Loneliness and Mobile Phone Addiction Among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Roles of Boredom Proneness and Self-Control

References

• Chiu SI, Hong FY, Chiu SL. An analysis on the correlation and gender difference between college students’ internet addiction and mobile phone addiction in Taiwan. ISRN Addict. 2013;5:1–10. doi:10.1155/2013/360607
   Google Scholar
• Sahin S, Ozdemirk K, Unsal A, Temiz N. Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students. PaK J Med Sci. 2013;29(4):913–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun S. The reciprocal longitudinal relationships between mobile phone addiction and depressive symptoms among Korean adolescents. Comput Human Behav. 2016;58:179–186. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• China Internet Network Information Center. China statistical report on internet development; 2017. Available from: http://49.140.187.1/cache/8/03/cnnic.cn/5e3c9654a7d9a35535d47314210f46ce/P020170123364672657408.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gao TT, Li LM, Zhang H, et al. The influence of alexithymia on mobile phone addiction: the role of depression, anxiety and stress. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:761–766. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peplau LA, Perlman D. Perspective on loneliness. In: Peplau LA, Perlman D, editors. Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy. New York: Wiley Inter science; 1982:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bian MW, Leung L. Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital. Soc Sci Comput Rev. 2015;33(1):61–79. doi:10.1177/0894439314528779
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JY, Zhan DN, Zhou YH, Gao XM. Loneliness and adolescent mobile phone addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of escape motivation and self-control. Addict Behav. 2021;118(2):1–7. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tras Z. Internet addiction and loneliness as predictors of internet gaming disorder in adolescents. Educ Res Rev. 2019;14(13):465–473. doi:10.5897/ERR2019.3768
   Google Scholar
• Cui YL, Peng M, Han YL, Huang MX. Relationship between mobile phone dependence. self-esteem and loneliness in college students. Chin J Health Psychol. 2015;23(8):1193–1196.
   Google Scholar
• Kim J. Longitudinal associations among psychological issues and problematic use of smartphones a two-wave cross-lagged study. J Media Psychol. 2019;31(3):117–127. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardefelt-Winther D. A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: towards a model of compensatory internet use. Comput Human Behav. 2014;31:351–354. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skues J, Williams BJ, Wise L. Personality traits, boredom and loneliness as predictors of Facebook use in on-campus and online university students. Int J Cyber Behav Psychol Learn. 2017;7(2):36–48. doi:10.4018/IJCBPL.2017040104
   Google Scholar
• Tam KY, Chan CS. The effects of lack of meaning on trait and state loneliness: correlational and experience-sampling evidence. Pers Individ Dif. 2019;141:76–80. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung L, Liang JW. Psychological traits, addiction symptoms, and feature usage as predictors of problematic smartphone use among university students in China. Int J Cyber Behav Psychol Learn. 2016;6(4):57–74. doi:10.4018/IJCBPL.2016100105
   Google Scholar
• Zhou SX. Gratifications, Loneliness, Leisure Boredom and Self-Esteem as Predictors of SNS-Game Addiction and Usage Pattern Among Chinese College Students [Doctoral dissertation]. China: The Chinese University of Hong Kong; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Harris MB. Correlates and characteristics of boredom proneness and boredom. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2000;30(3):576–598. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02497.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CH, Yu SF. Adolescent internet usage in Taiwan: exploring gender differences. Adolescence. 2008;43(170):317–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han L, Geng JY, Jou M, Gao FQ, Yang HY. Relationship between shyness and mobile phone addiction in Chinese young adults: mediating roles of self-control and attachment anxiety. Comput Human Behav. 2017;76:363–371. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraven M, Baumerister RF. Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychol Bull. 2000;126(2):247–259. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luczynski KC, Hanley GP. Prevention of problem behavior by teaching functional communication and self-control skills to preschoolers. J Appl Behav Anal. 2013;46(2):355–368. doi:10.1002/jaba.44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gámez-Guadix M, Villa-George FI, Calvete E. Measurement and analysis of the cognitive-behavioral model of generalized problematic Internet use among Mexican adolescents. J Adolesc. 2012;35(6):1581–1591. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özdemir Y, Kuzucu Y, Ak S. Depression, loneliness and internet addiction: how important is low self-control? Comput Human Behav. 2014;34(4):284–290. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha R. Modeling stress and drug craving in the laboratory: implications for addiction treatment development. Addict Biol. 2009;14(1):84–98. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00134.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho HY, Kim DJ, Park JW. Stress and adult smartphone addiction: mediation by self-control, neuroticism, and extraversion. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):1–7. doi:10.1002/smi.2749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökçearslan S, Mumcu FK, Haşlaman T, Çevik YD. Modelling smartphone addiction: the role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Comput Human Behav. 2016;63(1):639–649. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou SX, Leung L. Gratification, loneliness, leisure boredom and self-esteem as predictors of SNS-game addiction and usage pattern among Chinese college students. Int J Cyber Behav Psychol Learn. 2013;2(4):34–48. doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2012100103
   Google Scholar
• Kılıç A, Tilburg WAP, Igou ER. Risk-taking increases under boredom. J Behav Decis Mak. 2019;1:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Liu H, Wang HL. Mobile phone addiction and loneliness of college students. Chin Ment Health J. 2012;26(1):66–69. In Chinese.
   Google Scholar
• Russel DW. UCLA loneliness scale (Version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess. 1996;66(1):20–40. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XM, Xin TG, Zhang LY, Du YF, Lv LX. Reliability and validity of the boredom proneness scale-short form in university students. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2016;24(6):1029–1033.
   Google Scholar
• Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers. 2004;72(2):271–324. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung L. Linking psychological attributes to addiction and improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong Kong. J Child Media. 2008;2(2):93–113. doi:10.1080/17482790802078565
   Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: The Guilford; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hilal YE, Yeliz SD, Emin DM. The effects of technology use on working young loneliness and social relationships. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2018;55(2):194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu QQ, Yang XJ, Zhu XW, Zhang DJ. Attachment anxiety, loneliness, rumination and mobile phone dependence: a cross-sectional analysis of a moderated mediation model. Curr Psychol. 2019;11(4):1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Woelfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:252–266. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, et al. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;104:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan W-K, Lu K. Smartphone use at tourist destinations: interaction with social loneliness, aesthetic scope, leisure boredom, and trip satisfaction. Telemat Inform. 2019;39(6):64–74. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2019.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WC. Exploring the relationship among free-time management, leisure boredom, and internet addiction in undergraduates in Taiwan. Psychol Rep. 2018;122(1):1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Mercer-Lynn KB, Bar RJ, Eastwood JD. Causes of boredom: the person, the situation, or both? Pers Individ Dif. 2014;56(1):122–126. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hanlon JF. Boredom: practical consequences and a theory. Acta Psychol. 1981;49(1):53–82. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(81)90033-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward A, Mann T. Don’t mind if I do: disinhibited eating under cognitive load. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000;78(4):753–763. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CN, Dang JN, Zhang XL, Zhang QQ, Guo JJ. Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: the effect of parental behavior and self-control. Comput Human Behav. 2014;41:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boylan J, Seli P, Scholer AA, Danckert J. Boredom in the COVID-19 pandemic: trait boredom proneness, the desire to act, and rule-breaking. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;171(3):1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Mikulas WL, Vodanovich SJ. The essence of boredom. Psychol Rec. 1993;43(43):3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Magidson JF, Andersen LS, Satinsky EN, et al. “Too much boredom isn’t a good thing”: adapting behavioral activation for substance use in a resource-limited South African HIV care setting. Psychotherapy. 2020;57(1):107–118. doi:10.1037/pst0000257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harju LK, Hakanen JJ, Schaufeli WB. Can job crafting reduce job boredom and increase work engagement? A Three-Year Cross-Lagged Panel Study. J Vocat Behav. 2016;95:11–20. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2016.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM. The strength model of self-control. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2007;16(6):351–355. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar