Management of Chronic Migraine in Children and Adolescents: Where are We in 2022?

References

• Abu-Arefeh I, Russell G. Prevalence of headache and migraine in schoolchildren. BMJ. 1994;309(6957):765–769. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6957.765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozge A, Saşmaz T, Buğdaycı R, et al. The prevalence of chronic and episodic migraine in children and adolescents. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(1):95–101. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03795.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wöber-Bingöl Ç. Epidemiology of migraine and headache in children and adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013;17(6):341. doi:10.1007/s11916-013-0341-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Lu SR, Juang KD. Chronic daily headache in adolescents: prevalence, impact, and medication overuse. Neurology. 2006;66(2):193–197. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000183555.54305.fd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton RB, Manack A, Ricci JA, Chee E, Turkel CC, Winner P. Prevalence and burden of chronic migraine in adolescents: results of the chronic daily headache in adolescents study (C-dAS). Headache. 2011;51(5):693–706. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01885.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers SW, Patton SR, Hommel KA, Hershey AD. Quality of life in childhood migraines: clinical impact and comparison to other chronic illnesses. Pediatrics. 2003;112(1 Pt 1):e1–5. doi:10.1542/peds.112.1.e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bille B. A 40-year follow-up of school children with migraine. Cephalalgia. 1997;17(4):488–491; discussion 487. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1704488.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef PE, Mack KJ. Episodic and chronic migraine in children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2020;62(1):34–41. doi:10.1111/dmcn.14338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellini B, Arruda M, Cescut A, et al. Headache and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Headache Pain. 2013;14(1):79. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-14-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers SW, Gilman DK, Hershey AD. Headache and psychological functioning in children and adolescents. Headache. 2006;46(9):1404–1415. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00583.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashikar-Zuck S, Zafar M, Barnett KA, et al. Quality of life and emotional functioning in youth with chronic migraine and Juvenile Fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain. 2013;29(12):1066–1072. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3182850544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson B, Sigurdson JF, Sund AM. Long-term follow-up of a community sample of adolescents with frequent headaches. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):79. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0908-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo TM, Putnam J, Armstrong G, Daily S. Adolescent autonomy and family functioning are associated with headache-related disability. Clin J Pain. 2007;23(5):458–465. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31805f70e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski AS, Palermo TM. Parent–teen interactions as predictors of depressive symptoms in adolescents with headache. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2009;16(4):331–338. doi:10.1007/s10880-009-9173-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold M. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211. doi:10.1177/0333102417738202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh A, Silva E, Burish MJ. Pediatric-onset trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(13):1382–1395. doi:10.1177/03331024211027560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albakr A, Hamad MH, Alwadei AH, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children: diagnostic and management approach. Sudan J Paediatr. 2016;16(2):67–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powers SW, Gilman DK, Hershey AD. Suggestions for a biopsychosocial approach to treating children and adolescents who present with headache. Headache. 2006;46(Suppl 3):S149–150. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00568.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelfand AA, Goadsby PJ. Medication overuse in children and adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(7):428. doi:10.1007/s11916-014-0428-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moavero R, Stornelli M, Papetti L, et al. Medication overuse withdrawal in children and adolescents does not always improve headache: a cross-sectional study. Front Neurol. 2020;11:823. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacperski J, Kabbouche MA, O’Brien HL, Weberding JL. The optimal management of headaches in children and adolescents. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2016;9(1):53–68. doi:10.1177/1756285615616586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oskoui M, Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, et al. Practice guideline update summary: acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2019;93(11):487–499. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000008095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patniyot IR, Gelfand AA. Acute treatment therapies for pediatric migraine: a qualitative systematic review. Headache. 2016;56(1):49–70. doi:10.1111/head.12746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijemanne S, Jankovic J, Evans RW. Movement disorders from the use of metoclopramide and other antiemetics in the treatment of migraine. Headache. 2016;56(1):153–161. doi:10.1111/head.12712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talai A, Heilbrunn B. Ondansetron for acute migraine in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Neurol. 2020;103:52–56. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman SB, Uleryk E, Rumantir M, Finkelstein Y. Ondansetron and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias: a systematic review and postmarketing analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;64(1):19–25.e6. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener HC, Limmroth V. Medication-overuse headache: a worldwide problem. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(8):475–483. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00824-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Overuse of acute migraine medications and migraine chronification. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009;13(4):301–307. doi:10.1007/s11916-009-0048-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr SL, Kabbouche MA, O’Brien HL, Kacperski J, Powers SW, Hershey AD. Paediatric migraine: evidence-based management and future directions. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(9):515–527. doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0042-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanderPluym J, Gautreaux J, Burch R, et al. Evidence regarding medication overuse headache in children and adolescents: protocol for a systematic review. Headache. 2020;60(1):171–177. doi:10.1111/head.13726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershey AD, Burdine D, Kabbouche MA, Powers SW. Genomic expression patterns in medication overuse headaches. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(2):161–171. doi:10.1177/0333102410373155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puledda F, Goadsby PJ. An update on non-pharmacological neuromodulation for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine. Headache. 2017;57(4):685–691. doi:10.1111/head.13069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grazzi L, Egeo G, Liebler E, Padovan AM, Barbanti P. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) as symptomatic treatment of migraine in young patients: a preliminary safety study. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(Suppl 1):197–199. doi:10.1007/s10072-017-2942-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershey AD, Lin T, Gruper Y, et al. Remote electrical neuromodulation for acute treatment of migraine in adolescents. Headache. 2021;61(2):310–317. doi:10.1111/head.14042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raucci U, Boni A, Evangelisti M, et al. Lifestyle modifications to help prevent headache at a developmental age. Front Neurol. 2021;11:618375. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.618375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin YK, Lin GY, Lee JT, et al. Associations between sleep quality and migraine frequency. Medicine. 2016;95(17):e3554. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmens J, De Pauw J, Van Soom T, et al. The effect of aerobic exercise on the number of migraine days, duration and pain intensity in migraine: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):16. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-0961-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan DP, Martin PR, Boschen MJ. Psychological sleep interventions for migraine and tension-type headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):6411. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42785-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorsha F, Mirzababaei A, Togha M, Mirzaei K. Association of drinking water and migraine headache severity. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;77:81–84. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robblee J, Starling AJ. SEEDS for success: lifestyle management in migraine. Cleve Clin J Med. 2019;86(11):741–749. doi:10.3949/ccjm.86a.19009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papetti L, Ursitti F, Moavero R, et al. Prophylactic treatment of pediatric migraine: is there anything new in the last decade? Front Neurol. 2019;10:771. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershey AD, Powers SW, Bentti AL, Degrauw TJ. Effectiveness of amitriptyline in the prophylactic management of childhood headaches. Headache. 2000;40(7):539–549. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2000.00085.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakulchit T, Meckler GD, Goldman RD. Topiramate for pediatric migraine prevention. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(7):529–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers SW, Coffey CS, Chamberlin LA, et al. Trial of amitriptyline, topiramate, and placebo for pediatric migraine. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(2):115–124. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1610384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatzaki E, Straus S, Dogne JM, Garcia Burgos J, Girard T, Martelletti P. Latest clinical recommendations on valproate use for migraine prophylaxis in women of childbearing age: overview from European Medicines Agency and European Headache Federation. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):68. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0898-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Chammas K, Keyes J, Thompson N, Vijayakumar J, Becher D, Jackson JL. Pharmacologic treatment of pediatric headaches: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(3):250–258. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers SW, Kashikar-Zuck SM, Allen JR, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy plus amitriptyline for chronic migraine in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310(24):2622–2630. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.282533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroner JW, Peugh J, Kashikar-Zuck SM, et al. Trajectory of improvement in children and adolescents with chronic migraine: results from the cognitive behavioral therapy and amitriptyline trial. J Pain. 2017;18(6):637–644. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2017.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher E, Law E, Dudeney J, Palermo TM, Stewart G, Eccleston C. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;9:CD003968. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003968.pub5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroon Van Diest AM, Powers SW. Cognitive behavioral therapy for pediatric headache and migraine: why to prescribe and what new research is critical for advancing integrated biobehavioral care. Headache. 2019;59(2):289–297. doi:10.1111/head.13438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knestrick KE, Gibler RC, Reidy BL, Powers SW. Psychological interventions for pediatric headache disorders: a 2021 update on research progress and needs. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2022;26(1):85–91. doi:10.1007/s11916-022-01007-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965;150(3699):971–979. doi:10.1126/science.150.3699.971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroon Van Diest AM, Ramsey R, Aylward B, et al. Adherence to biobehavioral recommendations in pediatric migraine as measured by electronic monitoring: the Adherence in Migraine (AIM) study. Headache. 2016;56(7):1137–1146. doi:10.1111/head.12836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelfand AA. Psychiatric comorbidity and paediatric migraine: examining the evidence. Curr Opin Neurol. 2015;28(3):261–264. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arruda MA, Bigal ME. Behavioral and emotional symptoms and primary headaches in children: a population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2012;32(15):1093–1100. doi:10.1177/0333102412454226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater SK, Kashikar-Zuck SM, Allen JR, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in pediatric chronic daily headache. Cephalalgia. 2012;32(15):1116–1122. doi:10.1177/0333102412460776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschoal JKSF, Lin J, Pinho RS, et al. Psychiatric symptoms may contribute to poor quality of life in adolescents with migraine. Pediatr Int. 2013;55(6):741–747. doi:10.1111/ped.12178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(6):1041–1056. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pielech M, Vowles KE, Wicksell R. Acceptance and commitment therapy for pediatric chronic pain: theory and application. Children. 2017;4(2):E10. doi:10.3390/children4020010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grazzi L, Grignani E, Raggi A, Rizzoli P, Guastafierro E. Effect of a mindfulness-based intervention for chronic migraine and high frequency episodic migraine in adolescents: a pilot single-arm open-label study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(22):11739. doi:10.3390/ijerph182211739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansone E, Raggi A, Grignani E, et al. Mindfulness meditation for chronic migraine in pediatric population: a pilot study. Neurol Sci. 2018;39(Suppl 1):111–113. doi:10.1007/s10072-018-3365-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seng EK, Singer AB, Metts C, et al. Does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for migraine reduce migraine-related disability in people with episodic and chronic migraine? A Phase 2b pilot randomized clinical trial. Headache. 2019;59(9):1448–1467. doi:10.1111/head.13657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells RE, O’Connell N, Pierce CR, et al. Effectiveness of mindfulness meditation vs headache education for adults with migraine: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(3):317–328. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenewald CB, Beals-Erickson SE, Ralston-Wilson J, Rabbitts JA, Palermo TM. Complementary and alternative medicine use by children with pain in the United States. Acad Pediatr. 2017;17(7):785–793. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr SL. The evidence for the role of nutraceuticals in the management of pediatric migraine: a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2018;22(5):37. doi:10.1007/s11916-018-0692-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronis MJJ, Pedersen KB, Watt J. Adverse effects of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;58(1):583–601. doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winner PK, Kabbouche M, Yonker M, Wangsadipura V, Lum A, Brin MF. A randomized trial to evaluate onabotulinumtoxinA for prevention of headaches in adolescents with chronic migraine. Headache. 2020;60(3):564–575. doi:10.1111/head.13754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S, Calderon MD, Crain N, Pham J, Rinehart J. Effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX) in pediatric patients experiencing migraines: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study in the pediatric pain population. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(1):41–48. doi:10.1136/rapm-2020-101605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabbouche M, O’Brien H, Hershey AD. OnabotulinumtoxinA in pediatric chronic daily headache. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2012;12(2):114–117. doi:10.1007/s11910-012-0251-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali SS, Bragin I, Rende E, Mejico L, Werner KE. Further Evidence that onabotulinum toxin is a viable treatment option for pediatric chronic migraine patients. Cureus. 2019;11(3):e4343. doi:10.7759/cureus.4343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershey ADCGRP. The next frontier for migraine. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(22):2190–2191. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1712559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, Hallström Y, et al. A controlled trial of erenumab for episodic migraine. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(22):2123–2132. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsikostas DD, Reuter U. Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies for migraine prevention: comparisons across randomized controlled studies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2017;30(3):272–280. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Chen Y, Song J, You C. Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide or its receptor for migraine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:649143. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.649143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter U, Lucas C, Dolezil D, et al. Galcanezumab in patients with multiple previous migraine preventive medication category failures: results from the open-label period of the CONQUER trial. Adv Ther. 2021;38(11):5465–5483. doi:10.1007/s12325-021-01911-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta A, Maryala S, John R. A review of eptinezumab use in migraine. Cureus. 2021;13(9):e18032. doi:10.7759/cureus.18032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skljarevski V, Oakes TM, Zhang Q, et al. Effect of different doses of galcanezumab vs placebo for episodic migraine prevention: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(2):187–193. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashina M, Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of erenumab in migraine prevention: results from a 5-year, open-label treatment phase of a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(5):1716–1725. doi:10.1111/ene.14715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangs ME, Kudrow D, Wang S, et al. Safety and tolerability of monthly galcanezumab injections in patients with migraine: integrated results from migraine clinical studies. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):25. doi:10.1186/s12883-020-1609-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szperka CL, VanderPluym J, Orr SL, et al. Recommendations on the use of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in children and adolescents. Headache. 2018;58(10):1658–1669. doi:10.1111/head.13414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene KA, Gentile CP, Szperka CL, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody use for the preventive treatment of refractory headache disorders in adolescents. Pediatr Neurol. 2021;114:62–67. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pak K, Kim J, Lee GH, Cho JW, Kim HW. Effectiveness of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists for migraine treatment: a meta-analysis. Eur Neurol. 2022:1–7. doi:10.1159/000521697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper D. Gepants. Headache. 2020;60(5):1037–1039. doi:10.1111/head.13791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CP, Liang CS, Chang CM, et al. Comparison of new pharmacologic agents with triptans for treatment of migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(10):e2128544. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croop R, Lipton RB, Kudrow D, et al. Oral rimegepant for preventive treatment of migraine: a phase 2/3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10268):51–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32544-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Santos JBR, da Silva MRR. Small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists for the preventive treatment of migraine: a review. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022;922:174902. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabbouche MA, Powers SW, Vockell ALB, et al. Outcome of a multidisciplinary approach to pediatric migraine at 1, 2, and 5 years. Headache. 2005;45(10):1298–1303. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.00261.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers SW, Coffey CS, Chamberlin LA, et al. Prevalence of headache days and disability 3 years after participation in the childhood and adolescent migraine prevention medication trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(7):e2114712. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton RB, Bigal ME. Migraine: epidemiology, impact, and risk factors for progression. Headache. 2005;45(Suppl 1):S3–S13. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.4501001.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland HG, Albury CL, Griffiths LR. Advances in genetics of migraine. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):72. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-1017-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahman-Averbuch H, Schneider VJ, Chamberlin LA, et al. Alterations in brain function after cognitive behavioral therapy for migraine in children and adolescents. Headache. 2020;60(6):1165–1182. doi:10.1111/head.13814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins NM, Bernat JL. Minority representation in migraine treatment trials. Headache. 2017;57(3):525–533. doi:10.1111/head.13018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigal ME, Lipton RB, Winner P, et al. Migraine in adolescents: association with socioeconomic status and family history. Neurology. 2007;69(1):16–25. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000265212.90735.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loder S, Sheikh HU, Loder E. The prevalence, burden, and treatment of severe, frequent, and migraine headaches in US minority populations: statistics from National Survey studies. Headache. 2015;55(2):214–228. doi:10.1111/head.12506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Perrin JM, Hagerman T, Houtrow AJ. Underinsurance among children in the United States. Pediatrics. 2022;149(1):e2021050353. doi:10.1542/peds.2021-050353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins LM, Murphy SA, Strecher V. The Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) and the Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART): new methods for more potent eHealth interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(5 Suppl):S112–S118. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Núñez A, Sreeganga SD, Ramaprasad A. Access to Healthcare during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):2980. doi:10.3390/ijerph18062980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar