References
- American Society of Clinical Oncology. The state of cancer care in America, 2015: a report by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Oncol Pract. 2015;11(2):79–113.
- Masters GA, Krilov L, Bailey HH, et al. Clinical cancer advances 2015: annual report on progress against cancer from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(7):786–809.
- Haggar FA, Boushey RP. Colorectal cancer epidemiology: incidence, mortality, survival, and risk factors. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2009;22(4):191–197.
- The American Cancer Society. Colorectal Cancer Facts & Figures 2014-2016. Atlanta, GA: The American Cancer Society; 2014.
- Pavicic W, Perkiö E, Kaur S, Peltomäki P. Altered methylation at microRNA-associated CpG islands in hereditary and sporadic carcinomas: a methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA)-based approach. Mol Med. 2011;17(7–8):726–735.
- Li GM. Mechanisms and functions of DNA mismatch repair. Cell Res. 2008;18(1):85–98.
- Herman JG, Umar A, Polyak K, et al. Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(12):6870–6875.
- Gupta S, Ashfaq R, Kapur P, et al. Microsatellite instability among individuals of Hispanic origin with colorectal cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(21):4965–4972.
- Allred DC, Clark GM, Elledge R, et al. Association of p53 protein expression with tumor cell proliferation rate and clinical outcome in node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(3):200–206.
- Diaz-Padilla I, Romero N, Amir E, et al. Mismatch repair status and clinical outcome in endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;88(1):154–167.
- Mongiat-Artus P, Miquel C, Van der Aa M, et al. Microsatellite instability and mutation analysis of candidate genes in urothelial cell carcinomas of upper urinary tract. Oncogene. 2006;25(14):2113–2118.
- V S, Bhagat R, C S P, V R P, Krishnamoorthy L. Microsatellite instability, promoter methylation and protein expression of the DNA mismatch repair genes in epithelial ovarian cancer. Genomics. 2014;104(4):257–263.
- Abe Y, Masuda H. Genetic alterations of sporadic colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability, especially characteristics of primary multiple colorectal cancers. J Surg Oncol. 2000;74(4):249–256.
- Popat S, Hubner R, Houlston RS. Systematic review of microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(3):609–618.
- Lee HJ, Jang YJ, Lee EJ, et al. The significance of mismatch repair genes in gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Ther. 2013;9(1):80–83.
- Thibodeau SN, Bren G, Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science. 1993;260(5109):816–819.
- Boland CR, Goel A. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(6):2073–2087.e2073.
- Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR, et al. A National Cancer Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 1998;58(22):5248–5257.
- Gill S, Lindor NM, Burgart LJ, et al. Isolated loss of PMS2 expression in colorectal cancers: frequency, patient age, and familial aggregation. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(18):6466–6471.
- Nakagawa H, Lockman JC, Frankel WL, et al. Mismatch repair gene PMS2: disease-causing germline mutations are frequent in patients whose tumors stain negative for PMS2 protein, but paralogous genes obscure mutation detection and interpretation. Cancer Res. 2004;64(14):4721–4727.
- Truninger K, Menigatti M, Luz J, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals high frequency of PMS2 defects in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(5):1160–1171.