Identifying and Managing Suicidality in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Pain: Evidence-Based Treatment Strategies

References

• Santos J, Martins S, Azevedo LF, Fernandes L. Pain as a risk factor for suicidal behavior in older adults: a systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020;87:104000. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.104000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racine M. Chronic pain and suicide risk: a comprehensive review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87(Pt B):269–280. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinze V, Karl A, Ford T, Gjelsvik B. Pain and suicidality in children and adolescents: a longitudinal population-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022. doi:10.1007/s00787-022-01963-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinze V, Crane C, Ford T, Buivydaite R, Qiu L, Gjelsvik B. The relationship between pain and suicidal vulnerability in adolescence: a systematic review. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3(12):899–916. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30267-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burton KA, Clarke RD, McClune TD, Tillotson MK. The natural history of low back pain in adolescents. Spine. 1996;21(20):2323–2328. doi:10.1097/00007632-199610150-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer); 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Baweja R, Arshad SH, Samsel C, Friedberg RD. Chronic pain and its impact on child mental health: management challenges and clinical guidance for child and adolescent psychiatrists. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baweja R, Walco G. Chronic pain and its impact on pediatric mental health. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(10):S41. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015;156(6):1003–1007. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman JE, McGrath PJ. The epidemiology of pain in children and adolescents: a review. Pain. 1991;46(3):247–264. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(91)90108-A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King S, Chambers CT, Huguet A, et al. The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents revisited: a systematic review. Pain. 2011;152(12):2729–2738. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Baeyer CL. Interpreting the high prevalence of pediatric chronic pain revealed in community surveys. Pain. 2011;152(12):2683–2684. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.08.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutelman PR, Langley CL, Chambers CT, et al. Epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents: a protocol for a systematic review update. BMJ Open. 2021;11(2):e043675. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones MP, Faresjö Å, Beath A, Faresjö T, Ludvigsson J. Abdominal pain in children develops with age and increases with psychosocial factors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(2):360–367.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.04.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huguet A, Miró J. The severity of chronic pediatric pain: an epidemiological study. J Pain. 2008;9(3):226–236. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao ZW, Le C, Kynes JM, et al. Paediatric chronic pain prevalence in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;45:101296. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101296
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salberg S, Yamakawa GR, Griep Y, et al. Pain in the developing brain: early life factors alter nociception and neurobiological function in adolescent rats. Cereb Cortex Commun. 2021;2(2). doi:10.1093/texcom/tgab014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucas R, Brandão M, Gorito V, Talih M. Refining the prediction of multisite pain in 13‐year‐old boys and girls by using parent‐reported pain experiences in the first decade of life. Eur J Pain. 2022;26(3):695–708. doi:10.1002/ejp.1898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen J, Abou-Assaly E, Rasic N, Noel M, Miller JV. Trauma and pain sensitization in youth with chronic pain. Pain Rep. 2022;7(2):e992. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000992
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elman I, Borsook D. The failing cascade: comorbid post traumatic stress- and opioid use disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;103:374–383. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson S, Borsook D, Bosquet Enlow M. Targeting the stress response in pediatric pain: current evidence for psychosocial intervention and avenues for future investigation. Pain Rep. 2021;6(3):e953. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000953
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knook LME, Konijnenberg AY, van der Hoeven J, et al. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents presenting with unexplained chronic pain: what is the prevalence and clinical relevancy? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20(1):39–48. doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0146-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolaitis G, van der Ende J, Zaravinos-Tsakos F, et al. The occurrence of internalizing problems and chronic pain symptoms in early childhood: what comes first? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021. doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01821-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo TM. Pain prevention and management must begin in childhood: the key role of psychological interventions. Pain. 2020;161(Supplement 1):S114–S121. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koechlin H, Beeckman M, Meier AH, et al. Association of parental and adolescent emotion-related factors with adolescent chronic pain behaviors. Pain. 2022;163(7):e888–e898. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabbijohn AN, Tomlinson RM, Lee S, Morrongiello BA, McMurtry CM. The measurement and conceptualization of coping responses in pediatric chronic pain populations: a scoping review. Front Psychol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.680277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreucci A, Groenewald CB, Rathleff MS, Palermo TM. The role of sleep in the transition from acute to chronic musculoskeletal pain in youth—a narrative review. Children. 2021;8(3):241. doi:10.3390/children8030241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu X, Liu ZZ, Yang Y, Jia CX. Associations of frequent pain symptoms with excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents: a longitudinal study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(12):2415–2423. doi:10.5664/jcsm.9444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraldstad K, Stea TH. Associations between pain, self-efficacy, sleep duration, and symptoms of depression in adolescents: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1617. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11680-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassett AL, Hilliard PE, Goesling J, Clauw DJ, Harte SE, Brummett CM. Reports of chronic pain in childhood and adolescence among patients at a tertiary care pain clinic. J Pain. 2013;14(11):1390–1397. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson B, Sigurdson JF, Sund AM. Long-term follow-up of a community sample of adolescents with frequent headaches. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):79. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0908-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker LS, Dengler-Crish CM, Rippel S, Bruehl S. Functional abdominal pain in childhood and adolescence increases risk for chronic pain in adulthood. Pain. 2010;150(3):568–572. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenewald CB, Law EF, Fisher E, Beals-Erickson SE, Palermo TM. Associations between adolescent chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse in adulthood. J Pain. 2019;20(1):28–37. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack KA, Jones CM, Ballesteros MF. Illicit drug use, illicit drug use disorders, and drug overdose deaths in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas — United States. MMWR Surveill Summaries. 2017;66(19):1–12. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6619a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson PA, Kundu A. Pain management in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2021;11(3):214–222. doi:10.1007/s40140-021-00475-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rau LM, Grothus S, Sommer A, et al. Chronic pain in schoolchildren and its association with psychological wellbeing before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health. 2021;69(5):721–728. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandheim A, Bjerkeset O, Gunnell D, Bjornelv S, Holmen TL, Bentzen N. Risk factors for suicidal thoughts in adolescence-A prospective cohort study: the young-HUNT study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(8):e005867–e005867. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alriksson-Schmidt A. Depressive symptomatology and suicide attempts in adolescents with mobility limitations. Diss Abstr Int. 2008;68(11–B):7688.
   Google Scholar
• Halvorsen J, Dalgard F, Thoresen M, Bjertness E, Lien L. Itch and pain in adolescents are associated with suicidal ideation: a population-based cross-sectional study. Acta Dermato Venereologica. 2012;92(5):543–546. doi:10.2340/00015555-1251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller-Thomson E, Hamelin GP, Granger SJR. Suicidal ideation in a population-based sample of adolescents: implications for family medicine practice. ISRN Fam Med. 2013;2013:1–11. doi:10.5402/2013/282378
   Google Scholar
• van Tilburg MAL, Spence NJ, Whitehead WE, Bangdiwala S, Goldston DB. Chronic pain in adolescents is associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. J Pain. 2011;12(10):1032–1039. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan WSC, Law CK, Liu KY, Wong PWC, Law YW, Yip PSF. Suicidality in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: the role of family and cultural influences. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2009;44(4):278–284. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0434-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Juang KD, Lu SR. Migraine and suicidal ideation in adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. Neurology. 2009;72(13):1146–1152. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000345362.91734.b3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberg MH, Law EF, Palermo TM. Suicidal ideation in adolescents with and without chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2017;33(1):21–27. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliacik K, Kanik A, Bolat N, et al. Anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and stressful life events in non-cardiac adolescent chest pain: a comparative study about the hidden part of the iceberg. Cardiol Young. 2017;27(6):1098–1103. doi:10.1017/S1047951116002109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewcun B, Kennedy TM, Tress J, Miller KS, Sherker J, Sherry DD. Predicting suicidal ideation in adolescents with chronic amplified pain: the roles of depression and pain duration. Psychol Serv. 2018;15(3):309–315. doi:10.1037/ser0000210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SJ, Juang KD, Fuh JL, Lu SR. Psychiatric comorbidity and suicide risk in adolescents with chronic daily headache. Neurology. 2007;68(18):1468–1473. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000260607.90634.d6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junker A, Bjørngaard JH, Bjerkeset O. Adolescent health and subsequent risk of self-harm hospitalisation: a 15-year follow-up of the young-HUNT cohort. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11(1):25. doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0161-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayramoglu A, Saritemur M, Tuna Akgol Gur S, Emet M. Demographic and clinical differences of aggressive and non-aggressive suicide attempts in the emergency department in the eastern region of Turkey. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015;17(2). doi:10.5812/ircmj.24666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogstedt C, Forsell Y, Hemmingsson T, Lundberg I, Lundin A. Psychological symptoms in late adolescence and long-term risk of suicide and suicide attempt. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2018;48(3):315–327. doi:10.1111/sltb.12362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig J, Oelkers-Ax R, Parzer P, et al. The association of self-injurious behaviour and suicide attempts with recurrent idiopathic pain in adolescents: evidence from a population-based study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2015;9(1):32. doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0069-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Liu ZZ, Fan F, Jia CX. Menarche and menstrual problems are associated with non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent girls. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2018;21(6):649–656. doi:10.1007/s00737-018-0861-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai MH, Chen YH, Chen CD, Hsiao CY, Chien CH. Deliberate self-harm by Taiwanese adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(11):e223–e226. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02357.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigstad B, Jørgensen K, Wichstrøm L. Pain in adolescent psychiatric patients. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2006;11(4):185–191. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00408.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekholm O, Kurita GP, Hjsted J, Juel K, Sjgren P. Chronic pain, opioid prescriptions, and mortality in Denmark: a population-based cohort study. Pain. 2014;155(12):2486–2490. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann JJ. A current perspective of suicide and attempted suicide. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(4):302. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-4-200202190-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirtley OJ, O’Connor RC, O’Carroll RE. Hurting inside and out? Emotional and physical pain in self-harm ideation and enactment. Int J Cogn Ther. 2015;8(2):156–171. doi:10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren Y, You J, Zhang X, et al. Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators: the role of capability for suicide. Arch Suicide Res. 2019;23(1):64–81. doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1426507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha CB, Franz PJ, Guzmán M, Glenn CR, Kleiman EM, Nock MK. Annual research review: suicide among youth - epidemiology, (potential) etiology, and treatment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59(4):460–482. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Dwyer J, Paul E, Clarke D, Treleaven S, Roseby R. Differences by age and sex in adolescent suicide. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2019;43(3):248–253. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beautrais AL. Gender issues in youth suicidal behaviour. Emerg Med. 2002;14(1):35–42. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00283.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roh BR, Jung EH, Hong HJ. A comparative study of suicide rates among 10–19-year-olds in 29 OECD countries. Psychiatry Investig. 2018;15(4):376–383. doi:10.30773/pi.2017.08.02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Baldwin CL. Gender differences in suicide attempts from adolescence to young adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(4):427–434. doi:10.1097/00004583-200104000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda-Mendizabal A, Castellví P, Parés-Badell O, et al. Gender differences in suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Int J Public Health. 2019;64(2):265–283. doi:10.1007/s00038-018-1196-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsirigotis K, Gruszczynski W, Tsirigotis-Woloszczak M. Gender differentiation in methods of suicide attempts. Med Sci Monit. 2011;17(8):PH65–PH70. doi:10.12659/MSM.881887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohberg A, Lonnqvist J, Sarna S, Vuori E. Violent methods associated with high suicide mortality among the young. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(2):144–153. doi:10.1097/00004583-199602000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepp U, Stulz N, Unger-Köppel J, Ajdacic-Gross V. Methods of suicide used by children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21(2):67–73. doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0232-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman A, Mergl R, Kohls E, et al. A cross-national study on gender differences in suicide intent. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):234. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1398-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canetto SS. Meanings of gender and suicidal behavior during adolescence. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1997;27(4):339–351. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1997.tb00513.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruch DA, Sheftall AH, Schlagbaum P, Rausch J, Campo JV, Bridge JA. Trends in suicide among youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States, 1975 to 2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(5):e193886. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, Braithwaite SR, Selby EA, Joiner TE. The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev. 2010;117(2):575–600. doi:10.1037/a0018697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner T. Why People Die by Suicide. Harvard University Press; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Chu C, Buchman-Schmitt JM, Stanley IH, et al. The interpersonal theory of suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research. Psychol Bull. 2017;143(12):1313–1345. doi:10.1037/bul0000123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield EO, Puhl RM, Litt MD, Zempsky WT. “If it ever really hurts, I try not to let them know”: the use of concealment as a coping strategy among adolescents with chronic pain. Front Psychol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pielech M, Lunde CE, Becker SJ, Vowles KE, Sieberg CB. Comorbid chronic pain and opioid misuse in youth: knowns, unknowns, and implications for behavioral treatment. Am Psychol. 2020;75(6):811–824. doi:10.1037/amp0000655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaron RV, Finan PH, Wegener ST, Keefe FJ, Lumley MA. Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor underlying co-occurring chronic pain and problematic opioid use. Am Psychol. 2020;75(6):796–810. doi:10.1037/amp0000678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman I, Borsook D, Volkow ND. Pain and suicidality: insights from reward and addiction neuroscience. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;109:1–27. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caley CF, Perriello E, Golden J. Antiepileptic drugs and suicide-related outcomes in bipolar disorder: a descriptive review of published data. Ment Health Clin. 2018;8(3):138–147. doi:10.9740/mhc.2018.05.138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cwik MF, O’Keefe VM, Haroz EE. Suicide in the pediatric population: screening, risk assessment and treatment. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2020;32(3):254–264. doi:10.1080/09540261.2019.1693351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettit JW, Buitron V, Green KL. Assessment and management of suicide risk in children and adolescents; 2018. Available from: www.elsevier.com/locate/cabp. Accessed November 23, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Nock MK, Green JG, Hwang I, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(3):300. doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isometsä ET, Heikkinen ME, Marttunen MJ, Henriksson MM, Aro HM, Lönnqvist JK. The last appointment before suicide: is suicide intent communicated? Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(6):919–922. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.6.919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould MS, Marrocco FA, Kleinman M, et al. Evaluating iatrogenic risk of youth suicide screening programs. JAMA. 2005;293(13):1635. doi:10.1001/jama.293.13.1635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portzky G, Audenaert K, van Heeringen K. Suicide among adolescents. A psychological autopsy study of psychiatric, psychosocial and personality-related risk factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2005;40(11):922–930. doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0977-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox A, Holbrook D, Rutter M. Psychiatric interviewing techniques VI. Experimental study: eliciting feelings. Br J Psychiatry. 1981;139(2):144–152. doi:10.1192/bjp.139.2.144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wissow LS, Roter DL, Wilson MEH. Pediatrician interview style and mothers’ disclosure of psychosocial issues. Pediatrics. 1994;93(2):289–295. doi:10.1542/peds.93.2.289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JD, Boyd RC, Calkins ME, et al. Parent-adolescent agreement about adolescents’ suicidal thoughts. Pediatrics. 2019;143(2). doi:10.1542/peds.2018-1771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaus NM, Mobilio A, King CA. Parent–adolescent agreement concerning adolescents’ suicidal thoughts and behaviors. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2009;38(2):245–255. doi:10.1080/15374410802698412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern-Felsher BL, Ozer EM, Millstein SG, et al. Preventive services in a health maintenance organization: how well do pediatricians screen and educate adolescent patients? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(2):173–179. doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.2.173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein JD, Allan MJ, Elster AB, et al. Improving adolescent preventive care in community health centers. Pediatrics. 2001;107(2):318–327. doi:10.1542/peds.107.2.318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman J, Sours J. The Child Mental Status Examination. Expanded ed. Rowman & Littlefield; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll R, Thomas KH, Bramley K, et al. Self-cutting and risk of subsequent suicide. J Affect Disord. 2016;192:8–10. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh CM, Chun Lee RS, Hermens DF, Corderoy A, Large M, Hickie IB. Impulsivity in the self-harm and suicidal behavior of young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;116:51–60. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohring R, Apter A, Ratzoni G, Weizman R, Tyano S, Plutchik R. State and trait anxiety in adolescent suicide attempters. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(2):154–157. doi:10.1097/00004583-199602000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang HJ, Lin MF, Lin KC. The mediating and moderating roles of the cognitive triad on adolescent suicidal ideation. Nurs Res. 2007;56(4):252–259. doi:10.1097/01.NNR.0000280611.00997.0e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claar RL, Baber KF, Simons LE, Logan DE, Walker LS. Pain coping profiles in adolescents with chronic pain. Pain. 2008;140(2):368–375. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews JA, Lewinsohn PM. Suicidal attempts among older adolescents: prevalence and co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992;31(4):655–662. doi:10.1097/00004583-199207000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tegethoff M, Belardi A, Stalujanis E, Meinlschmidt G. Comorbidity of mental disorders and chronic pain: chronology of onset in adolescents of a national representative cohort. J Pain. 2015;16(10):1054–1064. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PH, Yeh YC, Hsiao RC, Yen CF, Hu HF. Pain-related quality of life related to mental health and sociodemographic indicators in adolescents. Arch Clin Psychiatry. 2017;44(3):67–72. doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson LP, Russo JE, Lozano P, McCauley E, Katon W. Factors associated with detection and receipt of treatment for youth with depression and anxiety disorders. Acad Pediatr. 2009;10(1):36–40. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2009.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allgaier AK, Pietsch K, Frühe B, Sigl-Glöckner J, Schulte-Körne G. Screening for depression in adolescents: validity of the patient health questionnaire in pediatric care. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(10):906–913. doi:10.1002/da.21971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker J, Hansen CH, Hodges L, et al. Screening for suicidality in cancer patients using Item 9 of the nine-item patient health questionnaire; does the item score predict who requires further assessment? Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;32(2):218–220. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz LM, Bridge JA, Pao M, Boudreaux ED. Screening youth for suicide risk in medical settings: time to ask questions. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3 Suppl 2):S170–5. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandclerc S, de Labrouhe D, Spodenkiewicz M, Lachal J, Moro MR. Relations between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior in adolescence: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153760. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burstein B, Agostino H, Greenfield B. Suicidal attempts and ideation among children and adolescents in US emergency departments, 2007–2015. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(6):598–600. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mars B, Heron J, Klonsky ED, et al. Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: a population-based birth cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(4):327–337. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30030-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies D, Christou MA, Dixon AC, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of self-harm in adolescents: meta-analyses of community-based studies 1990–2015. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57(10):733–741. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DJ, Job A, Gokarakonda S, et al. Synergistic effect of chronic pain and nonsuicidal self-harm on pain sensitivity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2022;272(3):371–380. doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01283-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton E, Klimes-Dougan B. Klimes-Dougan differences in suicide prevention responses: implications for adolescents based on an illustrative review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(3):2359–2372. doi:10.3390/ijerph120302359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert TL, Miller DN, Riley-Tillman TC, DuPaul GJ. Adolescent suicide prevention: gender differences in students’ perceptions of the acceptability and intrusiveness of school-based screening programs. J Sch Psychol. 2006;44(4):271–285. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy A, Dickinson T. Male adolescent suicidality: a literature review. Ment Health Pract. 2018;21(8):50–55. doi:10.7748/mhp.2018.e1293
   Google Scholar
• Aalsma M, Keys J, Ferrin S, et al. Adolescent suicide assessment and management in primary care. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):389. doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03454-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kõlves K, de Leo D. Suicide methods in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(2):155–164. doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0865-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller M, Salhi C, Barber C, et al. Changes in firearm and medication storage practices in homes of youths at risk for suicide: results of the SAFETY study, a clustered, emergency department–based, multisite, stepped-wedge trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;76(2):194–205. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runyan CW, Becker A, Brandspigel S, Barber C, Trudeau A, Novins D. Lethal means counseling for parents of youth seeking emergency care for suicidality. West J Emerg Med. 2016;17(1):8–14. doi:10.5811/westjem.2015.11.28590
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oppenheimer CW, Stone LB, Hankin BL. The influence of family factors on time to suicidal ideation onsets during the adolescent developmental period. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:72–77. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo JV, Bridge J, Lucas A, et al. Physical and emotional health of mothers of youth with functional abdominal pain. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(2):131. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.2.131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donnelly TJ, Palermo TM, Newton-John TRO. Parent cognitive, behavioural, and affective factors and their relation to child pain and functioning in pediatric chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2020;161(7):1401–1419. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guite JW, Logan DE, McCue R, Sherry DD, Rose JB. Parental beliefs and worries regarding adolescent chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(3):223–232. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31818a7467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beveridge JK, Pavlova M, Katz J, Noel M. The parent version of the sensitivity to pain traumatization scale (SPTS-P): a preliminary validation. Children. 2021;8(7):537. doi:10.3390/children8070537
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palermo TM, Law EF, Essner B, Jessen-Fiddick T, Eccleston C. Adaptation of problem-solving skills training (PSST) for parent caregivers of youth with chronic pain. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol. 2014;2(3):212–223. doi:10.1037/cpp0000067
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bacardit Pintó P, Ickmans K, Rheel E, et al. Do parental pain knowledge, catastrophizing, and hypervigilance improve following pain neuroscience education in healthy children? Children. 2021;8(5):420. doi:10.3390/children8050420
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reyes-Portillo JA, McGlinchey EL, Toso-Salman J, Chin EM, Fisher PW, Mufson L. Clinician experience and attitudes toward safety planning with adolescents at risk for suicide. Arch Suicide Res. 2019;23(2):222–233. doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1456382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd MD, Mandrusiak M, Joiner TE. The case against no-suicide contracts: the commitment to treatment statement as a practice alternative. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(2):243–251. doi:10.1002/jclp.20227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley B, Brown GK. Safety planning intervention: a brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cogn Behav Pract. 2012;19(2):256–264. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettis AH, Donise KR, MacPherson HA, Bagatelas P, Wolff JC. Safety planning intervention for adolescents: provider attitudes and response to training in the emergency services setting. Psychiatr Services. 2020;71(11):1136–1142. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cucchiaro G, Schwartz J, Hutchason A, Ornelas B. Chronic pain in children: a look at the referral process to a pediatric pain clinic. Int J Pediatr. 2017;2017:1–7. doi:10.1155/2017/8769402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen AS, Telléus GK, Mohr-Jensen C, Lauritsen MB. Parent-perceived barriers to accessing services for their child’s mental health problems. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2021;15(1):4. doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00357-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalewski K, McLennan JD, McGrath PJ. A preliminary investigation of wait times for child and adolescent mental health services in Canada. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20(2):112–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palermo TM, Slack M, Zhou C, Aaron R, Fisher E, Rodriguez S. Waiting for a pediatric chronic pain clinic evaluation: a prospective study characterizing waiting times and symptom trajectories. J Pain. 2019;20(3):339–347. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman I, Zubieta JK, Borsook D. The missing P in psychiatric training. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(1):12. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar