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Review

A Review of DNA Risk Alleles to Determine Epigenetic Repair of mRNA Expression to Prove Therapeutic Effectiveness in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Embracing “Precision Behavioral Management”

Kenneth Blum1 Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care, Division of Addiction Research & Education, Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA;2 Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary;3 Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH (IE), USA;4 Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA;5 Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-803XView further author information
ORCID Icon,
Bruce Steinberg6 Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USACorrespondence[email protected]
View further author information
,
Marjorie C Gondre-Lewis7 Developmental Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USAView further author information
,
David Baron1 Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care, Division of Addiction Research & Education, Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USAView further author information
,
Edward J Modestino6 Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7611-5144View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Rajendra D Badgaiyan8 Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA;9 Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA;10 Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5586-5114View further author information
ORCID Icon,
B William Downs11 Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA, USAView further author information
,
Debasis Bagchi11 Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA, USAView further author information
,
Raymond Brewer5 Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX, USAView further author information
,
Thomas McLaughlin12 Department of Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Medicine, Lawrence, MA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-0214View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Abdalla Bowirrat13 Adelson School of Medicine & Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, IsraelORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-0688View further author information
ORCID Icon &
Mark Gold14 Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USAView further author information
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Pages 2115-2134 | Published online: 17 Dec 2021

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