The Perils of the Pandemic for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries: Envisaging the Combined Effect of COVID-19 Fear and Job Insecurity on Employees’ Job Performance in Pakistan

References

• Baud D, Qi X, Nielsen-Saines K, Musso D, Pomar L, Favre G. Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(7):773. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30195-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franck T, Schoen JW, This map shows the states that suffered the biggest job losses last week due to coronavirus. CNBC; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Mann FD, Krueger RF, Vohs KD. Personal economic anxiety in response to COVID-19. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;167:110233. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson RNS, Martins A, Solnet D, Baum T. Sustaining precarity: critically examining tourism and employment. J Sustain Tour. 2019;27(7):1008–1025. doi:10.1080/09669582.2018.1538230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum T, Mooney SKK, Robinson RNS, Solnet D. COVID-19ʹs impact on the hospitality workforce–new crisis or amplification of the norm? Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 2020;32(9):2813–2829. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera MA. Hitting the reset button for hospitality research in times of crisis: Covid19 and beyond. Int J Hosp Manag. 2020;87:102528. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darvishmotevali M, Ali F. Job insecurity, subjective well-being and job performance: the moderating role of psychological capital. Int J Hosp Manag. 2020;87:102462. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullah MI, Huang D, Sarfraz M, Ivascu L, Riaz A. Effects of internal service quality on nurses’ job satisfaction, commitment and performance: mediating role of employee well‐being. Nurs Open. 2021;8(2):607–619. doi:10.1002/nop2.665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki N, Kuroda R, Tsuno K, Kawakami N. Workplace responses to COVID‐19 associated with mental health and work performance of employees in Japan. J Occup Health. 2020;62(1):e12134. doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganson KT, Tsai AC, Weiser SD, Benabou SE, Nagata JM. Job insecurity and symptoms of anxiety and depression among US young adults during COVID-19. J Adolesc Health. 2021;68(1):53–56. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milovanović V. The COVID-19 pandemic effects on the hotel industry. In: Tourism Challenges Amid COVID-19. 2021:570–587.
   Google Scholar
• Khawaja KF, Sarfraz M, Rashid M, Rashid M. How is COVID-19 pandemic causing employee withdrawal behavior in the hospitality industry? An empirical investigation. J Hosp Tour Insights. 2021. doi:10.1108/JHTI-01-2021-0002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin H, Kang J. Reducing perceived health risk to attract hotel customers in the COVID-19 pandemic era: focused on technology innovation for social distancing and cleanliness. Int J Hosp Manag. 2020;91:102664. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarfraz M, Hafeez H, Abdullah MI, Ivascu L, Ozturk I. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers’ psychological and mental health: the moderating role of felt obligation. Work. 2022;71(1):1–12. doi:10.3233/WOR-213625
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yin J, Ni Y. COVID-19 event strength, psychological safety, and avoidance coping behaviors for employees in the tourism industry. J Hosp Tour Manag. 2021;47:431–442. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.04.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling S, Scott D, Hall CM. Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. J Sustain Tour. 2020;29(1):1–20. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discov Ther. 2020;14(1):58–60. doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.01012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kricorian K, Turner K. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and beliefs among black and Hispanic Americans. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0256122. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;70:102196. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He B, He Q, Sarfraz M. Inclusive leadership and subordinates’ pro-social rule breaking in the workplace: mediating role of self-efficacy and moderating role of employee relations climate. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:1691. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S333593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung HS, Jung YS, Yoon HH. COVID-19: the effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;92:102703. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho CM, Suttiwan P, Arato N, Zsido AN. On the nature of fear and anxiety triggered by COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2020;11:3109. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF. Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3740. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens G, Gerritsen L, Duijndam S, Salemink E, Engelhard IM. Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;74:102258. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):2032. doi:10.3390/ijerph17062032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja U, Azeem MU, Haq IU, Naseer S. Perceived threat of terrorism and employee outcomes: the moderating role of negative affectivity and psychological capital. J Bus Res. 2020;110:316–326. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erer B. Impact of Covid-19 fear on employee performance. Soc Sci. 2020;10(4):845–852.
   Google Scholar
• Abdullah MI, Huang D, Sarfraz M, Sadiq MW. Service innovation in human resource management during COVID-19: a study to enhance employee loyalty using intrinsic rewards. Front Psychol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Qu H. Effects of employees’ social exchange and the mediating role of customer orientation in the restaurant industry. Int J Hosp Manag. 2020;89:102577. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C, Hallak R. Investigating the effects of offline and online social capital on tourism SME performance: a mixed-methods study of New Zealand entrepreneurs. Tour Manag. 2020;80:104128. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng T-M, Hong C-Y, Zhong Z-F. Tourism employees’ fear of COVID-19 and its effect on work outcomes: the role of organizational support. Curr Issues Tour. 2022;25(2):319–337. doi:10.1080/13683500.2021.1978952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunita PI, Saputra IGNWH. Millennial generation in accepting mutations: impact on work stress and employee performance. Int J Soc Sci Humanit. 2019;3(1):102–114.
   Google Scholar
• Parolin Z, Curran M, Matsudaira J, Waldfogel J, Wimer C. Monthly poverty rates in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Poverty and social policy working paper, center on poverty & social policy; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Alonso AD, Kok SK, Bressan A, et al. COVID-19, aftermath, impacts, and hospitality firms: an international perspective. Int J Hosp Manag. 2020;91:102654. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng J, Grover V, Fiedler K. Developing strategic perspectives on business process reengineering: from process reconfiguration to organizational change. Omega. 1996;24(3):271–294. doi:10.1016/0305-0483(96)00001-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen B, Zhou X, Hu Y, Zhang X. Role stress and turnover intention of front-line hotel employees: the roles of burnout and service climate. Front Psychol. 2020;11:36. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajrami DD, Terzić A, Petrović MD, Radovanović M, Tretiakova TN, Hadoud A. Will we have the same employees in hospitality after all? The impact of COVID-19 on employees’ work attitudes and turnover intentions. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;94:102754. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin C-Y. Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Soc Heal Behav. 2020;3(1):1. doi:10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20
   Google Scholar
• Etehadi B, Karatepe OM. The impact of job insecurity on critical hotel employee outcomes: the mediating role of self-efficacy. J Hosp Mark Manag. 2019;28(6):665–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;3:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Khan KI, Niazi A, Nasir A, Hussain M, Khan MI. The effect of covid-19 on the hospitality industry: the implication for open innovation. J Open Innov Technol Mark Complex. 2021;7(1):30. doi:10.3390/joitmc7010030
   Google Scholar
• Mazza M, Marano G, Lai C, Janiri L, Sani G. Danger in danger: interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113046. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. J Concurr Disord. 2020;2(1):58–63. doi:10.54127/WCIC8036
   Google Scholar
• Mamun MA, Sakib N, Gozal D, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and serious psychological consequences in Bangladesh: a population-based nationwide study. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:462–472. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert S, Lippens L, Moens E, Sterkens P, Weytjens J. How do we think the Covid-19 crisis will affect our careers; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Tu Y, Li D, Wang H-J. COVID-19-induced layoff, survivors’ COVID-19-related stress and performance in hospitality industry: the moderating role of social support. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;95:102912. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosemberg M-AS. Health and safety considerations for hotel cleaners during Covid-19. Occup Med. 2020;70(5):382–383. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaa053
   Google Scholar
• Kaushal V, Srivastava S. Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives on challenges and learnings from India. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;92:102707. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng D, Luo Q, Ritchie BW. Afraid to travel after COVID-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear,’. Tour Manag. 2021;83:104261. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie C, Zhang J, Chen Y, Morrison AM, Lin Z. Measuring hotel employee perceived job risk: dimensions and scale development. Int J Contemp Hosp Manag. 2020;32(2):730–748. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-01-2019-0022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian S, Yuan Q, Niu W, Liu Z. Is job insecurity always bad? The moderating role of job embeddedness in the relationship between job insecurity and job performance. J Manag Organ. 2019;1:1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Shin Y, Hur W-M. When do service employees suffer more from job insecurity? The moderating role of coworker and customer incivility. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(7):1298. doi:10.3390/ijerph16071298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirumbolo A, Callea A, Urbini F. Job insecurity and performance in public and private sectors: a moderated mediation model. J Organ Eff. 2020. DOI:10.1108/JOEPP-02-2020-0021
   Google Scholar
• De Cuyper N, Schreurs B, De Witte H, Selenko E. Impact of job insecurity on job performance introduction. Career Dev. Int. 2020;25(3):221–228. doi:10.1108/CDI-06-2020-332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin XS, Chen ZX, Ashford SJ, Lee C, Qian J. A self-consistency motivation analysis of employee reactions to job insecurity: the roles of organization-based self-esteem and proactive personality. J Bus Res. 2018;92:168–178. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frone MR, Blais A-R. Organizational downsizing, work conditions, and employee outcomes: identifying targets for workplace intervention among survivors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3):719. doi:10.3390/ijerph17030719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor KJ. Life satisfaction and noncognitive skills: effects on the likelihood of unemployment. Kyklos. 2020;73(4):568–604. doi:10.1111/kykl.12226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilipiec P. The role of time in the relation between perceived job insecurity and perceived job performance. Work. 2020;66(1):3–15. doi:10.3233/WOR-203145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ifeoma AR, Mukhtaruddin M, Prihanto JN. Effects of downsizing on employee performance of selected manufacturing firms in Anambra State, Nigeria. Res World Econ. 2019;10(3):391–407. doi:10.5430/rwe.v10n3p391
   Google Scholar
• Debus ME, Unger D, König CJ. Job insecurity and performance over time: the critical role of job insecurity duration. Career Dev. Int. 2019;25(3):325–336. doi:10.1108/CDI-04-2018-0102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccoli B, Reisel WD, De Witte H. Understanding the relationship between job insecurity and performance: hindrance or challenge effect? J Career Dev. 2021;48(2):150–165. doi:10.1177/0894845319833189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem F, Malik MI, Qureshi SS. Work stress hampering employee performance during COVID-19: is safety culture needed? Front Psychol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Los Santos JAA, Labrague LJ. Impact of COVID-19 on the psychological well-being and turnover intentions of frontline nurses in the community: a cross-sectional study in the Philippines. medRxiv. 2020. DOI:10.1037/trm0000294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins-Kreiner N, Ram Y. National tourism strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic. Ann Tour Res. 2021;89:103076. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.103076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vo-Thanh T, Vu T-V, Nguyen NP, Van Nguyen D, Zaman M, Chi H. How does hotel employees’ satisfaction with the organization’s COVID-19 responses affect job insecurity and job performance? J Sustain Tour. 2020;29(6):907–925. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1850750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatepe OM, Rezapouraghdam H, Hassannia R. Job insecurity, work engagement and their effects on hotel employees’ non-green and nonattendance behaviors. Int J Hosp Manag. 2020;87:102472. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter A, Näswall K. Job insecurity and trust: uncovering a mechanism linking job insecurity to well-being. Work Stress. 2019;33(1):22–40. doi:10.1080/02678373.2018.1461709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Thanh T, Huan NQ, Hong TTT. Effects of corporate social responsibility on SMEs’ performance in emerging market. Cogent Bus Manag. 2021;8(1):1878978. doi:10.1080/23311975.2021.1878978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S-E, Park C, Lee C-K, Lee S. The stress-induced impact of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality workers. Sustainability. 2021;13(3):1327. doi:10.3390/su13031327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J-Y, Hight SK, Bufquin D, de Souza Meira JV, Back RM. An examination of restaurant employees’ work-life outlook: the influence of support systems during COVID-19. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;97:102992. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube K, Nhamo G, Chikodzi D. COVID-19 cripples global restaurant and hospitality industry. Curr Issues Tour. 2020;1:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Khan A, Bibi S, Lyu J, Latif A, Lorenzo A. COVID-19 and sectoral employment trends: assessing resilience in the US leisure and hospitality industry. Curr Issues Tour. 2021;24(7):952–969. doi:10.1080/13683500.2020.1850653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Eyoun K. Do mindfulness and perceived organizational support work? Fear of COVID-19 on restaurant frontline employees’ job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;94:102850. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bufquin D, Park J-Y, Back RM, de Souza Meira JV, Hight SK. Employee work status, mental health, substance use, and career turnover intentions: an examination of restaurant employees during COVID-19. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;93:102764. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molaei S, Dadkhah M, Asghariazar V, Karami C, Safarzadeh E. The immune response and immune evasion characteristics in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: vaccine design strategies. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;92:107051. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy S, Dutta R, Ghosh P. Identifying key indicators of job loss trends during COVID-19 and beyond. Soc Sci Humanit Open. 2021;4(1):100163. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100163
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta T, Gupta SK. Potential adjuvants for the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on experimental results from similar coronaviruses. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;86:106717. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Y, Tian Y, Zhou J, Diao X, Di L, Wang S. Impact of population emigration from Wuhan and medical support on COVID-19 infection in China. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021;11(2):178. doi:10.2991/jegh.k.201121.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Kim PB, Lee G. Predicting hospitality employees’ safety performance behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;93:102797. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Giabbanelli P. Returning to a normal life via COVID-19 vaccines in the United States: a large-scale agent-based simulation study. JMIR Med Informatics. 2021;9(4):e27419. doi:10.2196/27419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radic A, Koo B, Gil-Cordero E, Cabrera-Sánchez JP, Han H. Intention to take COVID-19 vaccine as a precondition for international travel: application of extended norm-activation model. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):3104. doi:10.3390/ijerph18063104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gursoy D, Chi CG. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on hospitality industry: review of the current situations and a research agenda. J Hosp Mark Manag. 2020;29(5):527–529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng Y-M, Wu K-S, Xu D. The association between fear of coronavirus disease 2019, mental health, and turnover intention among quarantine hotel employees in China. Front Public Health. 2021;9:557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurie N, Saville M, Hatchett R, Halton J. Developing Covid-19 vaccines at pandemic speed. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):1969–1973. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2005630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahir AI, Ramadhan DS, Taha AA, et al. Public fear of COVID-19 vaccines in Iraqi Kurdistan region: a cross-sectional study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 2021;28(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s43045-021-00126-4
   Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hao L, Zong Z, et al. The evaluation of a new multidimensional job insecurity measure in a Chinese context. Stress Heal. 2021;37(1):32–44. doi:10.1002/smi.2970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarathchandra D, Navin MC, Largent MA, McCright AM. A survey instrument for measuring vaccine acceptance. Prev Med. 2018;109:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang C-F, Hsieh T-S. The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: the mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. Int J Hosp Manag. 2012;31(1):180–190. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee J-Y, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5):879. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gefen D, Straub D, Boudreau M-C. Structural equation modeling and regression: guidelines for research practice. Commun Assoc Inf Syst. 2000;4(1):7.
   Google Scholar
• Bagozzi RP, Wong N, Yi Y. The role of culture and gender in the relationship between positive and negative affect. Cogn Emot. 1999;13(6):641–672. doi:10.1080/026999399379023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res. 1981;18(1):39–50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J Acad Mark Sci. 2015;43(1):115–135. doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringle CM, Wende S, Becker J-M. SmartPLS 3. In: Boenningstedt SmartPLS GmbH; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Hair JF Jr, Hult GTM, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Hair JF, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. Partial least squares: the better approach to structural equation modeling? Long Range Plann. 2012;45(5–6):312–319. doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2012.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrague LJ, de Los Santos JAA. Fear of Covid‐19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2020;29(3):395–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparro R, Scandurra C, Maldonato NM, et al. Perceived job insecurity and depressive symptoms among Italian dentists: the moderating role of fear of COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):5338. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcover C-M, Salgado S, Nazar G, Ramirez-Vielma R, Gonzalez-Suhr C. Job insecurity, financial threat and mental health in the COVID-19 context: the buffer role of perceived social support. MedRxiv. 2020. DOI:10.1101/2020.07.31.20165910
   Google Scholar
• Jiang L, Lavaysse LM. Cognitive and affective job insecurity: a meta-analysis and a primary study. J Manage. 2018;44(6):2307–2342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JM, Lee J, Fitzgerald HN, Oosterhoff B, Sevi B, Shook NJ. Job insecurity and financial concern during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with worse mental health. J Occup Environ Med. 2020;62(9):686–691. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryhurst S, Schneider CR, Kerr J, et al. Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. J Risk Res. 2020;23(7–8):994–1006. doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison M, Lancaster K, Rhodes T. ‘A matter of time’: evidence-making temporalities of vaccine development in the COVID-19 media landscape. Time Soc. 2021;2:0961463X211032201.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins MB, Ren R, Umphress EE, Boswell WR, Triana MDC, Zardkoohi A. Compassion organizing: employees’ satisfaction with corporate philanthropic disaster response and reduced job strain. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2015;88(2):436–458. doi:10.1111/joop.12088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao Y, He J, Morrison AM, Andres Coca-Stefaniak J. Effects of tourism CSR on employee psychological capital in the COVID-19 crisis: from the perspective of conservation of resources theory. Curr Issues Tour. 2021;24(19):2716–2734. doi:10.1080/13683500.2020.1770706
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar