How COVID-19 Perceived Risk Causes Turnover Intention Among Chinese Flight Attendants: A Moderated Mediation Model

References

• ILO. COVID-19 and Employment in the Tourism Sector: Impact and Response in Asia and the Pacific. International Labour Organization (ILO); 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Abd-Ellatif EE, Anwar MM, AlJifri AA, El Dalatony MM. Fear of COVID-19 and its impact on job satisfaction and turnover intention among Egyptian physicians. Saf Health Work-Kr. 2021;12:490–495. doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2021.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhanafy EY, El Hessewi GS. Effect of fear of COVID-19 pandemic on work satisfaction and turnover intentions of nurses. Egypt Nurs J. 2021;18(1):39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Labrague LJ, de Los Santos JAA. Fear of Covid‐19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. J Nurs Manage. 2021;29(3):395–403. doi:10.1111/jonm.13168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung HS, Jung YS, Yoon HH. COVID-19: the effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;92:102703. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdalla M, Said H, Ali L, Ali F, Chen X. COVID-19 and unpaid leave: impacts of psychological contract breach on organizational distrust and turnover intention: mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Tour Manag Perspect. 2021;39:100854. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng YM, Wu KS, Xu D. The association between fear of coronavirus disease 2019, mental health, and turnover intention among quarantine hotel employees in China. Front Public Health. 2021;9:557. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.668774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suthatorn P, Charoensukmongkol P. Effects of trust in organizations and trait mindfulness on optimism and perceived stress of flight attendants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pers Rev. 2022. doi:10.1108/PR-06-2021-0396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charoensukmongkol P, Suthatorn P. How managerial communication reduces perceived job insecurity of flight attendants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Corp Commun. 2021;27(2):368–387. doi:10.1108/CCIJ-07-2021-0080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han H, Koo B, Ariza-Montes A, Lee Y, Kim HR. Are airline workers planning career turnover in a post-COVID-19 world? Assessing the impact of risk perception about virus infection and job instability. J Hosp Tour Manag. 2021;48:460–467. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Laughlin KD, Martin MJ, Ferrer E. Cross-sectional analysis of longitudinal mediation processes. Multivar Behav Res. 2018;53(3):375–402. doi:10.1080/00273171.2018.1454822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Mansour K. Stress and turnover intention among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia during the time of COVID-19: can social support play a role? PLoS One. 2021;16(10):e0258101. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Los Santos JAA, Labrague LJ. The impact of fear of COVID-19 on job stress, and turnover intentions of frontline nurses in the community: a cross-sectional study in the Philippines. Traumatology. 2021;27(1):52–59. doi:10.1037/trm0000294
   Google Scholar
• Tett RP, Meyer JP. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: path analyses based on meta‐analytic findings. Pers Psychol. 1993;46(2):259–293. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00874.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobley William H, Horner stanley O, Hollingsworth AT. An evaluation of precursors of hospital employee turnover. J Appl Psychol. 1978;63(4):408–414. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.63.4.408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung M, Jeon A. Social exchange approach, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in the airline industry. Serv Bus. 2020;14(2):241–261. doi:10.1007/s11628-020-00416-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CF. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and flight attendants’ turnover intentions: a note. J Air Transp Manag. 2006;12(5):274–276. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2006.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho JE, Choi HC, Lee WJ. An empirical investigation of the relationship between role stressors, emotional exhaustion and turnover intention in the airline industry. Asia Pac J Tour Res. 2014;19(9):1023–1043. doi:10.1080/10941665.2013.837398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffinger M, Braun SM. The impact of social and temporal job demands and resources on emotional exhaustion and turnover intention among flight attendants. J Hum Resour Hosp Tour. 2020;19(2):196–219. doi:10.1080/15332845.2020.1702867
   Google Scholar
• Song M, Choi HJ, Hyun SS. MBTI personality types of Korean cabin crew in Middle Eastern airlines and their associations with cross-cultural adjustment competency, occupational competency, coping competency, mental health and turnover intention. Int J Env Res Pub He. 2021;18(7):3419. doi:10.3390/ijerph18073419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CF, Chen SC. Burnout and work engagement among cabin crew: antecedents and consequences. Int J Aviat Psychol. 2012;22(1):41–58. doi:10.1080/10508414.2012.635125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godovykh M, Pizam A, Bahja F. Antecedents and outcomes of health risk perceptions in tourism, following the COVID-19 pandemic. Tour Rev. 2021;76(4):737–748. doi:10.1108/TR-06-2020-0257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım M, Güler A. Factor analysis of the COVID-19 perceived risk scale: a preliminary study. Death Stud. 2020;46(5):1–8. doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1775362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım M, Geçer E, Akgül Ö. The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviours against COVID-19. Psychol Health Med. 2021;26(1):35–43. doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1776891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang SX, Wang Y, Rauch A, Wei F. Unprecedented disruption of lives and work: health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiat Res. 2020;288:112958. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker AB, Demerouti E. The job demands‐resources model: state of the art. J Manage Psychol. 2007;22(3):309–328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115
   Google Scholar
• Bakker AB, Demerouti E. Job demands-resources theory: taking stock and looking forward. J Occup Health Psych. 2017;22(3):273–285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86(3):499–512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh L, Rosenblatt Z. Job insecurity: toward conceptual clarity. Acad Manage Rev. 1984;9(3):438–448. doi:10.2307/258284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang L, Lavaysse LM. Cognitive and affective job insecurity: a meta-analysis and a primary study. J Manage. 2018;44(6):2307–2342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoss MK. Job insecurity: an integrative review and agenda for future research. J Manage. 2017;43(6):1911–1939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sverke M, Hellgren J, Näswall K. No security: a meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. J Occup Health Psych. 2002;7(3):242–264. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amankwah-Amoah J. Stepping up and stepping out of COVID-19: new challenges for environmental sustainability policies in the global airline industry. J Clean Prod. 2020;271:123000. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maneenop S, Kotcharin S. The impacts of COVID-19 on the global airline industry: an event study approach. J Air Transp Manag. 2020;89:101920. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature. 2021;594(7862):259–264. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03553-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benach J, Vives A, Amable M, Vanroelen C, Tarafa G, Muntaner C. Precarious employment: understanding an emerging social determinant of health. Annu Rev Publ Health. 2014;35:229–253. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobieralski JB. COVID-19 and airline employment: insights from historical uncertainty shocks to the industry. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect. 2020;5:100123. doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer publishing company; 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao JC, Mao JY, Quan J. Flight attendants staying positive! The critical role of career orientation amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Contemp Hosp M. 2022;34(11):4312–4328. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-08-2021-0965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun JM, Sarfraz M, Khawaja KF, Ozturk I, Raza MA. The perils of the pandemic for the tourism and hospitality industries: envisaging the combined effect of covid-19 fear and job insecurity on employees’ job performance in Pakistan. Psychol Res Behav Ma. 2022;15:1325–1346. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S365972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng GHL, Chan DKS. Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta‐analytic review. Appl Psychol-Int Rev. 2008;57(2):272–303. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00312.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staufenbiel T, König CJ. A model for the effects of job insecurity on performance, turnover intention, and absenteeism. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2010;83(1):101–117. doi:10.1348/096317908X401912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll SE. Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am Psychol. 1989;44(3):513–524. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll SE, Halbesleben J, Neveu JP, Westman M. Conservation of resources in the organizational context: the reality of resources and their consequences. Annu Rev Organ Psych. 2018;5:103–128. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Jeong DY. Job insecurity and turnover intention: organizational commitment as mediator. Soc Behav Personal. 2017;45(4):529–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çınar O, Karcıoğlu F, Aslan İ. The relationships among organizational cynicism, job insecurity and turnover intention: a survey study in Erzurum/Turkey. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;150:429–437. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.045
   Google Scholar
• Mauno S, De Cuyper N, Tolvanen A, Kinnunen U, Mäkikangas A. Occupational well-being as a mediator between job insecurity and turnover intention: findings at the individual and work department levels. Eur J Work Organ Psychol. 2014;23(3):381–393. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2012.752896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akgunduz Y, Eryilmaz G. Does turnover intention mediate the effects of job insecurity and co-worker support on social loafing? Int J Hosp Manag. 2018;68:41–49. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter A, Vander Elst T, De Witte H. Job insecurity and subsequent actual turnover: rumination as a valid explanation? Front Psychol. 2020;11:712. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alyahya MA, Elshaer IA, Sobaih AE. The impact of job insecurity and distributive injustice post covid-19 on social loafing behavior among hotel workers: mediating role of turnover intention. Int J Env Res Pub He. 2022;19(1):411. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elshaer IA, Azazz AMS. Amid the covid-19 pandemic, unethical behavior in the name of the company: the role of job insecurity, job embeddedness, and turnover intention. Int J Env Res Pub He. 2022;19(1):247. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takase M. A concept analysis of turnover intention: implications for nursing management. Collegian. 2010;17(1):3–12. doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2009.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg JM, Dutton JE, Wrzesniewski A. Job crafting and meaningful work. In: Dik BJ, Byrne ZS, Steger MF, editors. Purpose and Meaning in the Workplace. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2013:81–104.
   Google Scholar
• Wrzesniewski A, Dutton JE. Crafting a job: revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Acad Manage Rev. 2001;26(2):179–201. doi:10.2307/259118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tims M, Bakker AB. Job crafting: towards a new model of individual job redesign. SA J Ind Psychol. 2010;36(2):1–9. doi:10.4102/sajip.v36i2.841
   Google Scholar
• Petrou P, Demerouti E, Peeters MC, Schaufeli WB, Hetland J. Crafting a job on a daily basis: contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. J Organ Behav. 2012;33(8):1120–1141. doi:10.1002/job.1783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muningua A An explanatory study of work engagement among special needs teachers: the moderating role of job crafting [dissertation]. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Huang LC, Lin CC, Lu SC. The relationship between abusive supervision and employee’s reaction: the job demands-resources model perspective. Pers Rev. 2020;49(9):2035–2054. doi:10.1108/PR-01-2019-0002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Cardona I, Vera M, Martínez-Lugo M, Rodríguez-Montalbán R, Marrero-Centeno J. When the job does not fit: the moderating role of job crafting and meaningful work in the relation between employees’ perceived overqualification and job boredom. J Career Assessment. 2020;28(2):257–276. doi:10.1177/1069072719857174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musi K Job insecurity and work engagement of staff in higher education: the role of job crafting [dissertation]. South Africa: North-West University; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Debus ME, Gross C, Kleinmann M. The power of doing: how job crafting transmits the beneficial impact of autonomy among overqualified employees. J Bus Psychol. 2020;35(3):317–331. doi:10.1007/s10869-019-09625-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauno S, Leskinen E, Kinnunen U. Multi-wave, multi-variable models of job insecurity: applying different scales in studying the stability of job insecurity. J Organ Behav. 2001;22(8):919. doi:10.1002/job.122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slemp GR, Vella-Brodrick DA. The job crafting questionnaire: a new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting. Int J Wellbeing. 2013;3(2):126–146.
   Google Scholar
• Cammann C, Fichman M, Jenkins D, Klesh J The Michigan organizational assessment questionnaire [Unpublished manuscript]. Michigan: University of Michigan; 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin MA, Neal A, Parker SK. A new model of work role performance: positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Acad Manage J. 2007;50(2):327–347. doi:10.5465/amj.2007.24634438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker SK, Williams HM, Turner N. Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. J Appl Psychol. 2006;91(3):636–652. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar