Advanced search
Publication Cover
Patient Preference and Adherence Volume 14, 2020 - Issue
Submit an article Journal homepage
217
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Clinical Characteristics and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Primary Care Physiotherapy in Patients with Whiplash-Associated Disorders: A Longitudinal Observational Study

Rob A B Oostendorp1 Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;2 Department of Manual Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;3 Pain in Motion International Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;4 Practice Physiotherapy and Manual Therapy, Heeswijk-Dinther, the NetherlandsCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6697-0817
ORCID Icon,
J W Hans Elvers5 Department of Public Health and Research, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;6 Department of Allied Health Care, Methodological Health-Skilled Institute, Beuningen, the NetherlandsORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0423-1829
ORCID Icon,
Emiel van Trijffel7 Department of Master Education, SOMT University of Physiotherapy, Amersfoort, the Netherlands;8 Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
,
Geert M Rutten9 Institute of Health Studies, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, HAN University of Applied Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;10 Campus Venlo, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
,
Gwendolyne G M Scholten-Peeters11 Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4409-9554
ORCID Icon,
Marcel Heijmans4 Practice Physiotherapy and Manual Therapy, Heeswijk-Dinther, the Netherlands
,
Erik Hendriks12 Department of Epidemiology, Center of Evidence Based Physiotherapy, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands;13 Practice Physiotherapy ‘Maasstaete, Druten, the Netherlands
,
Emilia Mikolajewska14 Department of Physiotherapy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland;15 Neurocognitive Laboratory, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, PolandORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2769-3068
ORCID Icon,
Margot De Kooning3 Pain in Motion International Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;16 Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5194-7400
ORCID Icon,
Marjan Laekeman17 Department of Nursing Sciences, Ph.D.-Kolleg, Faculty of Health, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany;18 Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, GermanyORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8466-3404
ORCID Icon,
Jo Nijs3 Pain in Motion International Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;16 Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium;19 Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4976-6563
ORCID Icon,
Nathalie Roussel20 Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOVANT), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7409-878X
ORCID Icon &
Han Samwel21 Revalis Pain Rehabilitation Centre, S Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
 show all
Pages 1733-1750 | Published online: 28 Sep 2020

References

  • Bovim G, Schrader H, Sand T. Neck pain in the general population. Spine. 1994;19(12):1307–1309. doi:10.1097/00007632-199406000-00001
  • Carroll LJ, Hogg-Johnson S, van der Velde G, et al. Bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in the general population: results of the bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. Spine. 2008;33(4Suppl):S75–82. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816445be
  • Croft PR, Lewis M, Papageorgiou AC, et al. Risk factors for neck pain: a longitudinal study in the general population. Pain. 2001;93(3):317–325. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00334-7
  • Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, et al. Scientific monograph of the quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine. 1995;20(8Suppl):1S–73S.
  • Carroll LJ, Holm LW, Hogg-Johnson S, et al. Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD): results of the bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. Spine. 2008;33(4Suppl):S83–92. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181643eb8
  • Hurwitz EL, Carragee EJ, van der Velde G, et al. Bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. treatment of neck pain: noninvasive interventions: results of the bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. Spine. 2008;33(4Suppl):S123–152. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181644b1d
  • Sterling M. Physiotherapy management of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). J Physiother. 2014;60:5–12. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2013.12.004
  • Sterling M, de Zoete RMJ, Coppieters I, Farrell SF. Best evidence rehabilitation for chronic pain part 4: neck pain. J Clin Med. 2019;8(8):pii: E1219. doi:10.3390/jcm8081219
  • Kyte DG, Calvert M, van der Wees PJ, Ten Hove R, Tolan S, Hill JC. An introduction to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in physiotherapy. Physiotherapy. 2015;101(2):119–125. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2014.11.003
  • Mercieca-Bebber R, King MT, Calvert MJ, Stockler MR, Friedlander M. The importance of patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials and strategies for future optimization. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2018;9:353–367. doi:10.2147/PROM.S156279
  • Patient-reported outcome. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient-reported_outcome. Accessed April 18, 2020.
  • Verburg AC, van Dulmen SA, Kiers H, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG, van der Wees PJ. Development of a standard set of outcome measures for non-specific low bac pain in Dutch primary care physiotherapy practices: a Delphi study. Eur Spine J. 2019;28(7):1550–1564. doi:10.1007/s00586-019-05962-x
  • van Dulmen SA, van der Wees PJ, Staal JB, Braspenning JCC, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) for goalsetting and outcome measurement in primary care physiotherapy, an explorative field study. Physiotherapy. 2017;103(1):66–72. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2016.01.001
  • Lawrence M, Olesen F. Indicators of quality health care. Eur J Gen Pract. 1997;3:103–108. doi:10.3109/13814789709160336
  • Kasch H, Qerama E, Kongsted A, Bendix T, Jensen TS, Bach FW. Clinical assessment of prognostic factors for long-term pain and handicap after whiplash injury: a 1-year prospective study. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(11):1222–1230. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02301.x
  • Myrtveit SM, Carstensen T, Kasch H, Ørnbøl E, Frostholm L. Initial healthcare and coping preferences are associated with outcome 1 year after whiplash trauma: a multicentre 1-year follow-up study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(3):e007239. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007239
  • Gehrt TB, Wisbech Carstensen TB, Ørnbøl E, Fink PK, Kasch H, Frostholm L. The role of illness perceptions in predicting outcome after acute whiplash trauma: a multicenter 12-month follow-up study. Clin J Pain. 2015;31(1):14–20. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000085
  • Åsenlöf P, Bring A, Söderlund A. The clinical course over the first year of whiplash associated disorders (WAD): pain-related disability predicts outcome in a mildly affected sample. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:361. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-361
  • Styrke J, Sojka P, Björnstig U, Stålnacke BM. Symptoms, disabilities, and life satisfaction five years after whiplash injuries. Scand J Pain. 2014;5(4):229–236. doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.06.001
  • Squires B, Gargan MF, Bannister GC. Soft-tissue injuries of the cervical spine. 15-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78(6):955–957. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.78B6.0780955
  • Bunketorp L, Nordholm L, Carlsson J. A descriptive analysis of disorders in patients 17 years following motor vehicle accidents. Eur Spine J. 2002;11(3):227–234. doi:10.1007/s00586-002-0393-y
  • Carroll LJ, Hogg-Johnson S, Cote P, et al. Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in workers: results of the bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and lts associated disorders. Spine. 2008;33(4Suppl):S93–S100. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816445d4
  • Kamper SJ, Rebbeck TJ, Maher CG, McAuley JH, Sterling M. Course and prognostic factors of whiplash: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2008;138(3):617–629. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.019
  • Walton DM, Pretty J, MacDermid JC, Teasell RW. Risk factors for persistent problems following whiplash injury: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(5):334–350. doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2765
  • Bekkering GE, Hendriks HJM, Lanser K, et al. KNGF-richtlijn Whiplash (KNGF guideline Whiplash). Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 2001;111(Supplement):Sl–S25.
  • Scholten-Peeters GGM, Bekkering GE, Verhagen AP, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the physiotherapy of patients with whiplash-associated disorders. Spine. 2002;27(4):412–422. doi:10.1097/00007632-200202150-00018
  • Vaes P, Kerckhofs E, Beckwée D, Oostendorp RAB. Definitie Gezondheidsprofiel (Definition Health Profile). In: Gezondheidsprofiel (Health Profile). Vaes P, Kerckhofs E, Beckwée, Edited by. Antwerpen: Standaard Uitgeverij; 2011:pp42–61.
  • Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap Fysiotherapie. Richtlijnen Voor De Fysiotherapeutische Verslaglegging (KNGF-Guidelines Physiotherapy Documation). Amersfoort: KNGF; 1993.
  • Heerkens YF, Lakerveld-Heyl K, Verhoeven ALJ, Hendriks HJM. KNGF-richtlijn Fysiotherapeutische Verslaglegging (KNGF-Guidelines Physiotherapy Documation). Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 2007;117(6):Supplement 1–20.
  • Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap Fysiotherapie. KNGF-Richtlijn Fysiotherapeutische Dossiervorming (KNGF-Guidelines Physiotherapy Documentation). Amersfoort: KNGF; 2016.
  • Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap Fysiotherapie. KNGF-Richtlijn Fysiotherapeutische Dossiervorming (KNGF-Guideline Physiotherapy Documentation). Amersfoort: KNGF; 2019.
  • Bier JD, Scholten-Peeters GGM, Staal JB, et al. KNGF-Richtlijn Nekpijn. Amersfoort: KNGF; 2016.
  • Bier JD, Scholten-Peeters GGM, Staal JB, et al. Clinical practice guideline for physical therapy assessment and treatment in patients with nonspecific neck pain. Phys Ther. 2018;98(3):162–171. doi:10.1093/ptj/pzx118
  • Scholten-Peeters GG, Verhagen AP, Neeleman-van der Steen CW, Hurkmans JC, Wams RW, Oostendorp RA. Randomized clinical trial of conservative treatment for patients with whiplash-associated disorders: considerations for the design and dynamic treatment protocol. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2003;26(7):412–420. doi:10.1016/S0161-4754(03)00092-7
  • Oostendorp RAB, Elvers JWH, van Trijffel E, et al. Has the quality of physiotherapy care in patients with Whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) improved over time? A retrospective study using routinely collected data and quality indicators. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2018;12:2291–2308. doi:10.2147/PPA.S179808
  • Oostendorp RAB, Elvers JWH, van Trijffel E, et al. Relationships between context, process, and outcome indicators to assess quality of physiotherapy care in patients with whiplash-associated disorders: applying donabedian’s model of care. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2020;14:425–442. doi:10.2147/PPA.S234800
  • Mathieson K. Making sense of biostatistics: making sense of biostatistics: types of nonprobability sampling. J Clin Res Best Pract. 2014;10(10). Available from: https://firstclinical.com/journal.
  • Kraaimaat FW, Bakker A, Evers AMW. Pijncoping-strategieën bij chronische pijnpatiënten. De ontwikkeling van de Pijn-Coping-lnventarisatielijst (PCI). [Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: the development of the Pain Coping lnventory (PCI)]. Gedragstherapie. 1997;30:185–201.
  • Kraaimaat FW, Evers AW. Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI). Int J Behav Med. 2003;10(4):343–363. doi:10.1207/S15327558IJBM1004_5
  • Waddell G, Newton M, Henderson I, Somerville D, Main CJ, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs A. Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain. 1993;52(2):157–168. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(93)90127-B
  • Vendrig A, Deutz P, Vink L. Nederlandse vertaling en bewerking van de fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire. Ned Tijdschr Pijn Pijnbestr. 1998;18(1):11–14.
  • Peeters GG, Verhagen AP, de Bie RA, Oostendorp RA. The efficacy of conservative treatment in patients with whiplash injury: a systematic review of clinical trials. Spine. 2001;26(4):E64–73. doi:10.1097/00007632-200102150-00006
  • Verhagen AP, Scholten-Peeters GG, de Bie RA, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Conservative treatments for whiplash. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004(1):CD003338.
  • Seferiadis A, Rosenfeld M, Gunnarsson R. A review of treatment interventions in whiplash-associated disorders. Eur Spine J. 2004;13(5):387–397. doi:10.1007/s00586-004-0709-1
  • Kongsted A, Qerama E, Kasch H, et al. Neck collar, “act-as-usual” or active mobilization for whiplash injury? A randomized parallel-group trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976. 2007;32(6):618–626. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000257535.77691.bd
  • Goldsmith CH, Gross AR, MacDermid J, Santaguida PL, Miller J. What does the evidence tell us about design of future treatment trials for whiplash-associated disorders? Spine (Phila Pa 1976. 2011;36(25 Suppl):S292–302. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182388259
  • Rushton A, Wright C, Heneghan N, Eveleigh G, Calvert M, Freemantle N. Physiotherapy rehabilitation for whiplash associated disorder II: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2011;1(2):e000265. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000265
  • Pietrobon R, Coeytaux RR, Carey TS, Richardson WJ, DeVellis RF. Standard scales for measurement of functional outcome for cervical pain or dysfunction: a systematic review. Spine. 2002;27(5):515–522. doi:10.1097/00007632-200203010-00012
  • Wewers ME, Lowe NK. A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res Nurs Health. 1990;13(4):227–236. doi:10.1002/nur.4770130405
  • Kamper SJ, Grootjans SJ, Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, McAuley JH, Sterling M. Measuring pain intensity in patients with neck pain: does it matter how you do it? Pain Pract. 2015;15(2):159–167. doi:10.1111/papr.12169
  • Ostelo RWJG, De Vet HCW. Clinically important outcomes in low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005;19(4):593–607. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2005.03.003
  • Pool JJ, Ostelo RW, Hoving JL, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. Minimal clinically important change of the neck disability index and the numerical rating scale for patients with neck pain. Spine. 2007;32(26):3047–3051. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815cf75b
  • Carlsson AM. Assessment of chronic pain. I. Aspects of the reliability and validity of the visual analogue scale. Pain. 1983;16(1):87–101. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90088-X
  • Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(Suppl 11):S240–252. doi:10.1002/acr.20543
  • Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manip Physiol Ther. 1991;14(7):409–415.
  • Vernon H. The neck disability index: state-of-the-art, 1991-2008. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2008;31(7):491–502. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.08.006
  • Young BA, Walker MJ, Strunce JB, Boyles RE, Whitman JM, Childs JD. Responsiveness of the neck disability index in patients with mechanical neck disorders. Spine J. 2009;9(10):802–808. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2009.06.002
  • Hoving JL, O’Leary EF, Niere KR, Green S, Buchbinder R. Validity of the neck disability index, Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire, and problem elicitation technique for measuring disability associated with whiplash-associated disorders. Pain. 2003;102(3):273–281. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00406-2
  • Schellingerhout JM, Verhagen AP, Heymans MW, Koes BW, de Vet HC, Terwee CB. Measurement properties of disease-specific questionnaires in patients with neck pain: a systematic review. Qual Life Res. 2012;21(4):659–670. doi:10.1007/s11136-011-9965-9
  • Koke AJA, Heuts PHTG, Vlaeyen JWS. Neck Disability Index. Pain Knowledge Center, University Medical Center Maastricht, Measurement Instruments Chronic Pain. Maastricht: Pijn Kennis Centrum, Academisch Ziekenhuis Maastricht; 1996.
  • Jorritsma W, de Vries GE, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH, Reneman MF. Neck pain and disability scale and neck disability index: validity of dutch language versions. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(1):93–100. doi:10.1007/s00586-011-1920-5
  • Jorritsma W, de Vries GE, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU, Reneman MF. Neck pain and disability scale and the neck disability index: reproducibility of the Dutch language versions. Eur Spine J. 2010;19:1695–1701. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1406-x
  • Kamper SJ, Ostelo RW, Knol DL, Maher CG, de Vet HC, Hancock MJ. Global perceived effect scales provided reliable assessments of health transition in people with musculoskeletal disorders, but ratings are strongly influenced by current status. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(7):760–766. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.09.009
  • Portney LG, Watkins. Foundations of Clinical Research. Applications to Practice. Appleton & Lange; Norwalk: Connecticut; 1993:651–657.
  • Scholten-Peeters GG, Neeleman-van der Steen CW, van der Windt DA, Hendriks EJ, Verhagen AP, Oostendorp RA. Education by general practitioners or education and exercises by physiotherapists for patients with whiplash-associated disorders? A randomized clinical trial. Spine. 2006;31(7):723–731. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000206381.15224.0f
  • Hoving JL, Koes BW, de Vet HC, et al. Manual therapy, physical therapy, or continued care by a general practitioner for patients with neck pain. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(10):713–722. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-10-200205210-00006
  • Pool JJ, Ostelo RW, Knol DL, Vlaeyen JW, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. Is a behavioral graded activity program more effective than manual therapy in patients with subacute neck pain? Results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 2010;35(10):1017–1024. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181c212ee
  • Peters R, Mutsaers B, Verhagen AP, Koes BW, Pool-Goudzwaard AL. Prospective cohort study of patients with neck pain in a manual therapy setting: design and baseline measures. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2019;42(7):471–479. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2019.07.001
  • Bunketorp L, Stener-Victorin E, Carlsson J. Neck pain and disability following motor vehicle accidents – a cohort study. Eur Spine J. 2005;14(1):84–89. doi:10.1007/s00586-004-0766-5
  • Meisingset I, Stensdotter AK, Woodhouse A, Vasseljen O. Predictors for global perceived effect after physiotherapy in patients with neck pain: an observational study. Physiotherapy. 2018;104(4):400–407. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2017.01.007
  • Van Hassel DTP, Kenens RJ. Cijfers uit de registratie van fysiotherapeuten. Peiling Januari; 2012. Availabie from: https://www.nivel.nl/nl/publicatie/cijfers-uit-de-registratie-van-fysiotherapeuten-de-eerste-lijn-peiling-1-januari-2012. Accessed April 19, 2020.
  • Kelly AM. The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain. Emerg Med J. 2001;18(3):205–207. doi:10.1136/emj.18.3.205
  • Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J, Darnell R. Physical and psychological factors predict outcome following whiplash injury. Pain. 2005;114(1–2):141–148. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.005
  • Scott D, Jull G, Sterling M. Widespread sensory hypersensitivity is a feature of chronic whiplash-associated disorder but not chronic idiopathic neck pain. Clin J Pain. 2005;21(2):175–181. doi:10.1097/00002508-200503000-00009
  • Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J. Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain. 2003;104(3):509–517. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00078-2
  • De Pauw R, Kregel J, De Blaiser C, et al. Identifying prognostic factors predicting outcome in patients with chronic neck pain after multimodal treatment: a retrospective study. Man Ther. 2015;20(4):592–597. doi:10.1016/j.math.2015.02.001
  • Hendriks EJ, Scholten-Peeters GG, van der Windt DA, et al. Prognostic factors for poor recovery in acute whiplash patients. Pain. 2005;114(3):408–416. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.01.006
  • Dufton JA, Bruni SG, Kopec JA, Cassidy JD, Quon J. Delayed recovery in patients with whiplash-associated disorders. Injury. 2012;43(7):1141–1147. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.03.006
  • Synnott A, O’Keeffe M, Bunzli S, Dankaerts W, O’Sullivan P, O’Sullivan K. Physiotherapists may stigmatise or feel unprepared to treat people with low back pain and psychosocial factors that influence recovery: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2015;61(2):68–76. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2015.02.016
  • Zadro J, O’Keeffe M, Maher C. Do physical therapists follow evidence-based guidelines when managing musculoskeletal conditions? Systematic review. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10):e032329. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032329
  • Sterling M, Kenardy J, Jull G, Vicenzino B. The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury. Pain. 2003;106(3):481–489. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.09.013
  • Nijs J, Roussel N, van Wilgen PC, Köke A, Smeets R. Thinking beyond muscles and joints: therapists’ and patients’ attitudes and beliefs regarding chronic musculoskeletal pain are key to applying effective treatment. Man Ther. 2013;18(2):96–102. doi:10.1016/j.math.2012.11.001
  • Oerlemans HM, Goris RJ, Oostendorp RA. Impairment level sum score in reflex sympathetic dystrophy of one upper extremity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(8):979–990. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90098-3
  • Kasch H, Kongsted A, Qerama E, et al. A new stratified risk assessment tool for whiplash injuries developed from a prospective observational study. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002050. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002050
  • Coons SJ, Gwaltney CJ, Hays RD, et al. ISPOR ePRO Task Force. Recommendations on evidence needed to support measurement equivalence between electronic and paper-based patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures: ISPOR ePRO Good Research Practices Task Force report. Value Health. 2009;12(4):419–429. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00470.x
  • Benchimol E, Smeeth L, Guttmann A, et al. The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement. PLoS Med. 2015;12(10):e1001885. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001885
  • Langan SM, Cook C, Benchimol EI. lmproving the reporting of studies using routinely collected health data in physical therapy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(3):126–127. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0103

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.