The Effects of Long Working Hours on Mental Health Among Resident Physicians in Saudi Arabia

References

• Tomioka K, Morita N, Saeki K, Okamoto N, Kurumatani N. Working hours, occupational stress and depression among physicians. Occup Med. 2011;61(3):163–170. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqr004
   Google Scholar
• Hameed TK, Masuadi E, Asmary A, et al. A study of resident duty hours and burnout in a sample of Saudi residents. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1300-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller AE, Hafstad EV, Himmels JP, et al. The mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, and interventions to help them: a rapid systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:1134–1141. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bueno-Notivol J, Gracia-García P, Olaya B, Lasheras I, López-Antón R, Santabárbara J. Prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 outbreak: a meta-analysis of community-based studies. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2021;21(1):20–31. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santabárbara J, Lasheras I, Lipnicki DM, et al. Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated meta-analysis of community based studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021;109:110207. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santabárbara J, Bueno-Notivol J, Lipnicki DM, et al. Prevalence of anxiety in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review (on published articles in Medline) with meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021;107:110244. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaya B, Pérez-Moreno M, Bueno-Notivol J, Gracia-García P, Lasheras I, Santabárbara J. Prevalence of depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak: a systematic review and meta analysis. J Clin Med. 2021;10(15):3406. doi:10.3390/jcm10153406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasheras I, Gracia-García P, Lipnicki DM, et al. Prevalence of anxiety in medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6603. doi:10.3390/ijerph17186603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannai A, Tamakoshi A. The association between long working hours and health: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2014;40(1):5–18. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ervasti J, Pentti J, Nyberg ST, et al. Long working hours and risk of 50 health conditions and mortality outcomes: a multicohort study in four European countries. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;11:1002–1012.
   Google Scholar
• Afonso P, Fonseca M, Pires JF. Impact of working hours on sleep and mental health. Occup Med. 2017;67(5):377–382. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqx054
   Google Scholar
• Park S, Kook H, Seok H, et al. The negative impact of long working hours on mental health in young Korean workers. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0236931. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solano P, Ustulin M, Pizzorno E, et al. A Google-based approach for monitoring suicide risk. Psychiatry Res. 2016;246:581–586. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Pega F, Ujita Y, et al. The effect of exposure to long working hours on ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury. Environ Int. 2020;142:105739. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization. International labor standards on working time. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects–covered–by–international–labour–standards/working–time/lang–en/index.htm. Accessed February 8, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Saudi Ministry of Human Recourses and Social Development. Health jobs regulations; July 1, 2020. Available from: https://hrsd.gov.sa/sites/default/files/14012021.pdf. Accessed February 8, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Hameed TK, Al Dubayee MS, Masuadi EM, Al-Anzi FG, Al Asmary NA. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and excessive daytime sleepiness in a cohort of Saudi doctors under training: a cross sectional study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2021;16(5):695–699. doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. Employment, social affairs & inclusion, working conditions - Working time directive. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=706&langId=en&intPageId=205. Accessed February 10, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Safety and health topics, long work hours, extended or irregular shifts, and worker fatigue. Available from: https://www.osha.gov/worker-fatigue. Accessed February 10, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization. General Survey concerning working-time instruments - Ensuring decent working time for the future, information and reports on the application of conventions and recommendations; February 23, 2018. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_618485.pdf. Accessed February 8, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa R, Seo E, Maeno T, Ito M, Sanuki M, Maeno T. The relationship between long working hours and depression among first-year residents in Japan. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1171-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen M, Jokela M, Madsen IE, et al. Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;44(3):239–250. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Y, Han T, Chen W, et al. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and related risk factors among physicians in China: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e103242. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns G, Samuel V, Freemantle L, Lewis J, Waddington L. The global prevalence of depression and anxiety among doctors during the covid-19 pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2022;298:431–441. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joules N, Williams DM, Thompson AW. Depression in resident physicians: a systematic review. Open J Depression. 2014;3(03):89–100. doi:10.4236/ojd.2014.33013
   Google Scholar
• Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361–370. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern AF. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Occup Med. 2014;64(5):393–394. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqu024
   Google Scholar
• Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52(2):69–77. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1(1):29–33. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-1-29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrmann C. International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res. 1997;42(1):17–41. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00216-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Common mental health disorders: the NICE guideline on identification and pathways to care, national clinical guideline number 123; May 25, 2011. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg123/resources/common-mental-health-problems-identification-and-pathways-to-care-pdf-35109448223173. Accessed February 10, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Alamri HS, Algarni A, Shehata SF, et al. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among the general population in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):9183. doi:10.3390/ijerph17249183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med. 2011;41(12):2485–2494. doi:10.1017/S0033291711000171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie K, Crawford J, LaMontagne AD, et al. Working hours, common mental disorder and suicidal ideation among junior doctors in Australia: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2020;10(1):e033525. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Humadi S, Bronson B, Muhlrad S, Paulus M, Hong H, Cáceda R. Depression, suicidal thoughts, and burnout among physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey-based cross-sectional study. Acad Psychiatry. 2021;45(5):557–565. doi:10.1007/s40596-021-01490-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saragih ID, Tonapa SI, Saragih IS, et al. Global prevalence of mental health problems among healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2021;121:104002. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez R, Sikhosana N, Green H, et al. Anxiety and depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic umbrella review of the global evidence. BMJ Open. 2021;11(9):e054528. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salari N, Khazaie H, Hosseinian-Far A, et al. The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression within front-line healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-regression. Hum Resour Health. 2020;18(1):1–4. doi:10.1186/s12960-020-00544-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzouk M, Ouanes-Besbes L, Ouanes I, Hammouda Z, Dachraoui F, Abroug F. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among medical residents in Tunisia: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):e020655. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbay RY, Kurtulmuş A, Arpacıoğlu S, Karadere E. Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:113130. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe K, Imamura K, Kawakami N. Working hours and the onset of depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(12):877–884. doi:10.1136/oemed-2016-103845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey RE. Sources of stress for residents and recommendations for programs to assist them. Acad Med. 2001;76(2):142–150. doi:10.1097/00001888-200102000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm AF. Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychol Med. 2000;30(1):11–22. doi:10.1017/S0033291799001452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg J. Organizational injustice as an occupational health risk. Acad Manag Ann. 2010;4(1):205–243. doi:10.5465/19416520.2010.481174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdur B, Ergin A, Turkcuer I, Parlak I, Ergin N, Boz B. A study of depression and anxiety among doctors working in emergency units in Denizli, Turkey. Emerg Med J. 2006;23(10):759–763. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.035071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Shen X, Feng J, et al. Prevalence and predictors of depression among emergency physicians: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03687-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini RJ, Innamorati M, Erbuto D, et al. Differential associations of affective temperaments and diagnosis of major affective disorders with suicidal behavior. J Affect Disord. 2017;210:19–21. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar