563
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Do Values Relate to Personality Traits and if so, in What Way? – Analysis of Relationships

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 511-527 | Published online: 03 May 2021

References

  • Higgs M, Lichtenstein S. Exploring the “jingle fallacy”: a study of personality and values. J Gen Manag. 2010;36(1):43–61. doi:10.1177/030630701003600103
  • Rokeach M. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press; 1973.
  • Rokeach M. From individual to institutional values: with special reference to the values of science. In: Rokeach M, editor. Understanding Human Values. New York: Free Press; 1979:47–70.
  • Schwartz SH. Individualism-collectivism. Critique and proposed refinements. J Cross Cult Psychol. 1990;21(2):139–157. doi:10.1177/0022022190212001
  • Schwartz SH. Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In: Zanna MP, editor. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (T. 25). Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1992:1–65.
  • Rohan MJ. A rose by any name? The values construct. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2000;4(3):255–277. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0403_4
  • Cieciuch J. Exploring the complicated relationship between values and behaviour. In: Roccas S, Sagiv L, editors. Values and Behavior. Taking a Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG; 2017:237–247. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56352-7_11
  • Skimina E, Cieciuch J, Fajkowska M. Explaining everyday behaviours and situational context by personality metatraits and higher-order values. Eur J Pers. 2020;34(1):29–59. doi:10.1002/per.2230
  • Schwartz SH. Value priorities and behavior: applying a theory of integrated value systems. In: Seligman C, Olson JM, Zanna MP, editors. The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium (T. 8). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1996:1–24.
  • Schwartz SH. A theory of cultural value orientations: explication and applications. Comp Sociol. 2006;5(2–3):136–182. doi:10.1163/156913306778667357
  • Schwartz SH. Studying values: personal adventure, future directions. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2011;42(2):307–319. doi:10.1177/0022022110396925
  • Fischer R, Schwartz SH. Whence differences in value priorities? Individual, cultural, or artifactual sources. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2011;42(7):1127–1144. doi:10.1177/0022022110381429
  • Fischer R. Personality, Values, Culture: An Evolutionary Approach. Culture and Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017. doi:10.1017/9781316091944
  • Cieciuch J, Schwartz SH. Values and human being. In: van Zomeren M, Dovidio JF, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Human Essence. Oxford: Oxford University; 2017.
  • Ponikiewska K, Cieciuch J, Strus W. In search of convergence between the main dimensions of interpersonal and basic human values in the context of personality traits. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;162:110003. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110003
  • Czerniawska M, Dolata E. Makiaweliści – dlaczego “prawie zawsze zwyciężają”? Psychologia Rozwojowa. 2004;9(1):105–118.
  • Czerniawska M, Dolata E. Osobowościowe uwarunkowania systemów wartości. Psychologia Rozwojowa. 2005;10(2):123–134.
  • Czerniawska M, Dolata E. Systemy wartości w kontekście zmiennych osobowościowych. Psychologia Rozwojowa. 2006;11(4):103–114.
  • Goldberg LR. The structure of phenotypic personality traits. Am Psychol. 1993;48(1):26–34. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26
  • McCrae RR, Costa PT Jr. A five-factor theory of personality. In: Pervin LA, Oliver P, editors. Handbook of Personality Theory and Research. New York: Guilford Press; 1999:139–153.
  • Dollinger SJ, Leong FT, Ulicni S. On traits and values: with special reference to openness to experience. J Res Pers. 1996;30(1):23–41. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1996.0002
  • Balliet D, Joireman J, Daniels D, George-Falvy J. Empathy and the Schwartz value system: a test of an integrated hypothesis. Individ Differ Res. 2008;6(5):269–279.
  • Caprara GV, Alessandri G, Eisenberg N. Prosociality: the contribution of traits, values, and self-efficacy beliefs. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2012;102(6):1289–1303. doi:10.1037/a0025626
  • Bilsky W, Schwartz SH. Values and personality. Eur J Pers. 1994;8(3):163–181. doi:10.1002/per.2410080303
  • Parks L, Guay RP. Personality, values, and motivation. Pers Individ Dif. 2009;47(7):675–684. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.002
  • Roccas S, Sagiv L, Schwartz SH, Knafo A. The Big Five personality factors and personal values. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2002;28(6):789–801. doi:10.1177/0146167202289008
  • Olver JM, Mooradian TA. Personality traits and personal values: a conceptual and empirical integration. Pers Individ Dif. 2003;35(1):109–125. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00145-9
  • Fetvadjiev VH, He J. The longitudinal links of personality traits, values, and well-being and self-esteem: a Five study of nationally representative sample. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2019;117(2):448–464. doi:10.1037/pspp0000212
  • Oleś P. Wartościowanie a Osobowość. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL; 1989.
  • Rim Y. Importance of values according to personality, intelligence, and sex. Pers Individ Dif. 1984;5(2):245–246. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(84)90058-8
  • Czerniawska M. Inteligencja a System Wartości. Białystok: Trans Humana; 1995.
  • Luk CL, Bond MH. Personality variation and values endorsement in Chinese university students. Pers Individ Dif. 1993;14(3):429–473. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90312-Q
  • Yik MSM, Tang CS. Linking personality and values: the importance of a culturally relevant personality scale. Pers Individ Dif. 1996;21(5):767–774. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00114-6
  • Herringer LG. Relating values and personality traits. Psychol Rep. 1998;83(3):953–954. doi:10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.953
  • Wolfradt U, Dalbert C. Personality, values, and belief in just world. Pers Individ Dif. 2003;35(8):61–73. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00040-0
  • Aluja A, Garcia LF. Relationships between Big Five personality factors and values. Soc Behav Pers. 2004;32(7):619–626. doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.7.619
  • De Raad B, Van Oudenhoven PJ. Factors values in the Dutch language and their relationship to factors of personality. Eur J Pers. 2008;22(2):81–108. doi:10.1002/per.667
  • Haslam N, Whelan J, Bastian B. Big Five traits mediate associations between values and subjective well-being. Pers Individ Dif. 2009;46(1):40–42. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.001
  • Sun P, Shang S. Personality traits and personal values of servant leaders. Leadership Org Dev J. 2019;40(2):177–192. doi:10.1108/LODJ-11-2018-0406
  • Parks-Leduc L, Feldman G, Bar A. Personality traits and personal values: a meta-analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2015;19(1):3–29. doi:10.1177/1088868314538548
  • Grankvist G, Kajonius P. Personality traits and values: a replication with a Swedish sample. Int J Pers Psychol. 2015;1(1):8–14.
  • Furnham A. Personality and values. Pers Individ Dif. 1984;5(4):483–485. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(84)90018-7
  • Saroglou V, Muñoz-García A. Individual differences in religion and spirituality: an issue of personality traits and/or values. J Sci Study Relig. 2008;47(1):83–101. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00393.x
  • Myyry L, Helkama K. University students’ value priorities and emotional empathy. Educ Psychol. 2001;21(1):25–40. doi:10.1080/01443410123128
  • Myyry L, Juujarvi S, Pesso K. Empathy, perspective taking and personal values as predictors of moral schemas. J Educ. 2010;39(2):213–233.
  • Persson BN, Petri J, Kajonius PJ. Empathy and universal values explicated by the empathy-altruism hypothesis. J Soc Psychol. 2016;156(6):610–619. doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1152212
  • Silfver M, Helkama K, Lonnqvist JE, Verkasalo M. The relation between value priorities and proneness quilt, shame, and empathy. Motiv Emot. 2008;32:69–80. doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9084-2
  • Markus H. Self-schemata and processing information about the self. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1977;35(2):63–78. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63
  • Kihlstrom JF, Cantor N. Mental representations self. In: Berkowitz L, editor. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1984:1–47.
  • Campbell JD, Trapnell PD, Heine SJ, Katz IM, Lavallee LF, Lehman DR. Self-concept clarity: measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70(1):141–156. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141
  • Campbell JD, Assanand S, Paula AD. The structure of the self-concept and its relation to psychological adjustment. J Pers. 2003;71(1):115–140. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00002
  • Crocetti E, Van Dijk MPA. Self-concept clarity. In: Levesque RJR, editor. Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016. Available from: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_808-1. Accessed April 14, 2021.
  • Campbell JD. Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990;59(3):538–549. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.538
  • Wu CH. The relationship between attachment style and self-concept clarity: the mediation effect of self-esteem. Pers Individ Dif. 2009;47:42–46. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.043
  • Light AE. Self-concept clarity, self-regulation, and psychological well-being. In: Lodi-Smith J, DeMarree KG, editors. Self-Concept Clarity: Perspectives on Assessment, Research, and Applications. Cham: Springer; 2017:177–193.
  • Baumeister RF. Understanding the inner nature of low self-esteem: uncertain, fragile, protective, and conflicted. In: Baumeister RF, editor. Self-Esteem: The Puzzle of Low Self-Regard. New York: Plenum; 1993:201–218.
  • Baumeister RF. The nature and structure of the self: an overview. In: Baumeister R, editor. The Self in Social Psychology. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press (Taylor & Francis); 1999:1–20.
  • Tice DM. The social motivations of people with low self-esteem. In: Baumeister RF, editor. Self-Esteem: The Puzzle of Low Self-Regard. New York: Plenum; 1993:37–54.
  • DeMarree KG, Rios K. Understanding the relationship between self-esteem and self-clarity: the role of desired self-esteem. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2014;50:202–209. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.003
  • Wong AE, Vallacher RR, Nowak A. Intrinsic dynamics of state self-esteem: the role of self-concept clarity. Pers Individ Dif. 2016;100:167–172. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.024
  • DeMarree KG, Bobrowski ME. Structure and validity of self-concept clarity measures. In: Lodi-Smith J, DeMarree KG, editors. Self-Concept Clarity: Perspectives on Assessment, Research, and Applications. Cham: Springer; 2017:1–17.
  • Lodi-Smith J, Crocetti E. Self-concept clarity across the lifespan. In: Lodi-Smith J, DeMarree KG, editors. Self-Concept Clarity: Perspectives on Assessment, Research, and Applications. Vol. 2017. Cham: Springer; 2017:67–84.
  • Krueger JI, Vohs KD, Baumeister RF. Is the allure of self-esteem a mirage after all? Am Psychol. 2008;63(1):64–65. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.1.64
  • Davis MH. Empathic concern and the muscular dystrophy telethon: empathy as multidimensional construct. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1983;9(2):223–229. doi:10.1177/0146167283092005
  • Davis MH. Empathy. A Social Psychological Approach. New York: Routledge; 1996.
  • Hoffman ML. Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In: Izard CE, Kagan J, Zajonc RB, editors. Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1984:103–131.
  • Batson CD. The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1991.
  • Batson CD. These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena. In: Decety J, Ickes W, editors. The Social Neuroscience of Empathy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2009:3–30.
  • Eisenberg N, Miller PA. The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behavior. Psychol Bull. 1987;101(1):91–119. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91
  • Eisenberg N, Eggum ND. Empathic responding: sympathy and personal distress. In: Decety J, Ickes W, editors. The Social Neuroscience of Empathy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2009:71–83.
  • Davis MD, Mitchell KV, Hall JA, Lothert J, Snapp T, Meyer M. Empathy, expectations, and situational preferences: personality influences on the decision to participate in volunteer helping behaviors. J Pers. 1999;67(3):469–501. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00062
  • Leith KP, Baumeister RF. Empathy, shame, guilt, and narratives of interpersonal conflicts: guilt-prone people are better at perspective taking. J Pers. 1998;66(1):1–37. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00001
  • Batson CD, Lishner DA, Stocks EL. The empathy-altruism hypothesis. In: Schroder DA, Graziano WG, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Prosocial Behavior. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2015:259–281.
  • Decety J, Meidenbauer KL, Cowell JM. The development of cognitive empathy and concern in preschool children: a behavioral neuroscience investigation. Dev Sci. 2018;21(3):1–12. doi:10.1111/desc.12570
  • McAuliffe WHB, Carter EC, Berhane J, Snihur AC, McCullough ME. Is empathy the default response to suffering? A Meta-analytic evaluation of perspective taking’s effect on empathic concern. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2020;24(2):141–162. doi:10.1177/1088868319887599
  • Knafo A, Uzefovsky F. Variation in empathy: the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. In: Legerstee M, Haley DW, Bornstein MH, editors. The Infant Mind: Origins of the Social Brain. New York: Guilford Press; 2013:97–122.
  • Uzefovsky F, Knafo‐Noam A. Empathy development throughout the life span. In: Sommerville JA, Decety J, editors. Social Cognition: Development Across the Life Span. New York: Routledge; 2017:71–97.
  • Davis MH, Luce C, Kraus SJ. The heritability of characteristics associated with dispositional empathy. J Pers. 1994;62(3):369–391. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00302.x
  • Eisenberg N, Fabes RA. Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. In: Clark MS, editor. Review of Personality and Social Psychology: Emotion and Social Behavior. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1992:119–150.
  • Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Murphy B, et al. The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66(4):776–797. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.776
  • Spinrad TL, Losoya SH. The relations of parental affect and encouragement to children’s moral emotions and behavior. J Moral Educ. 1999;28:323–338. doi:10.1080/030572499103115
  • Mikulincer M, Gillath O, Halevy V, Avihou N, Avidan S, Eshkoli N. Attachment theory and reactions to others’ needs: evidence that activation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responses. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001;81(6):1205–1224. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1205
  • Batson CD, Ahmad N, Stocks EL. Benefits and liabilities of empathy-induced altruism. In: Miller AG, editor. The Social Psychology of Good and Evil. New York: The Guilford Press; 2004:359–385.
  • Hoffman ML. Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511805851
  • Costa PT, McCrae RR. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Vocational Manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Ressources; 1992.
  • McCrae RR. The Five-Factor Model of personality traits: consensus and controversy. In: Corr P, Matthews G, editors. The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 2009:148–161.
  • McCrae RR, Costa PT Jr. Introduction to the empirical and theoretical status of the Five-Factor Model of personality traits. In: Widiger TA, Costa PT Jr, editors. Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality 3rd. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2013:15–27.
  • Graziano WG, Eisenberg N. Agreeableness: a dimension of personality. In: Hogan R, Johnson JA, Briggs SR, editors. Handbook of Personality Psychology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997:795–824.
  • Graziano WG, Habashi MM, Sheese BE, Tobin RM. Agreeableness, empathy, and helping: a person × situation perspective. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;93(4):583–599. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.583
  • Gleason KA, Jensen-Campbell LA, Richardson DS. Agreeableness as predictor of aggression in adolescence. Aggress Behav. 2004;30(1):43–61. doi:10.1002/ab.20002
  • Ode S, Robinson MD. Can agreeableness turn gray skies blue? A role for agreeableness in moderating neuroticism-linked dysphoria. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2009;28(4):436–462. doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.4.436
  • Realo A, Luik M. On the relationship between collectivism and empathy in the context of personality traits. Trames. 2002;6(56/51):218–233.
  • Del Barrio V, Aluja A, Garcia LF. Relationship between empathy and the Big Five personality traits in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Soc Behav. 2002;32(7):677–680. doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.7.677
  • Kalshoven K, Den Hartog D, De Hoogh A. Ethical leader behavior and Big Five factors of personality. J Bus Ethics. 2011;100(2):349–366. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0685-9
  • Chowdhury MS, Amin MN. Personality and students’ academic achievement: interactive effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on students’ performance in principles of economics. Soc Behav Pers. 2006;34(4):381–388. doi:10.2224/sbp.2006.34.4.381
  • Ray JJ. Authoritarianism, dominance and assertiveness. J Pers Assess. 1981;45(4):390–397. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4504_8
  • Brzozowski P. Skala Dyrektywności Johna. J. Raya. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego; 1997.
  • Ray JJ. Authoritarian tolerance. J Soc Psychol. 1980;111:303–304.
  • Ray JJ. Authoritarianism and hostility. J Soc Psychol. 1980;112:307–308. doi:10.1080/00224545.1980.9924335
  • Pratto F, Sidanius J, Stallworth LM, Malle BF. Social dominance orientation: a personality variable predicting social political attitudes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;67(4):741–763. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741
  • Madison G, Aasa U, Wallert J, Woodley MA. Feminist activist women are masculinized in terms of digit-ratio and social dominance: a possible explanation for the feminist paradox. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1011. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01011
  • Sidanius J, Pratto F. Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
  • Ray JJ. Achievement motivation as source of racism, conservatism and authoritarianism. J Soc Psychol. 1984;123(1):21–28. doi:10.1080/00224545.1984.9924509
  • Paulhus DL, Williams KM. The Dark Triad of personality: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. J Res Pers. 2002;36(6):556–563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
  • Jonason PK, Strosser GL, Kroll CH, Duineveld JJ, Baruffi SA. Valuing myself over others: the Dark Triad traits and moral and social values. Pers Individ Dif. 2015;81:102–106. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.045
  • Moor L, Anderson JR. A systematic literature review of the relationship between dark personality traits and antisocial online behaviours. Pers Individ Dif. 2019;144:40–55. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.027
  • Christie R, Geis F. Studies in Machiavellism. New York: Academic Press; 1970.
  • Fehr B, Samsom D, Paulhus DL. The construct of Machiavellianism. Twenty years later. In: Spielberger CD, Butcher JN, editors. Advances in Personality Assessment. T. 9. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1992:77–116.
  • Jones DN, Paulhus DL. Machiavellianism. In: Leary MR, Hoyle RH, editors. Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2011:93–108.
  • Drwal R, Brzozowski P. Skala Makiawelizmu (Mach V) R. Christiego i F.L. Geis; problemy rzetelności i trafności. In: Drwal RŁ, editor. Adaptacja Kwestionariuszy Osobowości. Warszawa: PWN; 1995:184–196.
  • McHoskey JW, Worzel W, Szyarto C. Machiavellianism and psychopathy. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(1):192–210. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.192
  • Shepperd JA, Socherman RE. On the manipulative behavior of low Machiavellians: feigning incompetence to “sandbag” an opponent’s effort. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;72(6):1448–1459. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1448
  • Wiggins JS, Broughton R. The interpersonal circle: a structural model for the integration of personality research. In: Hogan R, Jones WH, editors. Perspectives in Personality, (T. 1). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1985:1–47.
  • Gunnthorsdottir A, McCabe K, Smith V. Using the Machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game. J Econ Psychol. 2002;23(1):49–66. doi:10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00067-8
  • Wilson DS, Near D, Miller RR. Machiavellianism: a synthesis of evolutionary and psychological literatures. Psychol Bull. 1996;119(2):285–299. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.285
  • Czibor A, Vincze O, Bereczkei T. Feelings and motives underlying Machiavellian behavioural strategies: narrative reports in a social dilemma situation. Int J Psychol. 2014;49(6):519–524. doi:10.1002/ijop.12077
  • Austin EJ, Farrelly D, Black C, Moore H. Emotional intelligence, Machiavellianism and emotional manipulation: does EI have a dark side? Pers Individ Dif. 2007;43(1):179–189. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.019
  • Kuyumcu D, Dahling JJ. Constraints for some, opportunities for others? Interactive and indirect effects of machiavellianism and organizational constraints on task performance ratings. J Bus Psychol. 2014;29(2):301–310. doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9314-9
  • Kajonius PJ, Persson BN, Jonason PK. Hedonism, achievement, and power: universal values that characterize the Dark Triad. Pers Individ Dif. 2015;77:173–178. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.055
  • Triandis HC, Bontempo R, Villareal MJ, Asai M, Lucce N. Individualism and collectivism: cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54(2):323–338. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.323
  • Pervin LA. The Science of Personality. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003.
  • Cervone D. Personality architecture: within-person structures and processes. Ann Rev Psychol. 2005;56(1):423–452. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070133
  • Brzozowski P. Skala Wartości (SW). Polska Adaptacja Value Survey M. Rokeacha. Warszawa: Wydział Psychologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego; 1989.
  • Czerniawska M. Zmiany Wartości i Postaw Młodzieży w Okresie Przeobrażeń Ustrojowych - Kolektywizm versus Indywidualizm. Studium Interdyscyplinarne. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Białostockiej; 2010.
  • Węgliński A. Trafność Kwestionariusza Rozumienia Empatycznego Innych Ludzi. In: Drwal R, editor. Techniki Kwestionariuszowe w Diagnostyce Psychologicznej. Lublin: UMCS; 1987:63–80.
  • Zawadzki B, Strelau J, Szczepaniak P, Śliwińska M. Inwentarz Osobowości NEO-FFI Costy i McCrae. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego; 1998.
  • Pozzebon J Personality traits and personal values: an investigation into the importance of each in the prediction of behavior [Julie Pozzebon Master Thesis]. Department of Psychology Brock University; 2006.