Cognition and drug adherence to oral hypoglycemic and antihypertensive agents in older adults

References

• Black SE, Gauthier S, Dalziel W, et al. Canadian Alzheimer‘s disease caregiver survey: baby-boomer caregivers and burden of care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(8):807–813. doi:10.1002/gps.242120029824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimo A, Guerchet M, Ali GC, et al. The worldwide costs of dementia 2015 and comparisons with 2010. Alzheimers Dement. 2016:S1552–5260. (16):30043–47. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.07.150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton S, Matthews FE, Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Brayne C. Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: an analysis of population-based data. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:788–794. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70136-X25030513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Gamaldo AA, Teel A, Zonderman AB, Wang Y. Epidemiologic studies of modifiable factors associated with cognition and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:643. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-64324962204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart M, Snyder H, Carrillo M, Fazio S, Kim H, Johns H. Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(6):718–726. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.01626045020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dar TA, Sheikh IA, Ganie SA, et al. Molecular linkages between diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease: current scenario and future prospects. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2014;13(2):290–298. doi:10.2174/1871527311312666013524059323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaffe K, Falvey C, Hamilton N. Diabetes, glucose control, and 9-year cognitive decline among older adults without dementia. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(9):1170–1175. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2012.111722710333
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bordier L, Doucet J, Boudet J, Bauduceau B. Update on cognitive decline and dementia in elderly patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2014;40(5):331–337. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2014.02.00224703603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakouni H, Gontijo Guerra S, Chudzinski V, Berbiche D, Vasiliadis HM. One-year prospective study on the presence of chronic diseases and subsequent cognitive decline in older adults. J Public Health (Oxf). 2016;39(4):e170–e178. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdw124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford KA, Badaracco M, Liu D, et al. Blood pressure and cognition among older adults: a meta-analysis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;28(7):649–664. doi:10.1093/arclin/act04623838685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson AL, Hohman TJ, Liu D, et al. Adverse vascular risk is related to cognitive decline in older adults. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;44(4):1361–1373. doi:10.3233/JAD-14181225471188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oremus M, Girouard H, Raina P. A systematic review of reviews to examine the association between hypertension and cognitive impairments in adults In: Girouard H, editor. Hypertension and the Brain as an End-Organ Target. Cham (Switzerland): Springer;2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25616-0_1day
   Google Scholar
• Anson O, Paran E. Hypertension and cognitive functioning among the elderly: an overview. Am J Ther. 2005;12(4):359–365.16041200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. Report from the national diabetes surveillance system: diabetes in Canada (online); 2009 Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/2009/ndssdic-snsddac-09/indexeng.php. Accessed 77, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. Diabetes in Canada: Facts and Figures from a Public Health Perspective. Ottawa, Ont: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2011 Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cd-mc/publications/diabetes-diabete/facts-figures-faits-chiffres-2011/index-eng.php Accessed 77, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• RAMQ (Régie d’assurance maladie du Québec). Liste des médicaments –établissements (medications list). (online); 2015 Available from: http://www.ramq.gouv.qc.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/professionnels/medicaments/liste-medicaments-etablissements.pdf. Accessed 77, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Long AN, Dagogo-Jack S. Comorbidities of diabetes and hypertension: mechanisms and approach to target organ protection. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13(4):244–251. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00434.x21466619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iadecola C, Yaffe K, Biller J, et al. Impact of hypertension on cognitive function: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Hypertension. 2016;68(6):e67–e94. doi:10.1161/HYP.000000000000005327977393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plassman BL, Williams JR, Jw B, et al. Systematic review: factors associated with risk for and possible prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(3):152–193. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-1-201007060-00004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassing LB, Hofer SM, Nilsson SE, et al. Comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension exacerbates cognitive decline: evidence from a longitudinal study. Age Ageing. 2004;33(4):355–361. doi:10.1093/ageing/afh10015136287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab M, Khader YS, Al-Khawaldeh A, Ajlouni K. Factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complicat. 2010;24(2):84–89. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.12.00819282203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. VADT investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(2):129–139. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa080843119092145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlings AM, Sharrett AR, Schneider AL, et al. Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(11):785–793. doi:10.7326/M14-073725437406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneilly GS, Cheung E, Tessier D, Yakura C, Tuokko H. The effect of improved glycemic control on cognitive functions in the elderly patient with diabetes. J Gerontol. 1993;48(4):M117–M21.8315222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mussell M, Hewer W, Kulzer B, Bergis K, Rist F. Effects of improved glycaemic control maintained for 3 months on cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2004;21(11):1253–1256. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01322.x15498095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposti LD, Saragoni S, Batacchi P, Geppetti P, Buda S, Esposti ED. Antihypertensivetherapy among newly treated patients: an analysis of adherence and cost of treatment over years. Clinico Econ Outcomes Res. 2010;2:113–120. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S11933
