COVID-19-Related Variables and Its Association with Anxiety and Suicidal Ideation: Differences Between International and Local University Students in Taiwan

References

• World Health Organisation. COVID-19 weekly operational update on COVID-19-1; 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-operational-update-on-covid-19—1-february-2021. Accessed February 2, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 2020;78:185–193. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling S, Scott D, Hall CM. Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. J Sustain Tour. 2020;1–20. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajabimajd N, Alimoradi Z, Griffiths MD. Impact of COVID-19-related fear and anxiety on job attributes: a systematic review. Asian J Soc Health Behav. 2021;4:51–55. doi:10.4103/shb.shb_24_21
   Google Scholar
• Chen I-H, Chen C-Y, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Lin C-Y. Internet-related behaviors and psychological distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 school suspension. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(10):1099–1102.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balanzá–Martínez V, Atienza–Carbonell B, Kapczinski F, De Boni RB. Lifestyle behaviours during the COVID‐19–time to connect. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020;141:399–400. doi:10.1111/acps.13177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin C-Y. Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Editorial. Soc Health Behav. 2020;3(1):1–2. doi:10.4103/shb.Shb_11_20
   Google Scholar
• Ahorsu DK, Imani V, Lin C-Y, et al. Associations between fear of COVID-19, mental health, and preventive behaviours across pregnant women and husbands: an actor-partner interdependence modelling. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;1–15. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00340-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF. Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3740. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olashore AA, Akanni OO, Fela-Thomas AL, Khutsafalo K. The psychological impact of COVID-19 on health-care workers in African Countries: a systematic review. Asian J Soc Health Behav. 2021;4:85–97. doi:10.4103/shb.shb_32_21
   Google Scholar
• Sharma R, Bansal P, Chhabra M, Bansal C, Arora M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2-associated perceived stress and anxiety among Indian medical students: a cross-sectional study. Asian J Soc Health Behav. 2021;4:98–104. doi:10.4103/shb.shb_9_21
   Google Scholar
• Patil ST, Datar MC, Shetty JV, Naphade NM. Psychological consequences and coping strategies of patients undergoing treatment for COVID-19 at a tertiary care hospital: a qualitative study. Asian J Soc Health Behav. 2021;4:62–68. doi:10.4103/shb.shb_5_21
   Google Scholar
• Amin KP, Griffiths MD, Dsouza DD. Online gaming during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: strategies for work-life balance. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;1–7. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00358-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko C-H, Yen J-Y. Impact of COVID-19 on gaming disorder: monitoring and prevention. J Behav Addict. 2020;9(2):187–189. doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Pakpour AH. The association between health status and insomnia, mental health, and preventive behaviors: the mediating role of fear of COVID-19. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2020;6:2333721420966081. doi:10.1177/2333721420966081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazeli S, Mohammadi Zeidi I, Lin C-Y, et al. Depression, anxiety, and stress mediate the associations between internet gaming disorder, insomnia, and quality of life during the COVID-19 outbreak. Addict Behav Rep. 2020;12:100307. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Son C, Hegde S, Smith A, Wang X, Sasangohar F. Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: interview survey study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e21279. doi:10.2196/21279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seetan K, Al-Zubi M, Rubbai Y, Athamneh M, Khamees A, Radaideh T. Impact of COVID-19 on medical students’ mental wellbeing in Jordan. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0253295. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pramukti I, Strong C, Sitthimongkol Y, et al. Anxiety and suicidal thoughts during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-country comparative study among Indonesian, Taiwanese, and Thai university students. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e24487. doi:10.2196/24487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muse K, McManus F, Leung C, Meghreblian B, Williams JM. Cyberchondriasis: fact or fiction? A preliminary examination of the relationship between health anxiety and searching for health information on the Internet. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(1):189–196. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang P-C, Hung C-H, Kuo Y-J, et al. Expanding protection motivation theory to explain willingness of COVID-19 vaccination uptake among Taiwanese university students. Vaccines. 2021;9(9):1046. doi:10.3390/vaccines9091046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin M, Cheng Y. Policy actions to alleviate psychosocial impacts of COVID-19 pandemic: experiences from Taiwan. Soc Health Behav. 2020;3(2):72. doi:10.4103/shb.shb_18_20
   Google Scholar
• Abdullah I. COVID-19: threat and fear in Indonesia. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(5):488–490. doi:10.1037/tra0000878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahorsu DK, Adjaottor ES, Yeboah FA, Opoku Y. Mental health challenges in academia: comparison between students of the various educational levels in Ghana. J Ment Health. 2021;30(3):292–299. doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1739253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrelli P, Nyer M, Yeung A, Zulauf C, Wilens T. College students: mental health problems and treatment considerations. Acad Psychiatry. 2015;39(5):503–511. doi:10.1007/s40596-014-0205-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aucejo EM, French J, Ugalde Araya MP, Zafar B. The impact of COVID-19 on student experiences and expectations: evidence from a survey. J Public Econ. 2020;191:104271. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Pantaleón Y, Dios I, Falla D. Fear of COVID-19, stress, and anxiety in university undergraduate students: a predictive model for depression. Front Psychol. 2020;11:591797. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-Rodríguez FM. Fear, stress, resilience and coping strategies during COVID-19 in Spanish university students. Sustainability. 2021;13(11):5824. doi:10.3390/su13115824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Libano J, Cabrera MMY. Suicidal ideation and suicidal thoughts in university students during the covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológic. 2021;30(2):390–405. doi:10.24205/03276716.2020.4038
   Google Scholar
• Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. COVID-19 (2019-nCoV). Available from: https://sites.google.com/cdc.gov.tw/2019-ncov/taiwan. Accessed February 2, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Pakpour AH, Liu C-H, Hou W-L, et al. Comparing fear of COVID-19 and preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors between Iranian and Taiwanese older people: early reaction may be a key. Front Public Health. 2021. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.740333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CJ, Ng CY, Brook RH. Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: big data analytics, new technology, and proactive testing. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1341–1342. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang K-C, Strong C, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Lin C-Y. Factors related to preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors among people with mental illness. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(12):1772–1780. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang K-C, Hou W-L, Pakpour AH, Lin C-Y, Griffiths MD. Psychometric testing of three COVID-19-related scales among people with mental illness. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;1–13. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00361-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin M-P. Prevalence of internet addiction during the COVID-19 outbreak and its risk factors among junior high school students in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):8547. doi:10.3390/ijerph17228547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen WL, Song SY, Yap KH. The unintended consequences of the pandemic: the new normal for college students in South Korea and Taiwan. Front Public Health. 2021;9:598302. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.598302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao Q, Cowling BJ, Lam WWT, Ng DMW, Fielding R. Anxiety, worry and cognitive risk estimate in relation to protective behaviors during the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in Hong Kong: ten cross-sectional surveys. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:169. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D-J, Ko N-Y, Chen Y-L, et al. COVID-19-related factors associated with sleep disturbance and suicidal thoughts among the Taiwanese public: a Facebook survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):4479. doi:10.3390/ijerph17124479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung SK, Long CF. A study of the revised State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Psychol Test. 1984;31(1):27–36.
   Google Scholar
• Lam SC, Arora T, Grey I, et al. Perceived risk and protection from infection and depressive symptoms among healthcare workers in mainland China and Hong Kong during COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:686. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel Wahed WY, Hefzy EM, Ahmed MI, Hamed NS. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and perception of health care workers regarding COVID-19, A cross-sectional study from Egypt. J Commun Health. 2020;45(6):1242–1251. doi:10.1007/s10900-020-00882-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe SM, Simons AD. Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: implications for the depressive disorders. Psychol Bull. 1991;110(3):406–425. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer; 1984.
   Google Scholar