberge A-M, van Schendel N, Leduc N. Genetics in health care: an overview of current and emerging models. Public Health Genomics. 2012;15(1):34–45. doi:10.1159/000328846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Driest S, Shi Y, Bowton E, et al. Clinically actionable genotypes among 10,000 patients with preemptive pharmacogenomic testing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95(4):423–431. doi:10.1038/CLPT.2013.229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInnes G, Lavertu A, Sangkuhl K, Klein TE, Whirl-Carrillo M, Altman RB. Pharmacogenetics at scale: an analysis of the UK biobank. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;109(6):1528–1537. doi:10.1002/CPT.2122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Scherer SE, Bielinski SJ, et al. Implementation of preemptive DNA sequence-based pharmacogenomics testing across a large academic medical center: the Mayo-Baylor RIGHT 10K study. Genet Med. 2022;24(5):1062–1072. doi:10.1016/J.GIM.2022.01.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedrig DF, Rahmany A, Heib K, et al. Clinical relevance of a 16-gene pharmacogenetic panel test for medication management in a cohort of 135 patients. J Clin Med. 2021;10(15):3200. doi:10.3390/JCM10153200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunenburg CA, Hauser AS, Ishtiak-Ahmed K, Gasse C. Primary care prescription drug use and related actionable drug-gene interactions in the Danish population. Clin Transl Sci. 2020;13(4):798–806. doi:10.1111/CTS.12768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshabeeb MA, Deneer VHM, Khan A, Asselbergs FW. Use of pharmacogenetic drugs by the Dutch population. Front Genet. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/FGENE.2019.00567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bank PCD, Swen JJ, Guchelaar HJ. Estimated nationwide impact of implementing a preemptive pharmacogenetic panel approach to guide drug prescribing in primary care in The Netherlands. BMC Med. 2019;17:110. doi:10.1186/S12916-019-1342-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wouden CH, Bank PCD, Özokcu K, Swen JJ, Guchelaar H-J. Pharmacist-initiated pre-emptive pharmacogenetic panel testing with clinical decision support in primary care: record of PGx results and real-world impact. Genes. 2019;10(6):416. doi:10.3390/genes10060416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs K, Milani L. Translating pharmacogenomics into clinical decisions: do not let the perfect be the enemy of the good. Hum Genomics. 2019;13(1):39. doi:10.1186/S40246-019-0229-Z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews KR, Hicks JK, Pui CH, Relling MV, Evans WE. Pharmacogenomics and individualized medicine: translating science into practice. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92(4):467–475. doi:10.1038/CLPT.2012.120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassy JL, Chun S, Advani S, Ludin SA, Smith JG, Alligood EC. Impact of SLCO 1B1 pharmacogenetic testing on patient and healthcare outcomes: a systematic review. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019;106(2):360–373. doi:10.1002/cpt.1223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfirevic A, Pirmohamed M, Marinovic B, Harcourt-Smith L, Jorgensen AL, Cooper TE. Genetic testing for prevention of severe drug-induced skin rash. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019(7). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010891.PUB2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ontario Health. Multi-gene pharmacogenomic testing that includes decision-support tools to guide medication selection for major depression: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2021;21(13):1–214.