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for action.Geneva. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003 (online) Available from: http://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_report/en/ Accessed 77, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Starr JM, Whalley LJ, Deary IJ. The effects of antihypertensive treatment on cognitive function: results from the HOPE study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(4):411–415.8636587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince MJ, Bird AS, Blizard RA, Mann AH. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council‘s trial of hypertension in older adults. BMJ. 1996;312(7034):801–805.8608285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alrawi YA, Panerai RB, Myint PK, Potter JF. Pharmacological blood pressure lowering in the older hypertensive patients may lead to cognitive impairment by altering neurovascular coupling. Med Hypotheses. 2013;80(3):303–307. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.01023313333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Préville M, Boyer R, Grenier S, et al. The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Quebec‘s older adult population. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(12):822–832. doi:10.1177/07067437080530120819087480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198.1202204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Canada. Report from the National Diabetes Surveillance System: Diabetes in Canada. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada; 2009 (online) Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/2009/ndssdic-snsddac-09/pdf/report-2009-eng.pdf accessed 1123, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Health Canada. Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Hypertension in Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2010 (online) Available from: [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cd-mc/cvd-mcv/ccdss-snsmc-2010/pdf/CCDSS_HTN_Report_FINAL_EN_20100513.pdf. accessed 708, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Marioni RE, Chatfield M, Brayne C, Matthews FE; Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Group. The reliability of assigning individuals to cognitive states using the mini mental-state examination: a population-based prospective cohort study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:127. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-12721896187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner JF, Prochazka AV. The assessment of refill compliance using pharmacy records: methods, validity, and applications. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50(1):105–116. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00268-59048695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer JA, Roy A, Burrell A, et al. Medication compliance and persistence: terminology and definitions. Value Health. 2008;11(1):44–47. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00213.x18237359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karve S, Cleves MA, Helm M, Hudson TJ, West DS, Martin BC. Good and poor adherence: optimal cut-point for adherence measures using administrative claims data. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(9):2303–2310. doi:10.1185/0300799090312683319635045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–383.3558716
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SPSS Statistics. version 25. IBM Corporation, USA. 2018 Available from: https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Gregg EW, Yaffe K, Cauley JA, et al. Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(2):174–180.10647755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herath PM, Cherbuin N, Eramudugo Lla R, Anstey KJ. The effect of diabetes medication on cognitive function: evidence from the PATHthrough life study. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:7208429. doi:10.1155/2016/720842927195294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie H, Mayo N, Koski L. Identifying and characterizing trajectories of cognitive change in older persons with mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;31(2):165–172. doi:10.1159/00032356821346357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potvin O, Forget H, Grenier S, Préville M, Hudon C. Anxiety, depression, and 1-year incident cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(8):1421–1428. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03521.x21797836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas AJ, O‘Brien JT. Depression and cognition in older adults. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008;21(1):8–13. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f2139b18281834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasar S, Xia J, Yao W, et al. Antihypertensive drugs decrease risk of Alzheimer disease: ginkgo evaluation of memory study. Neurology. 2013;81(10):896–903. Epub 2013 Aug 2. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a3522823911756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimarães FC, Amorim PR, Reis FF, et al. Physical activity and better medication compliance improve mini-mental state examination scores in the elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015;39(1–2):25–31. doi:10.1159/00036641325300502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoog I, Lithell H, Hansson L, et al. Effect of baseline cognitive function and antihypertensive treatment on cognitive and cardiovascular outcomes: Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(8):1052–1059. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.02.01316109319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell NL, Boustani MA, Skopelja EN, Gao S, Unverzagt FW, Murray MD. Medication adherence in older adults with cognitive impairment: a systematic evidence-based review. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2012;10(3):165–177. doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.04.00422657941
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wennberg AMV, Hagen CE, Edwards K, et al. Association of antidiabetic medication use, cognitive decline, and risk of cognitive impairment in older people with type 2 diabetes: results from the population-based Mayo clinic study of aging. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(8):1114–1120. doi:10.1002/gps.490029873112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choo PW, Rand CS, Inui TS, et al. Validation of patient reports, automated pharmacy records, and pill counts with electronic monitoring of adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Med Care. 1999;37(9):846–857. doi:10.1097/00005650-199909000-0000210493464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperber CM, Samarasinghe SR, Lomax GP. An upper and lower bound of the medication possession ratio. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017;11:1469–1478. doi:10.2147/PPA.S13689028919719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentil L, Vasiliadis HM, Préville M, Berbiche D. Adherence to oral antihyperglycemic agents among older adults with mental disorders and its effect on health care costs, Quebec, Canada, 2005–2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12:E230. doi:10.5888/pcd12.15041226719900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragomir A, Côté R, Roy L, et al. Impact of adherence to antihypertensive agents on clinical outcomes and hospitalization costs. Med Care. 2010;48(5):418–425. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181d567bd20393367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkrishnan R, Rajagopalan R, Camacho FT, Huston SA, Murray FT, Anderson RT. Predictors of medication adherence and associated health care costs in an older population with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal cohort study. Clin Ther. 2003;25:2958–2971. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80347-814693318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn OK, Jacobs-Whyte H, Ing A, Bruegl A, Paradis G, Macaulay AC. Incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the first nation community of kahnawa`: Ke, Quebec, Canada, 1986–2003. Can J Public Health. 2007;98(6):438–443.19039878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazale L, Nanhou V, Laprise P. Maladies chroniques au Québec et au Canada: Évolution récente et comparaisons régionales: Série Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes. Montréal: Institut de la statistique du Québec; 2009.
   Google Scholar