The Complex Nature of School Violence: Attitudes Toward Aggression, Empathy and Involvement Profiles in Violence

References

• Spain. Royal decree 1105/2014, of 26 December, setting the basic curriculum for obligatory secondary education (middle school) and bachillerato (high school). Boletín Oficial del Estado; January 3, 2015. 169–546.
   Google Scholar
• Beharie N, Scheidell JD, Quinn K, et al. Associations of adolescent exposure to severe violence with substance use from adolescence into adulthood: direct versus indirect exposures. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(2):191–202. doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1495737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J, Yu C, Bao Z, et al. Deviant peer affiliation as an explanatory mechanism in the association between corporal punishment and physical aggression: a longitudinal study among Chinese adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2017;45(8):1537–1551. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0259-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoef R, Alsem SC, Verhulp EE, De Castro BO. Hostile intent attribution and aggressive behavior in children revisited: a meta-analysis. Child Dev. 2019;90(5):e525–e547. doi:10.1111/cdev.13255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levkova I. Influence of parental messages on the aggressiveness of teenagers. J Educ Cult Soc. 2018;1(1):50–63. doi:10.15503/jecs20181.50.63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Y, Yu C, Lin S, Lu J, Liu Y, Zhang W. Parental psychological control and adolescent aggressive behavior: deviant peer affiliation as a mediator and school connectedness as a moderator. Front Psychol. 2019;10:358. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair RJ. The neurobiology of impulsive aggression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26(1):4–9. doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicent M, Inglés CJ, Sanmartín R, Gonzálvez C, García-Fernández JM. Aggression profiles in the Spanish child population: differences in perfectionism, school refusal and affect. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12:12. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denson TF, DeWall CN, Finkel EJ. Self-control and aggression. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2012;21(1):20–25. doi:10.1177/0963721411429451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girard LC, Tremblay RE, Nagin D, Côté SM. Development of aggression subtypes from childhood to adolescence: a group-based multi-trajectory modelling perspective. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019;47(5):825–838. doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0488-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Fuentes MC, Molero MM, Carrión JJ, Mercader I, Gázquez JJ. Sensation-seeking and impulsivity as predictors of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1447. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrangham RW. Two types of aggression in human evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:245–253. doi:10.1073/pnas.1713611115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babcock JC, Tharp ALT, Sharp C, Heppner W, Stanford MS. Similarities and differences in impulsive/premeditated and reactive/proactive bimodal classifications of aggression. Aggress Violent Behav. 2014;19(3):251–262. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espejo T, Chacón R, Zurita F, Castro M. Victimización en edad escolar desde la perspectiva de la actividad física. Sportis. Sports Sci J. 2016;2(3):379–389. doi:10.17979/sportis.2016.2.3.1729
   Google Scholar
• Chan KL. Victimization and poly-victimization among school-aged Chinese adolescents: prevalence and associations with health. Prev Med. 2018;56(3–4):207–210. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivers I, Noret N. Potential suicide ideation and its association with observing bullying at school. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(1):S32–S36. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.10.279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodway C, Tham SG, Ibrahim S, et al. Suicide in children and young people in England: a consecutive case series. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(8):751–759. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30094-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Abrio A, Martínez-Ferrer B, Sánchez-Sosa JC, Musitu G. A psychosocial analysis of relational aggression in Mexican adolescents. Psicothema. 2019;31(1):88–93. doi:10.7334/psicothema2018.151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cava MJ, Buelga S, Musitu G, Murgui S. School violence between adolescents and their implications in the psychosocial adjustment: a Longitudinal Study. Rev Psicodidáctica. 2010;15:21–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro RP, Medeiros ED, Pimentel CE, Soares AK, Medeiros HA, Gouveia VV. Valores humanos e bullying: idade e sexo moderam essa relação? Tenden Psicol. 2017;25:1317–1328. doi:10.9788/tp2017.3-18en
   Google Scholar
• Zych I, Beltrán-Catalán M, Ortega-Ruiz R, Llorent VJ. Social and emotional competencies in adolescents involved in different bullying and cyberbullying roles. Rev Psicodidact. 2018;23(2):86–93. doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2017.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe D, Farrington DP, Roesch SC. Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables? J Adolesc. 2011;34(1):59–71. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gázquez J, Pérez-Fuentes M, Carrión J, Luque de la Rosa A, Molero M. Interpersonal value profiles and analysis to adolescent behavior and social attitudes. Rev Psicodidac. 2015;20(2):321–337. doi:10.1387/RevPsicodidact.12978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins N, Myers L, Kuehl T, Bauman A, Hertz M. Connecting the dots: state health department approaches to addressing shared risk and protective factors across multiple forms of violence. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2018;24(Suppl 1):S32–S41. doi:10.1097/PHH.0000000000000669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Qian D, Gao X. Adolescent aggression and violent video games: the role of moral disengagement and parental rearing patterns. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;118:105370. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher BS, Coker AL, Garcia LS, Williams CL, Clear ER, Cook-Craig PG. Statewide estimates of stalking among high-school students in Kentucky: demographic profile and sex differences. Violence Against Women. 2014;20(10):1258–1279. doi:10.1177/1077801214551574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Fuentes MC, Molero MM, Barragán AB, Gázquez JJ. Family functioning, emotional intelligence, and values: analysis of the relationship with aggressive behavior in adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(3):478. doi:10.3390/ijerph16030478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zych I, Viejo C, Vila E, Farrington DP. School bullying and dating violence in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2021;22(2):397–412. doi:10.1177/1524838019854460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans C, Smokowski PR, Rose RA, Mercado MC, Marshall KJ. Cumulative bullying experiences, adolescent behavioral and mental health, and academic achievement: an integrative model of perpetration, victimization, and bystander behavior. J Child Fam Stud. 2018;27. doi10.1007/s10826-018-1078-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamby S, Weber MC, Grych J, Banyard V. What difference do bystanders make? The association of bystander involvement with victim outcomes in a community sample. Psychol Violence. 2016;6(1):91–102. doi:10.1037/a0039073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillis S, Mercy J, Amobi A, Kress H. Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics. 2016;137(3):e20154079. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebst LS, Philpot R, Bernasco W, et al. Social relations and presence of others predict bystander intervention: evidence from violent incidents captured on CCTV. Aggress Behav. 2019;45(6):598–609. doi:10.1002/ab.21853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman S, Yoon J, Iurino C, Hacckett L. Experiences of adolescent witnesses to peer victimization: the bystander effect. J Sch Psychol. 2020;80:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2020.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuevas MC, Marmolejo MA. Observadores: un rol determinante en el acoso escolar. Pensam Psicol. 2016;14:89–102. doi:10.11144/Javerianacali.PPSI14-1.orda
   Google Scholar
• Juárez P. Screening for violent tendencies in adolescents. In: Morelli V, editor. Adolescent Health Screening: An Update in the Age of Big Data. Elsevier; 2019:115–134.
   Google Scholar
• Lynn K, Boswell C, Zheng J. Causes and consequences of social exclusion and peer rejection among children and adolescents. Rep Emot Behav Disord Youth. 2017;17(3):71–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zulauf CA, Sokolovsky AW, Grabell AS, Olson SL. Early risk pathways to physical versus relational peer aggression: the interplay of externalizing behavior and corporal punishment varies by child sex. Aggress Behav. 2018;44(2):209–220. doi:10.1002/ab.21744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers CJ, Bierman KL; Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. . The multifaceted impact of peer relations on aggressive-disruptive behavior in early elementary school. Dev Psychol. 2013;49(6):1174–1186. doi:10.1037/a0028400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henneberger AK, Coffman DL, Gest SD. The effect of having aggressive friends on aggressive behavior in childhood: using propensity scores to strengthen causal inference. Soc Dev. 2017;26(2):295–309. doi:10.1111/sode.12186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey E, Garandeau CF, Meeus W, Branje S. The longitudinal role of self-concept clarity and best friend delinquency in adolescent delinquent behavior. J Youth Adolesc. 2019;48(6):1068–1081. doi:10.1007/s10964-019-00997-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malti T, McDonald K, Rubin KH, Rose-Krasnor L, Booth-LaForce C. Developmental trajectories of peer-reported aggressive behavior: the role of friendship understanding, friendship quality, and friends’ aggressive behavior. Psychol Violence. 2015;5(4):402–410. doi:10.1037/a0039685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuadros O, Berger C. The protective role of friendship quality on the wellbeing of adolescents victimized by peers. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45(9):1877–1888. doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0504-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caravita S, Blasio PD, Salmivalli C. Early adolescents’ participation in bullying: is ToM involved? J Early Adolesc. 2010;30(1):138–170. doi:10.1177/0272431609342983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo MV, Jiménez L, López-Verdugo I, Lorence B, Sánchez J. Family education and support program for families at psychosocial risk: the role of implementation process. Psychosoc Interv. 2016;25(2):79–85. doi:10.1016/j.psi.2016.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Ruiz D, Estévez E, Jiménez TI, Murgui S. Parenting style and reactive and proactive adolescent violence: evidence from Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):2634. doi:10.3390/ijerph15122634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Martínez V, Sanz-Barbero B, Ferrer-Cascales R, et al. The role of social support in machismo and acceptance of violence among adolescents in Europe. lights violence baseline results. J Adolesc Health. 2020;In Press. doi10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labella MH, Ann S, Masten AS. Family influences in the development of aggression and violence. Curr Opin Psychol. 2018;19:11–16. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozer EJ, Lavi I, Douglas L, Wolf JP. Protective factors for youth exposed to violence in their communities: a review of family, school, and community moderators. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2017;46(3):353–378. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1046178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez TI, Estévez E. School aggression in adolescence: examining the role of individual, family and school variables. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2017;17(3):251–260. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom-Johnson SR, Finigan NM, Bradshaw CP, Haynie DL, Cheng TL. Examining the link between neighborhood context and parental messages to their adolescent children about violence. J Adolesc Health. 2011;49(1):58–63. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Fernández A, Antonio-Agirre I, Ramos-Díaz E, Rebolledo-Rebolledo L. The role of affect-communication and rule setting in perceived family support and school adjustment. Eur J Educ Psychol. 2020;13:5–18. doi:10.30552/ejep.v13i1.288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tur-Porcar AM, Doménech A, Mestre V. Family linkages and social inclusion. Predictors of prosocial behavior in childhood. An Psicol Spain. 2018;34(2):340–348. doi:10.6018/analesps.34.2.308151
   Google Scholar
• Gallego R, Novo M, Fariña F, Arce R. Child-to-parent violence and parent-to-child violence: a meta-analytic review. Eur J Psychol Appl Leg. 2019;11(2):51–59. doi:10.5093/ejpalc2019a4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo TW, Cheng C. Predicting effects of the self and contextual factors on violence: a comparison between school students and youth offenders in Macau. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:258. doi:10.3390/ijerph15020258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsaousis I. The relationship of self-esteem to bullying perpetration and peer victimization among schoolchildren and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Aggress Violent Behav. 2016;31:186–199. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrín O, Maneiro L, Sobral J, Gómez-Fraguela JA. Longitudinal effects of parenting mediated by deviant peers on violent and non-violent antisocial behaviour and substance use in adolescence. Eur J Psychol Appl Leg. 2019;11(1):23–32. doi:10.5093/ejpalc2018a12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez TI, Estévez E, Velilla CM, Martín-Albo J, Martínez ML. Family communication and verbal child-to-parent violence among adolescents: the mediating role of perceived stress. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(22):4538. doi:10.3390/ijerph16224538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez-Relinque C, Del Moral G, León-Moreno C, Callejas JE. Child-to-parent violence: which parenting style is more protective? A study with Spanish adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(8):1320. doi:10.3390/ijerph16081320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meter DJ, Ehrenreich SE, Underwood MK. Relations between parent psychological control and parent and adolescent social aggression. J Child Fam Stud. 2019;28(1):140–151. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1240-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su W, Mrug S, Windle M. Social cognitive and emotional mediators link violence exposure and parental nurturance to adolescent aggression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39(6):814–824. doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.517163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arufe-Giráldez V, Zurita-Ortega F, Padial-Ruz R, Castro-Sánchez M. Association between level of empathy, attitude towards physical education and victimization in adolescents: a multi-group structural equation analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(13):2360. doi:10.3390/ijerph16132360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Monteagudo MC, Delgado B, García-Fernández JM, Rubio E. Cyberbullying, aggressiveness, and emotional intelligence in adolescence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(24):5079. doi:10.3390/ijerph16245079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe D, Farrington DP. Development and validation of the basic empathy scale. J Adolesc. 2006;29(4):589–611. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euler F, Steinlin C, Stadler C. Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11(1):1. doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0141-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann T, Toz E, Brandon M. Just a game? Unjustified virtual violence produces guilt in empathetic players. Media Psychol. 2010;13(4):339–363. doi:10.1080/15213269.2010.524912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-garcía D, Núñez J, García T, Barreiro-Collazo A. Individual, family, and community predictors of cyber-aggression among adolescents. Eur J Psychol Appl Leg. 2018;10:79–88. doi:10.5093/ejpalc2018a8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espejo-Siles R, Zych I, Farrington DP, Llorent VJ. Moral disengagement, victimization, empathy, social and emotional competencies as predictors of violence in children and adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;118:105337. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachon DD, Lynam DR. Fixing the problem with empathy: development and validation of the affective and cognitive measure of empathy. Assessment. 2016;23(2):1–15. doi:10.1177/1073191114567941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richaud MC, Mesurado B. Las emociones positivas y la empatía como promotores de las conductas prosociales e inhibidores de las conductas agresivas [Positive emotions and empathy as promoters of prosocial behaviors and inhibitors of aggressive behaviors]. Acción Psicol. 2016;13(2):31–41. doi:10.5944/ap.13.2.17808. Galician.
   Google Scholar
• Zych I, Gómez-Ortiz O, Touceda LF, Nasaescu E, Llorent VJ. Parental moral disengagement induction as a predictor of bullying and cyberbullying: mediation by children’s moral disengagement, moral emotions, and validation of a questionnaire. Child Indic Res. 2020;13(3):1065–1083. doi:10.1007/s12187-019-09670-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zych I, Ttofi MM, Farrington DP. Empathy and callous–unemotional traits in different bullying roles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2019;20(1):3–21. doi:10.1177/1524838016683456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Lissa CJ, Hawk ST, Branje S, Koot HM, Meeus WHJ. Common and unique associations of adolescents’ affective and cognitive empathy development with conflict behavior towards parents. J Adolesc. 2016;47:60–70. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg N, Eggum ND, Di Giunta L. Empathy-related responding: associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Soc Issues Policy Rev. 2010;4(1):143–180. doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01020.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boele S, Van der Graaff J, de Wied M, Van der Valk IE, Crocetti E, Branje S. Linking parent-child and peer relationship quality to empathy in adolescence: a multilevel meta-analysis. J Youth Adolesc. 2019;48(6):1033–1055. doi:10.1007/s10964-019-00993-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell AD, Meyer AL, White KS. Evaluation of responding in peaceful and positive ways (RIPP): a school-based prevention program for reducing violence among urban adolescents. J Clin Child Psychol. 2001;30(4):451–463. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orpinas P, Murray N, Kelder S. Parental influences on students’ aggressive behaviors and weapon carrying. Health Educ Behav. 1999;26(6):774–787. doi:10.1177/109019819902600603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis MH. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS. 1980;10:85.
   Google Scholar
• Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983;44(1):113–126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestre V, Frías MD, Samper P. La medida de la empatía: análisis del interpersonal reactivity index [The measure of empathy: analysis of the interpersonal reactivity index]. Psicothema. 2004;16:255–260. Italian.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healey ML, Grossman M. Cognitive and affective perspective-taking: evidence for shared and dissociable anatomical substrates. Front Neurol. 2018;9:491. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman L, Rousseeuw PJ. Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience; 1990.
   Google Scholar