References
- DimatteoMRGiordaniPJLepperHSCroghanTWPatient adherence and medical treatment outcomes: a meta-analysisMed Care200240979481112218770
- RatanawongsaNKarterAJParkerMMCommunication and medication refill adherence: the diabetes study of Northern CaliforniaJAMA Int Med20131733210218
- ZolnierekKBHDiMatteoMRPhysician communication and patient adherence to treatment: a meta-analysisMed Care200947882683419584762
- LindquistLAGoLFleisherJJainNFriesemaEBakerDWRelationship of health literacy to intentional and unintentional non-adherence of hospital discharge medicationsJ Gen Intern Med201227217317821971600
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid ServicesSummary of HCAHPS Survey Results [July 2013 to June 2014 Discharges]Baltimore, MDCenters for Medicare & Medicaid Services2015
- GoodmanDFisherEChangCThe revolving door: a report on us hospital readmissionsLebanon, New HampshireDartmouth Atlas Project2013
- WittPLWheelessLRAllenMA meta-analytical review of the relationship between teacher immediacy and student learningCommun Monogr2004712184207
- AndersenJFAndersenPAJensenADThe measurement of nonverbal immediacyJ Appl Commun Res197972153180
- GottliebRWienerMMehrabianAImmediacy, discomfort-relief quotient, and content in verbalizations about positive and negative experiencesJ Pers Soc Psychol196773p12662746065854
- KayBChristophelDMThe relationships among manager communication openness, nonverbal immediacy, and subordinate motivationCommun Res Rep1995122200205
- MehrabianAImmediacy: an indicator of attitudes in linguistic communicationJ Pers196634126345908031
- RichmondVPMcCroskeyJCThe impact of supervisor and subordinate immediacy on relational and organizational outcomesCommun Monogr20006718595
- RichmondVPMcCroskeyJCJohnsonADDevelopment of the nonverbal immediacy scale (NIS): measures of self-and other-perceived nonverbal immediacyCommun Q2003514504517
- AllenJLLongKMO’MaraJCommunication apprehension, generalized and contextual immediacy and achievement in the basic courseAnnual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association1985Denver, CO
- AllenMWittPLWheelessLRThe role of teacher immediacy as a motivational factor in student learning: using meta-analysis to test a causal modelCommun Educ20065512131
- BailieJLThe criticality of verbal immediacy in online instruction: a modified Delphi studyJ Educ Online201292122
- ChoryRMMcCroskeyJCThe relationship between teacher management communication style and affective learningCommun Q1999471111
- ChristophelDMThe relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learningCommun Educ1990394323340
- ConawayRNEastonSSSchmidtWVStrategies for enhancing student interaction and immediacy in online coursesBusiness Commun Q20056812335
- ConleeCJOlveraJVagimNNThe relationships among physician nonverbal immediacy and measures of patient satisfaction with physician careCommun Rep1993612533
- FrymierABThe impact of teacher immediacy on students’ motivation: is it the same for all students?Commun Q1993414453464
- FrymierABImmediacy and Learning: A Motivational ExplanationWashington, DC: Presented at: Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association1993Washington, DC
- FrymierABA model of immediacy in the classroomCommun Q1994422133144
- GendrinDMRuckerMLRevisiting the relation between teacher immediacy and student learning in African American college classroomsAtl J Commun20041227792
- GendrinDMRuckerMLStudent motive for communicating and instructor immediacy: a matched-race institutional comparisonAtl J Commun20071514160
- GorhamJChristophelDMThe relationship of teachers’ use of humor in the classroom to immediacy and student learningCommun Educ19903914662
- HenningZTFrom barnyards to learning communities: student perceptions of teachers’ immediacy behaviorsQual Res Rep Commun20121313743
- MooreAMastersonJTChristophelDMSheaKACollege teacher immediacy and student ratings of instructionCommun Educ19964512939
- MottetTPParker-RaleyJCunninghamCBeebeSARaffeldPCTesting the neutralizing effect of instructor immediacy on student course workload expectancy violations and tolerance for instructor unavailabilityCommun Educ2006552147166
- PogueLLAhYunKThe effect of teacher nonverbal immediacy and credibility on student motivation and affective learningCommun Educ2006553331344
- RoachKDCornett-DevitoMMDevitoRA cross-cultural comparison of instructor communication in American and French classroomsCommun Q200553187107
- SidelingerRJFrisbyBNMcMullenALMediating the damaging effects of hurtful teasing: interpersonal solidarity and nonverbal immediacy as mediators of teasing in romantic relationshipsAtl J Commun20122027185
- TitsworthBSThe effects of teacher immediacy, use of organizational lecture cues, and students’ notetaking on cognitive learningCommun Educ2001504283297
- LeeLASbarraDAMasonAELawRWAttachment anxiety, verbal immediacy, and blood pressure: results from a laboratory analog study following marital separationPers Relatsh201118228530121647240
- MehrabianAWienerMNon-immediacy between communicator and object of communication in a verbal message: application to the inference of attitudesJ Consult Psychol19663054204255916875
- EiserJRRossMPartisan language, immediacy, and attitude changesEur J Soc Psychol197774477489
- GothbergHImmediacy: a study of communication effect on the reference processJ Acad Librarianship197623126129
- SlaneSLeakGEffects of self-perceived nonverbal immediacy behaviors on interpersonal attractionJ Psychol1978982241248
- GorhamJThe relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learningCommun Educ19883714053
- ArbaughJBHow instructor immediacy behaviors affect student satisfaction and learning in web-based coursesBus Commun Q20016444254
- BakerCThe impact of instructor immediacy and presence for online student affective learning, cognition, and motivationJ Educ Online201071130
- ButlandMJBeebeSATeacher immediacy and power in the classroom: the application of implicit communication theoryPaper presented at: The Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association1992Miami, FL
- ChristensenLJMenzelKEThe linear relationship between student reports of teacher immediacy behaviors and perceptions of state motivation, and of cognitive, affective, and behavioral learningCommun Educ19984718290
- ChristophelDMGorhamJA test-retest analysis of student motivation, teacher immediacy, and perceived sources of motivation and demotivation in college classesCommun Educ1995444292306
- CreaseyGJarvisPGadkeDStudent attachment stances, instructor immediacy, and student‚ Äìinstructor relationships as predictors of achievement expectancies in college studentsJ Coll Student Dev2009504353372
- EllisKApprehension, self-perceived competency, and teacher immediacy in the laboratory-supported public speaking course: trends and relationshipsCommun Educ19954416478
- FreitasFAMyersSAAvtgisTAStudent perceptions of instructor immediacy in conventional and distributed learning classroomsCommun Educ1998474366372
- FrymierABThe relationships among communication apprehension, immediacy and motivation to studyCommun Rep199361817
- FrymierABThompsonCAUsing student reports to measure immediacy: is it a valid methodologyCommun Res Rep19951218593
- GeorgakopoulosAGuerreroLKStudent perceptions of teachers’ nonverbal and verbal communication: a comparison of best and worst professors across six culturesInt Educ Stud201032316
- GorhamJZakahiWRAComparison of teacher and student perceptions of immediacy and learning: monitoring process and productCommun Educ1990394354368
- HackmanMZWalkerKBInstructional communication in the televised classroom: the effects of system design and teacher immediacy on student learning and satisfactionCommun Educ1990393196206
- HessJASmytheMIs teacher immediacy actually related to student cognitive learning?Commun Stud2001523197219
- JaasmaMAKoperRJThe relationship of student/faculty out-of-class communication to instructor immediacy and trust and to student motivationCommun Educ19994814147
- NeuliepJWAComparison of teacher immediacy in African-American and Euro-American college classroomsCommun Educ1995443267277
- NiS-FAustRExamining teacher verbal immediacy and sense of classroom community in online classesInt J E-learning200873477498
- PowellRGHarvilleBThe effects of teacher immediacy and clarity on instructional outcomes: an intercultural assessmentCommun Educ1990394369379
- RoachKDThe influence of teaching assistant willingness to communicate and communication anxiety in the classroomCommun Q1999472166182
- RobinsonRYRichmondVPValidity of the verbal immediacy scaleCommun Res Rep19951218084
- SandersJAWisemanRLThe effects of verbal and nonverbal teacher immediacy on perceived cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning in the multicultural classroomCommun Educ1990394341352
- TurmanPDCoaches’ immediacy behaviors as predictors of athletes’ perceptions of satisfaction and team cohesionWest J Commun2008722162179
- VelezJJCanoJInstructor verbal and nonverbal immediacy and the relationship with student self-efficacy and task value motivationJ Agric Educ20125328798
- VelezJJCanoJThe relationship between teacher immediacy and student motivationJ Agric Educ20084937686
- WalkerKBHackmanMZInformation transfer and nonverbal immediacy as primary predictors of learning and satisfaction in the televised coursePaper presented at: The Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association1991Atlanta, GA
- WilsonJHLockerLJrImmediacy scale represents four factors: nonverbal and verbal components predict student outcomesJ Classroom Interact2008422410
- ThomasCERichmondVPMcCroskeyJCThe association between immediacy and socio-communicative styleCommun Res Rep1994111107114
- MottetTPRichmondVPAn inductive analysis of verbal immediacy: alternative conceptualization of relational verbalCommun Q19984612540
- McCroskeyJCSallinenAFayerJMRichmondVPBarracloughRANonverbal immediacy and cognitive learning: a cross-cultural investigationCommun Educ1996453200211
- McCroskeyJCFayerJMRichmondVPSallinenABarracloughRAA multi-cultural examination of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and affective learningCommun Q1996443297307
- RichmondVPMcCroskeyJCJohnsonADDevelopment of the Nonverbal Immediacy Scale (NIS): measures of self- and other-perceived nonverbal immediacyCommun Q2003514504517
- ClemenceAJFowlerJCGottdienerWHMicroprocess examination of therapeutic immediacy during a dynamic research interviewPsychotherapy201249331732922181029
- SchuttMAllenBSLaumakisMAThe effects of instructor immediacy behaviors in online learning environmentsQ Rev Dist Educ2009102135148
- BozkayaMThe relationship between teacher immediacy behaviours and distant learners’ social presence perceptions in videoconferencing applicationsThe Turkish Online J Educ Tech200891 Article 12
- KasperLBHillCEKivlighanDMTherapist immediacy in brief psychotherapy: case study IPsychotherapy (Chicago, IL)2008453281297
- SedikidesCJacksonJMSocial impact theory: a field test of source strength, source immediacy and number of targetsBasic Appl Soc Psychol1990113273281
- PlaxTGKearneyPMcCroskeyJCRichmondVPPower in the classroom VI: verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy and affective learningCommun Educ19863514355
- CollingwoodTRRenzLThe effects of client confrontations upon levels of immediacy offered by high and low functioning counselorsJ Clin Psychol19692522242265789212
- HillCESimWSpanglerPStahlJSullivanCTeyberETherapist immediacy in brief psychotherapy: case study IIPsychother2008453298315
- KasperLBHillCEKivlighanDMTherapist immediacy in brief psychotherapy: case study IPsychother2008453281297
- Mayotte-BlumJSlavin-MulfordJLehmannMPesaleFBecker-MateroNHilsenrothMTherapeutic immediacy across long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: an evidence-based case studyJ Couns Psychol2012591274022059428
- HillCEGelsoCJChuiHTo be or not to be immediate with clients: the use and perceived effects of immediacy in psychodynamic/interpersonal psychotherapyPsychother Res20142429931523848833
- MehrabianASilent MessagesBelmont, CAWadsworth1971
- AndersenPANonverbal immediacy in interpersonal communicationSiegmanAFeldsteinMultichannel Integrations of Nonverbal BehaviorHillsdale, New JerseyLawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc1985136
- Kerssen-GriepJWittPLInstructional feedback II: how do instructor immediacy cues and facework tactics interact to predict student motivation and fairness perceptions?Commun Stud2012634498517
- BozkayaMErdem AydinIThe relationship between teacher immediacy behaviors and learners’ perceptions of social presence and satisfaction in open and distance education: the case of Anadolu University Open Education FacultyThe Turkish Online J Educ Tech200764 Article 7
- BurroughsNFA reinvestigation of the relationship of teacher nonverbal immediacy and student compliance-resistance with learningCommun Educ2007564453475
- CarrellLJMenzelKEVariations in learning, motivation, and perceived immediacy between live and distance education classroomsCommun Educ2001503230240
- ChesebroJLEffects of teacher clarity and nonverbal immediacy on student learning, receiver apprehension, and affectCommun Educ2003522135147
- ChesebroJLMcCroskeyJCThe relationship of teacher clarity and teacher immediacy with students’ experiences of stateCommun Q1998464446456
- ChesebroJLMcCroskeyJCThe relationship of teacher clarity and immediacy with student state receiver apprehension, affect, and cognitive learningCommun Educ20015015968
- ComstockJRowellEBowersJWFood for thought: teacher nonverbal immediacy, student learning, and curvilinearityCommun Educ1995443251266
- EsteppCMShelnuttKPRobertsTGA comparison of student and professor perceptions of teacher immediacy behaviors in large agricultural classroomsNACTA J2014582
- FallLTKellySChristenSRevisiting the impact of instructional immediacy: a differentiation between military and civiliansQ Rev Distance Educ2011123199206
- FinnANSchrodtPStudents’ perceived understanding mediates the effects of teacher clarity and nonverbal immediacy on learner empowermentCommun Educ2012612111130
- FreitasFAMyersSAStudent perceptions of instructor immediacy in conventional and distributed learning classroomsCommun Educ1998474366
- GiorgiAJRobertsTGEsteppCMConnerNWStriplingCTAn investigation of teacher beliefs and actionsNACTA J201357329
- GolishTDOlsonLNStudents’ use of power in the classroom: an investigation of student power, teacher power, and teacher immediacyCommun Q2000483293310
- GoodboyAKMyersSAThe relationship between perceived instructor immediacy and student challenge behaviorJ Instructional Psychol2009362108112
- GoodboyAKWeberKBolkanSThe effects of nonverbal and verbal immediacy on recall and multiple student learning indicatorsJ Classroom Interact2009441412
- GorhamJCohenSHFashion in the classroom III: effects of instructor attire and immediacy in natural classroomCommun Q1999473281299
- JohnsonSDMillerANA cross-cultural study of immediacy, credibility, and learning in the U.S. and KenyaCommun Educ2002513280292
- KearneyPPlaxTSmithVRSorensenGEffects of teacher immediacy and strategy type on college student resistance to on-task demandsCommun Educ19883715467
- KelleyDHGorhamJEffects of immediacy on recall of informationCommun Educ1988373198207
- KingPWittPTeacher immediacy, confidence testing, and the measurement of cognitive learningCommun Educ2009581110123
- MartinLMottetTPThe effect of instructor nonverbal immediacy behaviors and feedback sensitivity on hispanic students’ affective learning outcomes in ninth-grade writing conferencesCommun Educ2011601119
- MenzelKECarrellLJThe impact of gender and immediacy on willingness to talk and perceived learningCommun Educ199948131
- MyersSAZhongMGuanSInstructor immediacy in the Chinese college classroomCommun Stud1998493240254
- ParkHSLeeSAYunDKimWThe impact of instructor decision authority and verbal and nonverbal immediacy on korean student satisfaction in the US and South KoreaCommun Educ2009582189212
- PelowskiSFrissellLCabralKYuTSo far but yet so close: student chat room immediacy, learning, and performance in an online courseJ Interact Learning Res2005164395407
- PribylCBSakamotoMKeatenJAThe relationship between nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and perceived cognitive learning among Japanese college studentsJpn Psychol Res2004462738515151567
- RichmondVPGorhamJMcCroskeyJCThe relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learningMcLaughlinMCommunication yearbook 10Beverly Hills, CASage1987574590
- RobertsAFriedmanDThe impact of teacher immediacy on student participation: an objective cross-disciplinary examinationInt J Teach Learn Higher Educ20132513846
- RoccaKACollege student attendance: impact of instructor immediacy and verbal aggression. Brief reportCommun Educ2004532185195
- RoccaKAParticipation in the college classroom: the impact of instructor immediacy and verbal aggressionJ Classroom Interact20094322233
- SchrodtPWittPLStudents’ attributions of instructor credibility as a function of students’ expectations of instructional technology use and nonverbal immediacyCommun Educ2006551120
- TevenJJHansonTLThe impact of teacher immediacy and perceived caring on teacher competence and trustworthinessCommun Q20045213953
- ThweattKSMcCroskeyJCThe impact of teacher immediacy and misbehaviors on teacher credibilityCommun Educ1998474348358
- TitsworthSStudents’ notetaking: the effects of teacher immediacy and clarityCommun Educ2004534305320
- WeiF-YFWangKYStudents’ silent messages: can teacher verbal and nonverbal immediacy moderate student use of text messaging in class?Commun Educ2010594475496
- WittPLKerssen-GriepJInstructional feedback I: the interaction of facework and immediacy on students’ perceptions of instructor credibilityCommun Educ20116017594
- WittPLWheelessLRAn experimental study of teachers’ verbal and nonverbal immediacy and students’ affective and cognitive learningCommun Educ2001504327342
- GarrottCLThe Relationship between Nonverbal Immediacy, Caring and L2 Student Learning (Spanish)Petersburg, VirginiaVirginia State University2002
- GarrottCLThe Relationship between Nonverbal/Verbal Immediacy, Learning, and Caring by the Teacher in the L2 Spanish Classroom: Online Submission2005 Available from: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED490540.pdfAccessed October 15, 2014
- HargettJGStrohkirchCSStudent perceptions of male and female instructor levels of immediacy and teacher credibilityWomen Lang199922246
- KearneyPPlaxTGWendt-WascoNJTeacher immediacy for affective learning in divergent college classesCommun Q19853316174
- LaRoseRWhittenPRe-thinking instructional immediacy for web courses: a social cognitive explorationCommun Educ2000494320337
- MelroseSBergeronKOnline graduate study of health care learners’ perceptions of instructional immediacyInt Rev Res Open Dist Learn200671113
- MessmanSJJones-CorleyJEffects of communication environment, immediacy, and communication apprehension on cognitive and affective learningCommun Monogr2001682184200
- MottetTPParker-RaleyJBeebeSACunninghamCInstructors who resist “college lite”: the neutralizing effect of instructor immediacy on students’ course-workload violations and perceptions of instructor credibility and affective learningCommun Educ2007562145167
- MurphreyTPArnoldSFosterBDegenhartSHVerbal immediacy and audio/video technology use in online course delivery: what do university agricultural education students think?J Agric Educ20125331427
- OrpenCAcademic motivation as a moderator of the effects of teacher immediacy on student cognitive andEducation19941151137
- OzmenKSFostering nonverbal immediacy and teacher identity through an acting course in English teacher educationAust J Teacher Educ2010356123
- ResterCHEdwardsREffects of sex and setting on students’ interpretation of teachers’ excessive use of immediacyCommun Educ20075613453
- RobinsonRYAffiliative communication behaviors: a comparative analysis of the interrelationships among teacher nonverbal immediacy, responsiveness, and verbal receptivity on the prediction of student learningPaper presented at: The Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association1995Albuquerque, NM
- RoccaKAParticipation in the college classroom: the impact of instructor immediacy and verbal aggressionPaper presented at: The Annual Meeting of the National Communication Association2001Atlanta, GA
- RodriguezJIPlaxTGKearneyPClarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: affective learning as the central causal mediatorCommun Educ1996454293305
- WangTRSchrodtPAre emotional intelligence and contagion moderators of the association between students’ perceptions of instructors’ nonverbal immediacy cues and students’ affect?Commun Rep20102312638
- WittPLSchrodtPThe influence of instructional technology use and teacher immediacy on student affect for teacher and courseCommun Rep2006191115
- BaringerDKMcCroskeyJCImmediacy in the classroom: student immediacyCommun Educ2000492178186
- ZhangQImmediacy, humor, power distance, and classroom communication apprehension in Chinese college classroomsCommun Q2005531109124
- TevenJJEffects of supervisor social influence, nonverbal immediacy, and biological sex on subordinates’ perceptions of job satisfaction, liking, and supervisor credibilityCommun Q2007552155177
- DoohwangLLaRoseRThe impact of personalized social cues of immediacy on consumers’ information disclosure: a social cognitive approachCyberPsychol, Behav Soc Networking2011146337343
- WrenchJSPunyanuntNMAdvisee-advisor communication: an exploratory study examining interpersonal communication variables in the graduate advisee-advisor relationshipCommun Q2004523224236
- ErlandsonKStay out of my space! Territoriality and nonverbal immediacy as predictors of roommate satisfactionJ Coll Univ Student Housing20123824661
- GottliebRWienerMMehrabianAImmediacy, discomfort-relief quotient, and content in verbalizations about positive and negative experiencesJ Pers Soc Psychol1967732662746065854
- BurgoonJKHaleJLNonverbal expectancy violations: model elaboration and application to immediacy behaviorsCommun Monogr19885515879
- SandersJAWisemanRLMatzSIThe influence of gender on the uncertainty reduction strategies of disclosure, interrogation, and nonverbal immediacyPaper presented at: The meeting of the Western Speech Communication Association1989Spokane, WA
- HillCEGelsoCJChuiHTo be or not to be immediate with clients: the use and perceived effects of immediacy in psychodynamic/interpersonal psychotherapyPsychother Res20142429931523848833
- ClemenceAJFowlerJCGottdienerWHMicroprocess examination of therapeutic immediacy during a dynamic research interviewPsychotherapy201249331722181029
- KoermerCGoldsteinMFortsonDHow supervisors communicatively convey immediacy to subordinates: an exploratory qualitative investigationCommun Q1993413269281
- AhmedSMSBigelowBJA classroom demonstration of the immediacy principle using “Dear John” lettersJ Soc Psychol19941341129130
- GorhamJCohenSHMorrisTLFashion in the classroom II: instructor immediacy and attireCommun Res Rep19971411123
- LeeDLaRoseRThe impact of personalized social cues of immediacy on consumers’ information disclosure: a social cognitive approachCyberpsychol Behav Soc Networking2011146337343
- KrepsGLNeuhauserLArtificial intelligence and immediacy: designing health communication to personally engage consumers and providersPatient Educ Couns201392220521023683341
- StewartRABarracloughRAImmediacy and enthusiasm as separate dimensions of effective college teaching: a test of Lowman’s model on student evaluation of instruction and course gradesPaper presented at: The Annual Meeting of the Western Speech Communication Association1992Boise, ID
- LeeLASbarraDAMasonAELawRWAttachment anxiety, verbal immediacy, and blood pressure: results from a laboratory analog study following marital separationPers Relatsh201118228530121647240
- HaynesRBAcklooESahotaNMcDonaldHPYaoXInterventions for enhancing medication adherenceCochrane Database Syst Rev200822
- LiuYMalinJLDiamantALThindAMalyRCAdherence to adjuvant hormone therapy in low-income women with breast cancer: the role of provider‚ Äìpatient communicationBreast Cancer Res Treat2013137382983623263740
- SpinewineAClaeysCFoulonVChevalierPApproaches for improving continuity of care in medication management: a systematic reviewInt J Qual Health Care201325440341723639854
- WienerMMehrabianALanguage within Language: Immediacy, a Channel in Verbal CommunicationNew YorkAppleton-Century-Crofts1968