   Google Scholar
• David V, Fylan B, Bryant E, Smith H, Sagoo GS, Rattray M. An analysis of pharmacogenomic-guided pathways and their effect on medication changes and hospital admissions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Genet. 2021;12:698148. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.698148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swiss Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (SSCPT). List of Gene-Drug-Pairs; 2019. Available from: https://www.bag.admin.ch. Accessed May 16, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Biller-Adorno N, Zeltner T. Individual responsibility and community solidarity - the Swiss health care system. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2193–2197. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1508256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH). List of Analysis (AL); 2022. Available from: https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/de/home/versicherungen/krankenversicherung/krankenversicherung-leistungen-tarife/Analysenliste.html. Accessed December 28, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Jeiziner C, Suter K, Wernli U, et al. Pharmacogenetic information in Swiss drug labels – a systematic analysis. Pharmacogenomics J. 2021;21(4):423–434. doi:10.1038/s41397-020-00195-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schur N, Twerenbold S, Reinau D, Schwenkglenks M, Meier CR. Helsana- Drug- Report; 2020. Available from: https://www.helsana.ch/de/helsana-gruppe/medien-publikationen/mitteilungen/arzneimittelreport-2020.html. Accessed November 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Achermann R, Suter K, Kronenberg A, et al. Antibiotic use in adult outpatients in Switzerland in relation to regions, seasonality and point of care tests. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(6):855–861. doi:10.1111/J.1469-0691.2010.03348.X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinau D, Schur N, Twerenbold S, et al. Utilisation patterns and costs of lipid-lowering drugs in Switzerland 2013–2019. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(35). doi:10.4414/SMW.2021.W30018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoendlin J, Blozik E, Graber SM, et al. Use of valproate in pregnancy and in women of childbearing age between 2014 and 2018 in Switzerland: a retrospective analysis of Swiss healthcare claims data. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151:w20386. doi:10.4414/smw.2021.20386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker C, Schwenkglenks M, Frueh M, Reich O, Meier CR. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, other antidepressant medication, and risk of cataract: a case-control study based on Swiss claims data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76:1329–1335. doi:10.1007/S00228-020-02923-Y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whirl-Carrillo M, Huddart R, Gong L, et al. An evidence-based framework for evaluating pharmacogenomics knowledge for personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;110(3):563–572. doi:10.1002/CPT.2350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Facility KVG. Circulars and Statistics. Available from: https://www.kvg.org/en/insurer/risk-compensation/circulars-statistics/. Accessed May 23, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Fedlex. Federal Act on Data Protection (FADP); 2019. Available from: https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1993/1945_1945_1945/en. Accessed December 24, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Kimpton JE, Carey IM, Threapleton CJD, et al. Longitudinal exposure of English primary care patients to pharmacogenomic drugs: an analysis to inform design of pre-emptive pharmacogenomic testing. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;85(12):2734–2746. doi:10.1111/bcp.14100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef E, Kirkdale CL, Wright DJ, Guchelaar H-J, Thornley T. Estimating the potential impact of implementing pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing in primary care across the UK. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;87(7):2907–2925. doi:10.1111/BCP.14704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schildcrout J, Denny J, Bowton E, et al. Optimizing drug outcomes through pharmacogenetics: a case for preemptive genotyping. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92(2):235–242. doi:10.1038/CLPT.2012.66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samwald M, Xu H, Blagec K, et al. Incidence of exposure of patients in the United States to multiple drugs for which pharmacogenomic guidelines are available. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164972. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan SL, Liew HZW, Nguyen F, Thumboo J, Chow WC, Sung C. Prescription patterns of outpatients and the potential of multiplexed pharmacogenomic testing. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;87(3):886–894. doi:10.1111/BCP.14439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott JH, Wolf J, Hoshitsuki K, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for the use of aminoglycosides based on MT-RNR1 genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022;111(2):366–372. doi:10.1002/CPT.2309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbarino JM, McGregor TL, Altman RB, Klein TE. PharmGKB summary: very important pharmacogene information for MT-RNR1. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2016;26(12):558–567. doi:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH). List of Specialties (SL). Available from: http://www.spezialitätenliste.ch/. Accessed April 7, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Theken KN, Lee CR, Gong L, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline (CPIC) for CYP2C9 and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;108(2):191–200. doi:10.1002/CPT.1830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Product information. Available from: https://www.swissmedicinfo.ch/. Accessed January 13, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Czeisler MÉ, Marynak K, Clarke KEN, et al. Delay or avoidance of medical care because of COVID-19–related concerns — United States, June 2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(36):1250. doi:10.15585/MMWR.MM6936A4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar