Fear of Childbirth and Associated Risk Factors in Healthy Pregnant Women in Northwest of China: A Cross-Sectional Study

References

• Fenwick J, Gamble J, Nathan E, Bayes S, Hauck Y. Pre- and postpartum levels of childbirth fear and the relationship to birth outcomes in a cohort of Australian women. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(5):667–677. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02568.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin P, Begley CM, Devane D. Women’s experiences of labour and birth: an evolutionary concept analysis. Midwifery. 2009;25(2):e49–e59. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2007.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson C, Lundgren I. Women’s lived experience of fear of childbirth. Midwifery. 2009;25(2):e1–e9. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2007.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomonsson B, Gullberg MT, Alehagen S, Wijma K. Self-efficacy beliefs and fear of childbirth in nulliparous women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2013;34(3):116–121. doi:10.3109/0167482X.2013.824418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenwick J, Toohill J, Creedy DK, Smith J, Gamble J. Sources, responses and moderators of childbirth fear in Australian women: a qualitative investigation. Midwifery. 2015;31(1):239–246. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2014.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher C, Hauck Y, Fenwick J. How social context impacts on women’s fears of childbirth: a Western Australian example. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(1):64–75. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Areskog B, Kjessler B, Uddenberg N. Identification of women with significant fear of childbirth during late pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1982;13(2):98–107. doi:10.1159/000299490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar M, Wijma K, Wijma B. Relations between anxiety disorders and fear of childbirth during late pregnancy. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2002;9(2):122–130. doi:10.1002/cpp.305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saisto T, Halmesmäki E. Fear of childbirth: a neglected dilemma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003;82(3):201–208. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0412.2003.00114.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toohill J, Creedy DK, Gamble J, Fenwick J. A cross-sectional study to determine utility of childbirth fear screening in maternity practice – an Australian perspective. Women Birth. 2015;28(4):310–316. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2015.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna-Leena Melender R. Experiences of fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth: a Study of 329 pregnant women. Birth. 2002;29(2):101–111. doi:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00170.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll K, Edmonds JK, Hall WA. Fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean delivery among young American women before childbirth: a Survey Study. Birth. 2015;42(3):270–276. doi:10.1111/birt.12178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell MA, Leahy-Warren P, Khashan AS, Kenny LC, O’Neill SM. Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96(8):907–920. doi:10.1111/aogs.13138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderquist J, Wijma B, Thorbert G, Wijma K. Risk factors in pregnancy for post-traumatic stress and depression after childbirth. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;116(5):672–680. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02083.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Halmesmäki E, Saisto T. Fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age and obstetric history. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;116(7):1005–1006. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02154.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Räisänen S, Lehto S, Nielsen H, Gissler M, Kramer M, Heinonen S. Fear of childbirth in nulliparous and multiparous women: a population-based analysis of all singleton births in Finland in 1997–2010. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;121(8):965–970. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe NK. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2000;21(4):219–224. doi:10.3109/01674820009085591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanglakmankhong K, Perrin NA, Lowe NK. Childbirth self-efficacy inventory and childbirth attitudes questionnaire: psychometric properties of Thai language versions. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(1):193–203. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05479.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bergh BRH, Mulder EJH, Mennes M, Glover V. Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005;29(2):237–258. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Zhou MF, Wan YP. Study on the current situation and influencing factors of pregnant women’s fear of childbirth in late pregnancy. J Nurs Adm. 2020;20(11):768–773.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng DD, Zhou LH, Wu XL, Wang LP. Fear of childbirth in primiparas during the late stages of pregnancy and its influencing factors. Matern Child Health Care China. 2018;33(15):3525–3528.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao SQ, Liu F, Huang YL, Wang JJ, Li N, Fang YC. Risk factors of fear of childbirth based on decision tree model and logistic regression model. J Nurs. 2020;27(18):1–5. doi:10.16460/j.issn1008-9969.2020.18.001
   Google Scholar
• Lowe NI. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nuiiiparous pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2000;(December). doi:10.3109/01674820009085591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kish JA. The Development of Maternal Confidence for Labor Among Nulliparous Pregnant Women [Doctoral dissertation]. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Harman P. Fear of Childbirth and related incidence of complications in labor and delivery, In: The 33rd Annual Meeting of the American College Nurse-Midwives; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Wei J, Liu JY, Wu YP. Investigation of fear of childbirth and its influencing factors. J Nurs Sci. 2016;31:86–89.
   Google Scholar
• Chen CH, Chen HM, Huang TH. Stressors associated with pregnancy as perceived by pregnant women during three trimesters. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1989;5(9):505–509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang ZJ. Manuals of Behavioral Medicine Measure [In Chinese]. Chinese Medical Electrical Publisher; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30–41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Jiang QJ, Ren WH. Coping style, social support, and psychosomatic symptoms in patients with cancer. Chin Ment Health J. 1996;10:160–161.
   Google Scholar
• Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150(6):782–786. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray D, Cox JL. Screening for depression during pregnancy with the edinburgh depression scale (EDDS). J Reprod Infant Psychol. 1990;8(2):99–107. doi:10.1080/02646839008403615
   Google Scholar
• Lee DTS, Yip SK, Chiu HFK, et al. Detecting postnatal depression in Chinese women. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172(5):433–437. doi:10.1192/bjp.172.5.433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao LL, Liu XJ, Fu BL, Xie W. Predictors of childbirth fear among pregnant Chinese women: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Midwifery. 2015;31(9):865–870. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2015.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilera-Martín Á, Gálvez-Lara M, Blanco-Ruiz M, García-Torres F. Psychological, educational, and alternative interventions for reducing fear of childbirth in pregnant women: a systematic review. J Clin Psychol. 2021;77(3):525–555. doi:10.1002/jclp.23071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghaddam Hosseini V, Nazarzadeh M, Jahanfar S. Interventions for reducing fear of childbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Women Birth. 2018;31(4):254–262. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2017.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akgün M, Boz İ, Özer Z. The effect of psychoeducation on fear of childbirth and birth type: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2020;41(4):253–265. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2019.1689950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Shangguan FF, Zheng RM, Shen YQ, Xu W. Mediating effect of childbirth self-efficacy between pregnant women’s mindfulness level and fear of childbirth. Chin J Behav Med Brain Sci. 2019;9:783–787.
   Google Scholar
• Saisto T, Ylikorkala O, Halmesmäki E. Factors associated with fear of delivery in second pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94(5 Pt 1):679–682. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00413-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins NL, Dunkel-Schetter C, Lobel M, Scrimshaw SC. Social support in pregnancy: psychosocial correlates of birth outcomes and postpartum depression. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993;65(6):1243–1258. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.6.1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner RJ, Grindstaff CF, Phillips N, Social support and outcome in teenage pregnancy. J Health Soc Behav. 1990;31(1):43–57. doi:10.2307/2137044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Q, Zhang SY. Research progress on the psychological states of pregnant women. J Nurs. 2009;16(18):25–27.
   Google Scholar
• Lu H, Zhen XX. Social support and postpartum depression among primiparas. Chin J Nurs. 2001;36(10):731–733.
   Google Scholar
• Størksen HT, Garthus-Niegel S, Adams SS, Vangen S, Eberhard-Gran M. Fear of childbirth and elective caesarean section: a Population-Based Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15(1):221. doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0655-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard-Gran M, Slinning K, Eskild A. Fear during labor: the impact of sexual abuse in adult life. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;29(4):258–261. doi:10.1080/01674820802075998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen M, Hedegaard M, Johansen C. Fear of childbirth: predictors and temporal changes among nulliparous women in the Danish national birth cohort. BJOG an Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;115(3):354–360. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01583.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zhou YB, Li HT, et al. Secular trends of institutional delivery rate in China from 1996 to 2015. Natl Med J China. 2017;97(17):1337–1342.
   Google Scholar
• Li X, Wang F, Zhao J, Liu S, Jia XY. Analysis on the situation of county-level MCH organs training basic health institutions—based on the system model of training and developing human resources. Chin Prim Health Care. 2018;32(10):20–21,43.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang HM, Wu AQ. Research progress on psychosomatic disorders during the perinatal period. In: Foreign Medical Sciences. 2004:25–29.
   Google Scholar
• Kristina Hofberg MW. Psychological Challenges in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Pawson JCE, editor. 2007
   Google Scholar
• Toohill J, Fenwick J, Gamble J, Creedy DK. Prevalence of childbirth fear in an Australian sample of pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14(1):275. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokić-Begić N, Žigić L, Nakić Radoš S. Anxiety and anxiety sensitivity as predictors of fear of childbirth: different patterns for nulliparous and parous women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2014;35(1):22–28. doi:10.3109/0167482X.2013.866647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukasse M, Schei B, Ryding EL. Prevalence and associated factors of fear of childbirth in six European countries. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2014;5(3):99–106. doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2014.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar