2,017
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Teachers’ Mental Health and Self-Reported Coping Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ecuador: A Mixed-Methods Study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 933-944 | Published online: 02 Jul 2021

References

  • World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed June 22, 2021.
  • Sahu P. Closure of universities due to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus. 2020;2019(4):4–9. doi:10.7759/cureus.7541
  • Ramij M, Sultana A. Preparedness of online classes in developing countries amid COVID-19 outbreak: a perspective from Bangladesh. SSRN Electron J. 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3638718
  • Purwanto A, Asbari M, Fahlevi M, et al. Impact of work from home (WFH) on Indonesian teachers performance during the Covid-19 pandemic: an exploratory study. Int J Adv Sci Technol. 2020;29(5):6235–6244.
  • UNICEF. La falta de igualdad en el acceso a la educación a distancia en el contexto de la COVID-19 podría agravar la crisis mundial del aprendizaje [Inequality in the acces of education during COVID-19 pandemic might aggravate global learnig crisis]; 2020. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/es/comunicados-prensa/falta-igualdad-acceso-educacion-distancia-podria-agravar-crisis-aprendizaje. Accessed June 22, 2021.
  • González-Sanguino C, Ausín B, Castellanos MÁ, et al. Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87(May):172–176. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
  • Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55–64. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
  • Le HT, Lai AJX, Sun J, et al. Anxiety and depression among people under the nationwide partial lockdown in Vietnam. Front Public Health. 2020;8(October):1–8. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.589359
  • Wang C, Chudzicka-Czupała A, Tee ML, et al. A chain mediation model on COVID-19 symptoms and mental health outcomes in Americans, Asians and Europeans. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85943-7
  • Wang C, Tee M, Roy AE, et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of Asians: a study of seven middle-income countries in Asia. PLoS One. 2021;16(Febuary):1–20. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246824
  • Tran BX, Nguyen HT, Le HT, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on economic well-being and quality of life of the Vietnamese during the national social distancing. Front Psychol. 2020;11(September):1–9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565153
  • Paz C, Mascialino G, Adana‐Díaz L, et al. Behavioral and sociodemographic predictors of anxiety and depression in patients under epidemiological surveillance for COVID-19 in Ecuador. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0240008. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240008
  • Paz C, Mascialino G, Adana‐Díaz L, et al. Anxiety and depression in patients with confirmed and suspected COVID ‐19 in Ecuador. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;74:pcn.13106. doi:10.1111/pcn.13106
  • Mucci F, Mucci N, Diolaiuti F. Lockdown and isolation: psychological aspects of COVID-19 pandemic in the general population. Clin Neuropsychiatr. 2020;17(2):63–64. doi:10.36131/CN20200205
  • Samaniego A, Urzúa A, Buenahora M, Vera-Villarroel P. Sintomatología asociada a trastornos de salud mental en trabajadores sanitarios en Paraguay: efecto Covid-19 [Associated symptoms to mental health disorders in health-workers in Paraguay: the effects of Covid-19]. Rev Interam Psicol J Psychol. 2020;54(1):e1298. doi:10.30849/ripijp.v54i1.1298
  • Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87(April):40–48. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
  • Klapproth F, Federkeil L, Heinschke F, Jungmann T. Teachers experiences of stress and their coping strategies during COVID - 19 induced distance teaching. J Pedagog Res. 2020;4(4):444–452. doi:10.33902/JPR.2020062805
  • Lizana PA, Vega-Fernadez G, Gomez-Bruton A, Leyton B, Lera L. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teacher quality of life: a longitudinal study from before and during the health crisis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:3764. doi:10.3390/ijerph18073764
  • Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Allen R, Jerrim J, Sims S. How Did the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Teacher Wellbeing? Centre for Education Policy and Equalising Opportunities (CEPEO) Working Paper; 2020.
  • Fernández Cruz FJ, Fernández Díaz MJ, Rodríguez Mantilla JM. El proceso de integración y uso pedagógico de las TIC en los Centros Educativos Madrileños [The integration process and pedagogical use of ICT in Educational Centers from Madrid]. Educ XX1. 2018;21(2):395–416. doi:10.5944/educXX1.17907
  • Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5). doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Anderson R, Bousselot T, Katz-Buoincontro J, Todd J. Generating buoyancy in a sea of uncertainty: teachers creativity and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020;11:614774. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.614774
  • Castellanos-Torres E, Tomás Mateos J, Chilet-Rosell E. COVID-19 en clave de género. Gac Sanit. 2020;34(5):419–421. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.007
  • Saldívar-Garduño A, Ramírez-Gómez KE. Salud mental, género y enseñanza remota durante el confinamiento por el COVID-19 en México. Persona. 2020;23(023(2)):11–40. doi:10.26439/persona2020.n023(2).5011
  • Asanov I, Flores F, McKenzie DJ, Mensmann M, Schulte M. Remote-learning, time-use, and mental health of ecuadorian high-school studentsduring the Covid-19 quarantine. World Dev. 2020.
  • Torres C, Otero P, Bustamante B, Blanco V, Díaz O, Vázquez F. Mental health problems and related factors in Ecuadorian college students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(5):530. doi:10.3390/ijerph14050530
  • Herman KC, Reinke WM, Eddy CL. Advances in understanding and intervening in teacher stress and coping: the coping-competence-context theory. J Sch Psychol. 2020;78:69–74. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2020.01.001
  • Austin V, Shah S, Muncer S. Teacher stress and coping strategies used to reduce stress. Occup Ther Int. 2005;12(2):63–80. doi:10.1002/oti.16
  • Martínez Ramón JP. Cómo se defiende el profesorado de secundaria del estrés: burnout y estrategias de afrontamiento [How high school teachers deal with stress: burnout and coping strategies]. J Work Organ Psychol. 2015;31:1–9.
  • Antoniou A, Ploumpi A, Ntalla M. Occupational stress and profesional burnout in teachers of primary and secondary education: the role of coping strategies. Psychology. 2013;4(3):329–355. doi:10.4236/psych.2013.43A051
  • Acosta M, Burguillos A. Estrés y burnout en profesores de primaria y secundaria de Huelva: las estrategias de afrontamiento como factor de protección [Stress and burnout in primary and secondary teachers from Huelva: coping strategies as protective factors]. Int J Dev Educ Psychol Rev Psicol. 2014;4(1):303–309. doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v4616
  • Cháidez Nevárez J, Barraza Macías A. Afrontamiento al estrés y su relación con el tipo de jornada laboral en docentes de educación primaria [Coping with stress and its realtionship with the type of workday in prymary school teachers. Inf Psicológicos. 2018;18(2):63–75. doi:10.18566/nfpsic.v18n2a04
  • Mohamad Nasri N, Husnin H, Diyana Mahmud S, Halim L. Mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic: a snapshot from Malaysia into the coping strategies for pre-service teachers’ education. J Educ Teach. 2020;46(4):546–553. doi:10.1080/02607476.2020.1802582
  • Barkham M, Bewick B, Mullin T, et al. The CORE-10: a short measure of psychological distress for routine use in the psychological therapies. Couns Psychother Res. 2013;13(1):3–13. doi:10.1080/14733145.2012.729069
  • Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404
  • Remor E. Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Span J Psychol. 2006;9(1):86–93. doi:10.1017/S1138741600006004
  • UK Office of National Statistics. Analysis of experimental subjective well-being data from the annual population survey. 2011.
  • Klein D. Beyond significance testing: reforming data analysis methods in behavioral research. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(3):643-a-644. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.643-a
  • R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing; 2020. Available from: http://www.r-project.org/. Accessed June 22, 2021.
  • Nowell LS, Norris JM, White DE, Moules NJ. Thematic analysis. Int J Qual Methods. 2017;16(1):160940691773384. doi:10.1177/1609406917733847
  • Lincoln Y, Guba EG. Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage; 1985.
  • Kaden U. COVID-19 school closure-related changes to the professional life of a K–12 teacher. Educ Sci. 2020;10(6):165. doi:10.3390/educsci10060165
  • Serralta FB, Zibetti MR, Evans C. Psychological Distress of University Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20):8520. doi:10.3390/ijerph17228520
  • Pieh C, Budimir S, Probst T. The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. J Psychosom Res. 2020;136:110186. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110186
  • Wang C, López-Núñez MI, Pan R, et al. The impact of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on physical and mental health: a comparison between China and Spain. JMIR Form Res. 2021;5. doi:10.2196/27818
  • Tee ML, Tee CA, Anlacan JP, et al. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. J Affect Disord. 2020;277(January):379–391. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043
  • Wang C, Chudzicka-Czupała A, Grabowski D, et al. The association between physical and mental health and face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison of two countries with different views and practices. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:569981. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.569981
  • Wang C, Fardin MA, Shirazi M, et al. Mental health of the general population during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: a tale of two developing countries. Psychiatry Int. 2021;2:71–84. doi:10.3390/psychiatryint2010006
  • MacIntyre PD, Gregersen T, Mercer S. Language teachers’ coping strategies during the Covid-19 conversion to online teaching: correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions. System. 2020;94:102352. doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102352
  • Oakland S, Ostell A. Measuring coping: a review and critique. Hum Relations. 1996;49(2):133–155. doi:10.1177/001872679604900201
  • García-Arroyo J, Osca Segovia A. Work overload and emotional exhaustion in university teachers: moderating effects of coping styles. Univ Psychol. 2019;18(2):1–12. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-2.woee
  • Martínez-Pérez A, Lezcano-Barbero F. Percepción del impacto de la Covid-19 en los profesionales de la educación social que trabajan con menores [Perception of the impact of Covid-19 in high school professionals working with minors]. Rev Int Educ Para La Justicia Soc. 2020;9(3e):223–243. doi:10.15366/riejs2020.9.3.012
  • Peñate L. Todos somos importantes, pero el docente es imprescindible [We are all important, but teachers are essential]. Rev Int Educ Para La Justicia Soc. 2020;9(3):1–4.
  • Takeda F, Noguchi H, Monma T, Tamiya N. How possible do leisure and social activities impact mental health of middle-aged adults in Japan?: an evidence from a national longitudinal survey. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139777
  • Fancourt D, Opher S, De Oliveira C. Fixed-effects analyses of time-varying associations between hobbies and depression in a longitudinal cohort study: support for social prescribing? Psychother Psychosom. 2020;89(2):111–113. doi:10.1159/000503571
  • Fullana M, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Vieta E, Radua J. Coping behaviors associated with decreased anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. J Affect Disord. 2020;275:80–81. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.027
  • Dias-Lacy SL, Guirguis RV. Challenges for new teachers and ways of coping with them. J Educ Learn. 2017;6(3):265. doi:10.5539/jel.v6n3p265
  • Gismero-González M, Bermejo L, Prieto M, García Mina A, Hernández V, Hernández V. Estrategias de afrontamiento cognitivo, autoeficacia y variables laborales. Orientaciones para prevenir el estrés docente [Cognitive coping strategies, self-efficacy and labor variables. Guidelines to prevente stress in teachers]. Acción Psicológica. 2012;9(2):87–96. doi:10.5944/ap.9.2.4107
  • Ho CS, Chee CY, Ho RC. Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2020;49(1):1–3.
  • Tran BX, Hoang MT, Vo LH, et al. Telemedicine in the COVID-19 pandemic: motivations for integrated, interconnected, and community-based health delivery in resource-scarce settings? Front Psychiatry. 2020;11(September):11–13. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564452
  • Chew NWS, Cheong C, Kong G, et al. An Asia-Pacific study on healthcare workers’ perceptions of, and willingness to receive, the COVID-19 vaccination. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;106:52–60. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.069
  • Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Berasategi Santxo N, Idoiaga Mondragon N, Dosil Santamaría M. The psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: the challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Front Psychol. 2021;11:620718. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620718