1,519
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

TikTok Tourette’s: Are We Witnessing a Rise in Functional Tic-Like Behavior Driven by Adolescent Social Media Use?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 3575-3585 | Received 01 Sep 2022, Accepted 19 Nov 2022, Published online: 05 Dec 2022

References

  • Robertson MM, Eapen V, Singer HS, et al. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3(1):16097. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.97
  • Novotny M, Valis M, Klimova B. Tourette syndrome: a mini-review. Front Neurol. 2018;9:139. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00139
  • McGuire JF, Bennett SM, Conelea CA, et al. Distinguishing and managing acute-onset complex tic-like behaviors in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;60(12):1445–1447. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.823
  • Casagrande SCB, Cury RG, Alho EJL, Fonoff ET. Deep brain stimulation in Tourette’s syndrome: evidence to date. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:1061–1075. doi:10.2147/NDT.S139368
  • Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, et al. Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics. 1998;102(1 Pt 1):14–19. doi:10.1542/peds.102.1.14
  • Sukhodolsky DG, Woods DW, Piacentini J, et al. Moderators and predictors of response to behavior therapy for tics in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2017;88(11):1029–1036. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003710
  • Xu W, Zhang C, Deeb W, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Tourette’s syndrome. Transl Neurodegener. 2020;9:4. doi:10.1186/s40035-020-0183-7
  • Eapen V, Cavanna AE, Robertson MM. Comorbidities, social impact, and quality of life in Tourette Syndrome. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:97. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00097
  • Storch EA, Lack CW, Simons LE, Goodman WK, Murphy TK, Geffken GR. A measure of functional impairment in youth with Tourette’s syndrome. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(8):950–959. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm034
  • Claussen AH, Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Bloomfield J, Giordano K. Impact of Tourette Syndrome on school measures in a nationally representative sample. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2018;39(4):335–342. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000550
  • Conelea CA, Woods DW, Zinner SH, et al. Exploring the impact of chronic tic disorders on youth: results from the Tourette Syndrome impact survey. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2011;42(2):219–242. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0211-4
  • Malaty I, Shineman D, Himle M. Tourette Syndrome has substantial impact in childhood and adulthood as well. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2019;40(6):468–469. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000699
  • Malli MA, Forrester-Jones R, Murphy G. Stigma in youth with Tourette’s syndrome: a systematic review and synthesis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;25(2):127–139. doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0761-x
  • Holtz KD, Tessman GK. Evaluation of a peer-focused intervention to increase knowledge and foster positive attitudes toward children with Tourette Syndrome. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2007;19(6):531–542. doi:10.1007/s10882-007-9042-z
  • White SW, Sukhodolsky DG, Rains AL, Foster D, McGuire JF, Scahill L. Elementary school teachers’ knowledge of Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, & attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: effects of teacher training. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2011;23(1):5–14. doi:10.1007/s10882-010-9209-x
  • Nilles C, Pringsheim TM, Martino D. The recent surge of functional movement disorders: social distress or greater awareness? Curr Opin Neurol. 2022;35(4):485–493. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000001074
  • Zea Vera A, Bruce A, Garris J, et al. The phenomenology of tics and tic-like behavior in TikTok. Pediatr Neurol. 2022;130:14–20. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.02.003
  • Conte G, Baglioni V, Valente F, Chiarotti F, Cardona F. Adverse mental health impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in individuals with Tourette Syndrome in Italy: an online survey. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:583744. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.583744
  • Hull M, Parnes M, Jankovic J. Increased incidence of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders in children and adults amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11(5):e686–e690. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001082
  • Demartini B, Ricciardi L, Parees I, Ganos C, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ. A positive diagnosis of functional (psychogenic) tics. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(3):527–e536. doi:10.1111/ene.12609
  • Ganos C, Edwards MJ, Müller-Vahl K. ”I swear it is Tourette’s!”: on functional coprolalia and other tic-like vocalizations. Psychiatry Res. 2016;246:821–826. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.021
  • Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J. The clinical features of psychogenic movement disorders resembling tics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(5):573–575. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2013-305594
  • Ganos C, Martino D, Espay AJ, Lang AE, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ. Tics and functional tic-like movements: can we tell them apart? Neurology. 2019;93(17):750–758. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000008372
  • Olvera C, Stebbins GT, Goetz CG, Kompoliti K. TikTok tics: a pandemic within a pandemic. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2021;8(8):1200–1205. doi:10.1002/mdc3.13316
  • Hull M, Parnes M. Tics and TikTok: functional tics spread through social media. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2021;8(8):1248–1252. doi:10.1002/mdc3.13267
  • Ganos C. Tics and tic-like phenomena-old questions on a grand new scale invited editorial on TikTok and tics. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2021;8(8):1198–1199.
  • Kurlan R, Deeley C, Como PG. Psychogenic movement disorder (pseudo-tics) in a patient with Tourette’s syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;4(3):347–348.
  • Dooley JM, Stokes A, Gordon KE. Pseudo-tics in Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol. 1994;9(1):50–51. doi:10.1177/088307389400900112
  • Janik P, Milanowski L, Szejko N. Tiki psychogenne: charakterystyka kliniczna i częstośćwystępowania [Psychogenic tics: clinical characteristics and prevalence]. Psychiatr Pol. 2014;48(4):835–845. Polish.
  • Pringsheim T, Ganos C, McGuire JF, et al. Rapid onset functional tic-like behaviors in young females during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mov Disord. 2021;36(12):2707–2713. doi:10.1002/mds.28778
  • Robinson S, Hedderly T. Novel psychological formulation and treatment of “tic attacks” in Tourette Syndrome. Front Pediatr. 2016;4:46. doi:10.3389/fped.2016.00046
  • Heyman I, Liang H, Hedderly T. COVID-19 related increase in childhood tics and tic-like attacks. Arch Dis Child. 2021;106(5):420–421. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2021-321748
  • Müller-Vahl KR, Pisarenko A, Jakubovski E, Fremer C. Stop that! It’s not Tourette’s but a new type of mass sociogenic illness. Brain. 2022;145(2):476–480. doi:10.1093/brain/awab316
  • Cauberghe V, Van Wesenbeeck I, De Jans S, Hudders L, Ponnet K. How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2021;24(4):250–257. doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0478
  • Cauberghe V, De Jans S, Hudders L, Vanwesenbeeck I. Children’s resilience during Covid-19 confinement. A child’s perspective-which general and media coping strategies are useful? J Community Psychol. 2022;50(3):1503–1520. doi:10.1002/jcop.22729
  • Marengo D, Angelo Fabris M, Longobardi C, Settanni M. Smartphone and social media use contributed to individual tendencies towards social media addiction in Italian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addict Behav. 2022;126:107204. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107204
  • Topf JM, Williams PN. COVID-19, social media, and the role of the public physician. Blood Purif. 2021;50(4–5):595–601. doi:10.1159/000512707
  • Basch CH, Hillyer GC, Jaime C. COVID-19 on TikTok: harnessing an emerging social media platform to convey important public health messages. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2020. doi:10.1515/ijamh-2020-0111
  • Li HO, Bailey A, Huynh D, Chan J. YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: a pandemic of misinformation? BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(5):e002604. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002604
  • D’Souza RS, D’Souza S, Strand N, Anderson A, Vogt MNP, Olatoye O. YouTube as a source of medical information on the novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Glob Public Health. 2020;15(7):935–942. doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1761426
  • Yeung A, Ng E, Abi-Jaoude E. TikTok and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a cross-sectional study of social media content quality. Can J Psychiatry. 2022;7067437221082854. doi:10.1177/07067437221082854
  • Malli MA, Forrester-Jones R. “I’m not being rude, I’d want somebody normal”: adolescents’ perception of their peers with Tourette’s Syndrome: an exploratory study. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2017;29(2):279–305. doi:10.1007/s10882-016-9524-y
  • Eddy CM, Cavanna AE. ‘It’s a curse!’: coprolalia in Tourette syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(11):1467–1470. doi:10.1111/ene.12207
  • Freeman RD, Zinner SH, Müller-Vahl KR, et al. Coprophenomena in Tourette syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(3):218–227. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03135.x
  • Calder-Sprackman S, Sutherland S, Doja A. The portrayal of Tourette Syndrome in film and television. Can J Neurol Sci. 2014;41(2):226–232. doi:10.1017/S0317167100016620
  • Collado-Vázquez S, Carrillo JM. Los tics y el síndrome de Tourette en la literatura, el cine y la televisión [Tics and Tourette syndrome in literature, cinema and television]. Rev Neurol. 2013;57(3):123–133. Spanish.
  • Fat MJ, Sell E, Barrowman N, Doja A. Public perception of Tourette syndrome on YouTube. J Child Neurol. 2012;27(8):1011–1016. doi:10.1177/0883073811432294
  • Perkins V, Coulson NS, Davies EB. Using online support communities for Tourette Syndrome and tic disorders: online survey of users’ experiences. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(11):e18099. doi:10.2196/18099
  • Martindale JM, Mink JW. The rise of functional tic-like behaviors: what do the COVID-19 pandemic and social media have to do with it? A narrative review. Front Pediatr. 2022;10. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.863919
  • Müller-Vahl KR, Pisarenko A, Jakubovski E, Fremer C. Reply: a call for caution: ‘stop that’ sentiments threaten tic research, healthcare and advocacy progress. Brain. 2022;145(4):e21–e23. doi:10.1093/brain/awac029
  • Sandri A, Di Vico IA, Riello M, Marotta A, Tinazzi M. The impact of recurrent Covid-19 waves on patients with functional movement disorders: a follow-up study. Clin Park Relat Disord. 2022;6:100139. doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100139
  • Brandão PRP, Grippe TC, Pereira DA, Munhoz RP, Cardoso F. New-onset movement disorders associated with COVID-19. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2021;11:26. doi:10.5334/tohm.595
  • Schneider SA, Hennig A, Martino D. Relationship between COVID-19 and movement disorders: a narrative review. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29(4):1243–1253. doi:10.1111/ene.15217
  • Malaty I, Anderson S, Bennett S, et al. Diagnosis and management of functional tic-like phenomena. J Clin Med. 2022;11(21):6470
  • Robertson MM, Eapen V, Rizzo R, Stern JS, Hartmann A. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: advice in the times of COVID-19. F1000Res. 2020;9:257. doi:10.12688/f1000research.23275.1
  • Schrag AE, Martino D, Wang H, et al. Lack of association of Group A Streptococcal infections and onset of tics: European multicenter tics in children study. Neurology. 2022;98(11):e1175–e1183. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000013298
  • Snider LA, Swedo SE. PANDAS: current status and directions for research. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9(10):900–907. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001542
  • Guido CA, Loffredo L, Zicari AM, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic during the lockdown on children with the Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANDAS/PANS): the importance of environmental factors on clinical conditions. Front Neurol. 2021;12:702356. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.702356
  • Anderson KN, Radhakrishnan L, Lane RI, et al. Changes and inequities in adult mental health-related emergency department visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(5):475–485. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0164
  • Radhakrishnan L, Leeb RT, Bitsko RH, et al. Pediatric emergency department visits associated with mental health conditions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, January 2019-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(8):319–324. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7108e2
  • Mataix-Cols D, Ringberg H, Fernández de la Cruz L. Perceived worsening of tics in adult patients with Tourette Syndrome after the COVID-19 outbreak. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2020;7(6):725–726. doi:10.1002/mdc3.13004
  • Pringsheim T, Martino D. Rapid onset of functional tic-like behaviours in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(11):3805–3808. doi:10.1111/ene.15034
  • Conelea CA, Bervoets J, Bethan Davies E, et al. A call for caution: ‘stop that’ sentiments threaten tic research, healthcare and advocacy. Brain. 2022;145(4):e18–e20. doi:10.1093/brain/awac028
  • Buts S, Duncan M, Owen T, et al. Paediatric tic-like presentations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Dis Child. 2022;107(3):e17. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2021-323002
  • Paulus T, Bäumer T, Verrel J, et al. Pandemic tic-like behaviors following social media consumption. Mov Disord. 2021;36(12):2932–2935. doi:10.1002/mds.28800
  • Han VX, Kozlowska K, Kothur K, et al. Rapid onset functional tic-like behaviours in children and adolescents during COVID-19: clinical features, assessment and biopsychosocial treatment approach. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022;58(7):1181–1187. doi:10.1111/jpc.15932
  • Howlett M, Martino D, Nilles C, Pringsheim T. Prognosis of rapid onset functional tic-like behaviors: prospective follow-up over 6 months. Brain Behav. 2022;12(6):e2606. doi:10.1002/brb3.2606
  • Nielsen G, Stone J, Matthews A, et al. Physiotherapy for functional motor disorders: a consensus recommendation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(10):1113–1119. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-309255
  • Khullar D. Social media and medical misinformation: confronting new variants of an old problem. JAMA. 2022;328(14):1393–1394. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.17191