An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict the Intention and Practice of Nursing Staff Toward Physical Restraint Use in Long-Term Care Facilities: Structural Equation Modeling

References

• Population Reference Bareau. 2020 World population data sheet shows older populations growing, total fertility rates declining; 2018. Available from: https://www.prb.org/2020-world-population-data-sheet/. Accessed October 6, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics. 2019 Statistical communique of national economic and social development of the People’s Republic of China; 2020. Available from: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/202002/t20200228_1728913.html. Accessed October 6, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Feng Z, Hirdes JP, Smith TF, et al. Use of physical restraints and antipsychotic medications in nursing homes: a cross-national study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(10):1110–1118. doi:10.1002/gps.2232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu D, Kane RL, Shippee T, Lewis TM. Identifying consistent and coherent dimensions of nursing home quality: exploratory factor analysis of quality indicators. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(12):e259–e264. doi:10.1111/jgs.14562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleijlevens MH, Wagner LM, Capezuti E, Hamers JP. Physical restraints: consensus of a research definition using a modified delphi technique. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(11):2307–2310. doi:10.1111/jgs.14435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellenger EN, Ibrahim JE, Lovell JJ, Bugeja L. The nature and extent of physical restraint–related deaths in nursing homes: a systematic review. J Aging Health. 2018;30(7):1042–1061. doi:10.1177/0898264317704541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellenger E, Ibrahim JE, Bugeja L, Kennedy B. Physical restraint deaths in a 13-year national cohort of nursing home residents. Age Ageing. 2017;46(4):688–693. doi:10.1093/ageing/afw246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle NG, Engberg J. The health consequences of using physical restraints in nursing homes. Med Care. 2009;47(11):1164–1173. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181b58a69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DA. Documented, systematic and individualized communication with the attending physician for fall risk reduction/injury mitigation care planning. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(8):714–716. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.05.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Wing S, Chow Yeow L, Lin SKS. The effectiveness of physical restraints in reducing falls among adults in acute care hospitals and nursing homes: a systematic review. JBI Libr Syst Rev. 2012;10(5):307–351. doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2012-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Estevez-Guerra GJ, Farina-Lopez E, Nunez-Gonzalez E, Gandoy-Crego M, Calvo-Frances F, Capezuti EA. The use of physical restraints in long-term care in Spain: a multi-center cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):29. doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0421-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann H, Schorro E, Haastert B, Meyer G. Use of physical restraints in nursing homes: a multicentre cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15(1):129. doi:10.1186/s12877-015-0125-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinze C, Dassen T, Grittner U. Use of physical restraints in nursing homes and hospitals and related factors: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2012;21(7–8):1033–1040. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03931.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba Y, Yamamoto-Mitani N, Kawasaki M. A national survey of the use of physical restraint in long-term care hospitals in Japan. J Clin Nurs. 2012;21(9–10):1314–1326. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03971.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann H, Hahn S. Characteristics of nursing home residents and physical restraint: a systematic literature review. J Clin Nurs. 2014;23(21–22):3012–3024. doi:10.1111/jocn.12384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Liu W, Peng D, Xiao M, Zhao Q. The use of physical restraints in Chinese long-term care facilities and its risk factors: an observational and cross sectional study. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(10):2597–2609. doi:10.1111/jan.14486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staggs VS, Olds DM, Cramer E, Shorr RI. Nursing skill mix, nurse staffing level, and physical restraint use in US hospitals: a longitudinal study. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(1):35–41. doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3830-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollig G, Schmidt G, Rosland JH, Heller A. Ethical challenges in nursing homes – staff’s opinions and experiences with systematic ethics meetings with participation of residents’ relatives. Scand J Caring Sci. 2015;29(4):810–823. doi:10.1111/scs.12213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon MP, Desmartis M, Dipankui MT, Gagnon J, St-Pierre M. Alternatives to seclusion and restraint in psychiatry and in long-term care facilities for the elderly: perspectives of service users and family members. Patient. 2013;6(4):269–280. doi:10.1007/s40271-013-0023-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheepmans K, Milisen K, Vanbrabant K, Paquay L, Van Gansbeke H, Dierckx de Casterlé B. Factors associated with use of restraints on older adults with home care: a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2019;89:39–45. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng X, Zhu X, Pang X, Wang M, Yin X, Jiang Y. ICU nurses’ decision-making in physical restraint use: a qualitative study. J Nurs Sci. 2019;34(04):42–46. doi:10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2019.04.042
   Google Scholar
• Wang J, Liu W, Xiao M, Zhao Q. A qualitative study on practice of nursing staff toward physical restraint use in elder-care institutions based on the theory of planned behavior. J Nurs Sci. 2021;36(02):64–67. doi:10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2021.02.064
   Google Scholar
• Gjerberg E, Lillemoen L, Pedersen R, Forde R. Coercion in nursing homes: perspectives of patients and relatives. Nurs Ethics. 2016;23(3):253–264. doi:10.1177/0969733014564907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskandari F, Abdullah KL, Zainal NZ, Wong LP. Use of physical restraint: nurses’ knowledge, attitude, intention and practice and influencing factors. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(23–24):4479–4488. doi:10.1111/jocn.13778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Via-Clavero G, Sanjuan-Navais M, Romero-Garcia M, et al. Eliciting critical care nurses’ beliefs regarding physical restraint use. Nurs Ethics. 2019;26(5):1458–1472. doi:10.1177/0969733017752547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner P, Mendelsson G. Nursing staff members’ intentions to use physical restraints with older people: testing the theory of reasoned action. J Adv Nurs. 2001;35(5):784–791. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01911.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Via-Clavero G, Guardia-Olmos J, Gallart-Vive E, Arias-Rivera S, Castanera-Duro A, Delgado-Hito P. Development and initial validation of a theory of planned behaviour questionnaire to assess critical care nurses’ intention to use physical restraints. J Adv Nurs. 2019;75(9):2036–2049. doi:10.1111/jan.14046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Via-Clavero G, Guàrdia-Olmos J, Falcó-Pegueroles A, et al. Factors influencing critical care nurses’ intentions to use physical restraints adopting the theory of planned behaviour: a cross-sectional multicentre study. Aust Crit Care. 2020;33(5):426–435. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2019.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen. I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50(2):179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou H, Romero SB, Qin X. An extension of the theory of planned behavior to predict pedestrians’ violating crossing behavior using structural equation modeling. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;95(Pt B):417–424. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelis A, Pancani L, Steca P, et al. Testing an explanatory model of nurses’ intention to report adverse drug reactions in hospital settings. J Nurs Manag. 2017;25(4):307–317. doi:10.1111/jonm.12467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong C, Lin CY, Jalilolghadr S, Updegraff JA, Broström A, Pakpour AH. Sleep hygiene behaviours in Iranian adolescents: an application of the theory of planned behavior. J Sleep Res. 2018;27(1):23–31. doi:10.1111/jsr.12566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzaei N, Dehdari T, Taghdisi MH, Zare N. Development of an instrument based on the theory of planned behavior variables to measure factors influencing Iranian adults’ intention to quit waterpipe tobacco smoking. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:901–912. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S196417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopke S, Muhlhauser I, Gerlach A, et al. Effect of a guideline-based multicomponent intervention on use of physical restraints in nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307(20):2177–2184. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.4517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galaviz KI, Jauregui-Ulloa E, Fabrigar LR, Latimer-Cheung A, Lopez y Taylor J, Lévesque L. Physical activity prescription among Mexican physicians: a structural equation analysis of the theory of planned behaviour. Int J Clin Pract. 2015;69(3):375–383. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åstrøm AN, Lie SA, Gülcan F. Applying the theory of planned behavior to self-report dental attendance in Norwegian adults through structural equation modelling approach. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):95. doi:10.1186/s12903-018-0558-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen I, Fishbein M. The influence of attitudes on behavior. In: Albarracín BTJD, Zanna MP, editors. The Handbook of Attitudes. Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2005:173–221.
   Google Scholar
• Wang J, Liu WC, Zhao QH, Xiao MZ. Bibliometric analysis of the studies on physical restraints in nursing homes. J Nurs Train. 2020;35(13):1158–1163. doi:10.16821/j.cnki.hsjx.2020.13.002
   Google Scholar
• Kendall MG, Stuart A, Ord JK. Kendall’s advanced theory of statistics. v. 1: distribution theory. Technometrics. 1994;31(1):128.
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen I. Constructing a theory of planned behavior questionnaire; 2006. Available from: http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/tpb.htm. Accessed October 6, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Haut A, Kolbe N, Strupeit S, Mayer H, Meyer G. Attitudes of relatives of nursing home residents toward physical restraints. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2010;42(4):448–456. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01341.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu G, Qian X, Qi L, et al. The intention to undertake physical activity in pregnant women using the theory of planned behaviour. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(7):1647–1657. doi:10.1111/jan.14347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi JZ, Mo XK, Sun ZQ. Content validity index in scale development. J Cent South Univ. 2012;37(02):49–52. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7374.2002.02.07
   Google Scholar
• Zhou D. Detailed Explanations of Statistical Analysis and Graphical Expression Examples in Clinical Medical Research. Beijing, China. Beijing Science and Technology Press; 2018:331–363.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng R, Sun D. Psychometric validation. Beijing, China. Renmin University of China Press; 2013: 67–109.
   Google Scholar
• Suen KPL. Knowledge, attitude and practice of nursing home staff towards physical restraints in Hong Kong nursing homes. Asian J Nurs Stud. 1999;05(02):73–86.
   Google Scholar
• Steiger JH. Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;42(5):893–898. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccallum RC, Browne MW, Sugawara HM. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychol Methods. 1996;1(2):130–149. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kor PP, Kwan RYC, Liu JY, Lai C. Knowledge, practice, and attitude of nursing home staff toward the use of physical restraint: have they changed over time? J Nurs Scholarsh. 2018;50(5):502–512. doi:10.1111/jnu.12415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagozoglu S, Ozden D, Yildiz FT. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Turkish intern nurses regarding physical restraints. Clin Nurse Spec. 2013;27(5):262–271. doi:10.1097/NUR.0b013e3182a0baec
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan SH, Lu LC, Lan SJ, et al. Educational intervention on physical restraint use in long-term care facilities – systematic review and meta-analysis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2017;33(8):411–421. doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2017.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayerl H, Trummer T, Stolz E, Rásky É, Freidl W. Nursing professionals’ attitudes toward use of physical restraints in Styrian nursing homes (Austria). Pflege. 2019;32(1):57–63. doi:10.1024/1012-5302/a000649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohler R, Meyer G. Attitudes of nurses towards the use of physical restraints in geriatric care: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014;51(2):274–288. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong EH, Choi H, Evans LK. Staff perceptions of barriers to physical restraint-reduction in long-term care: a meta-synthesis. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(1–2):49–60. doi:10.1111/jocn.13418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goethals S, Dierckx de Casterlé B, Gastmans C. Nurses’ decision-making in cases of physical restraint: a synthesis of qualitative evidence. J Adv Nurs. 2012;68(6):1198–1210. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05909.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farina-Lopez E, Estevez-Guerra GJ, Gandoy-Crego M, Polo-Luque LM, Gomez-Cantorna C, Capezuti EA. Perception of Spanish nursing staff on the use of physical restraints. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2014;46(5):322–330. doi:10.1111/jnu.12087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamers JP, Meyer G, Kopke S, Lindenmann R, Groven R, Huizing AR. Attitudes of Dutch, German and Swiss nursing staff towards physical restraint use in nursing home residents, a cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(2):248–255. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang HC, Huang YT, Lin KC, Kuo YF. Risk factors associated with physical restraints in residential aged care facilities: a community-based epidemiological survey in Taiwan. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70(1):130–143. doi:10.1111/jan.12176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortteisto T, Kaila M, Komulainen J, Mäntyranta T, Rissanen P. Healthcare professionals’ intentions to use clinical guidelines: a survey using the theory of planned behaviour. Implement Sci. 2010;5(1):51. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin M, Elyasi M, Bohlouli B, ElSalhy M. Application of the theory of planned behavior to predict dental attendance and caries experience among children of newcomers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(19):3661. doi:10.3390/ijerph16193661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieverding M, Matterne U, Ciccarello L. What role do social norms play in the context of men’s cancer screening intention and behavior? Application of an extended theory of planned behavior. Health Psychol. 2010;29(1):72–81. doi:10.1037/a0016941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivis A, Sheeran P. Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analysis. Curr Psychol. 2003;22(3):218–233. doi:10.1007/s12144-003-1018-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko NY, Feng MC, Chiu DY, Wu MH, Feng JY, Pan SM. Applying theory of planned behavior to predict nurses’ intention and volunteering to care for SARS patients in southern Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2004;20(8):389–398. doi:10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70175-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ajzen I. The theory of planned behaviour: reactions and reflections. Psychol Health. 2011;26(9):1113–1127. doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.613995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mceachan RRC, Conner M, Taylor NJ, Lawton RJ. Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev. 2011;5(2):97–144. doi:10.1080/17437199.2010.521684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eun-Hi K, Lois KE. Nursing staff views of barriers to physical restraint reduction in nursing homes. Asian Nurs Res. 2012;6(4):173–180. doi:10.1016/j.anr.2012.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar