466
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

The Interconnection Between Social Support and Emotional Distress Among Individuals with Chronic Pain: A Narrative Review

, ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 4389-4399 | Received 28 Jul 2023, Accepted 21 Oct 2023, Published online: 27 Oct 2023

References

  • Kennedy R, Abd-Elsayed A. The international association for the study of pain (IASP) classification of chronic pain syndromes. Pain. 2019:1101–1103. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99124-5_234
  • Simon LS. Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2012;26(2):197–198. doi:10.3109/15360288.2012.678473
  • Treede R-D, Rief W, Barke A, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015;156(6):1003. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160
  • Yong RJ, Mullins PM, Bhattacharyya N. Prevalence of chronic pain among adults in the United States. Pain. 2022;163(2):e328–e332. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002291
  • Nahin RL, Feinberg T, Kapos FP, Terman GW. Estimated rates of incident and persistent chronic pain among US adults, 2019–2020. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5):e2313563–e2313563. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.13563
  • Mäntyselkä P, Kumpusalo E, Ahonen R, et al. Pain as a reason to visit the doctor: a study in Finnish primary health care. Pain. 2001;89(2–3):175–180. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00361-4
  • Goldberg DS, McGee SJ. Pain as a global public health priority. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-770
  • Gatchel RJ, Peng YB, Peters ML, Fuchs PN, Turk DC. The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(4):581. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581
  • Meints S, Edwards R. Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87:168–182. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.017
  • Uchino BN. Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships. Yale university press; 2004.
  • Peplau LA, Perlman D. Loneliness: a sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy; 1982.
  • Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98(2):310. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  • Jensen MP, Moore MR, Bockow TB, Ehde DM, Engel JM. Psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in persons with physical disabilities: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(1):146–160. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.09.021
  • Wilson JM, Colebaugh CA, Flowers KM, Meints SM, Edwards RR, Schreiber KL. Social support and psychological distress among chronic pain patients: the mediating role of mindfulness. Pers Individ Dif. 2022;190:111551. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111551
  • Edwards RR, Dworkin RH, Sullivan MD, Turk DC, Wasan AD. The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. J Pain. 2016;17(9):T70–T92. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.001
  • Che X, Cash R, Ng SK, Fitzgerald P, Fitzgibbon BM. A systematic review of the processes underlying the main and the buffering effect of social support on the experience of pain. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(11):1061–1076. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000624
  • Bernardes SF, Forgeron P, Fournier K, Reszel J. Beyond solicitousness: a comprehensive review on informal pain-related social support. Pain. 2017;158(11):2066–2076. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001033
  • Burke AL, Mathias JL, Denson LA. Psychological functioning of people living with chronic pain: a meta‐analytic review. Br J Clin Psychol. 2015;54(3):345–360. doi:10.1111/bjc.12078
  • Howe CQ, Robinson JP, Sullivan MD. Psychiatric and psychological perspectives on chronic pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin. 2015;26(2):283–300. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2014.12.003
  • Hoffmann RG, Kotchen JM, Kotchen TA, Cowley T, Dasgupta M, Cowley AW Jr. Temporomandibular disorders and associated clinical comorbidities. Clin J Pain. 2011;27(3):268–274. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31820215f5
  • Turk DC, Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Patel KV. Assessment of psychosocial and functional impact of chronic pain. J Pain. 2016;17(9):T21–T49. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.02.006
  • Miaskowski C, Blyth F, Nicosia F, et al. A biopsychosocial model of chronic pain for older adults. Pain Med. 2020;21(9):1793–1805. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz329
  • Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Alloy LB. Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev. 1989;96(2):358. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358
  • Mathews A. Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behav Res Ther. 1990;28(6):455–468. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90132-3
  • Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, et al. Psychological factors associated with development of TMD: the OPPERA prospective cohort study. J Pain. 2013;14(12):T75–T90. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.06.009
  • Diatchenko L, Fillingim RB, Smith SB, Maixner W. The phenotypic and genetic signatures of common musculoskeletal pain conditions. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(6):340–350. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2013.43
  • Slade G, Diatchenko L, Bhalang K, et al. Influence of psychological factors on risk of temporomandibular disorders. J Dent Res. 2007;86(11):1120–1125. doi:10.1177/154405910708601119
  • Schreiber KL, Kehlet H, Belfer I, Edwards RR. Predicting, preventing and managing persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: the importance of psychosocial factors. Pain Manag. 2014;4(6):445–459. doi:10.2217/pmt.14.33
  • Landmark T, Dale O, Romundstad P, Woodhouse A, Kaasa S, Borchgrevink PC. Development and course of chronic pain over 4 years in the general population: the HUNT pain study. Eur J Pain. 2018;22(9):1606–1616. doi:10.1002/ejp.1243
  • Theunissen M, Peters ML, Bruce J, Gramke H-F, Marcus MA. Preoperative anxiety and catastrophizing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association with chronic postsurgical pain. Clin J Pain. 2012;28(9):819–841. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31824549d6
  • Wilson JM, Colebaugh CA, Flowers KM, et al. Applying the rapid OPPERA algorithm to predict persistent pain outcomes among a cohort of women undergoing breast cancer surgery. J Pain. 2022;23(12):2003–2012. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.07.012
  • Wilson JM, Schreiber KL, Mackey S, et al. Increased pain catastrophizing longitudinally predicts worsened pain severity and interference in patients with chronic pain and cancer: a collaborative health outcomes information registry study (CHOIR). Psycho‐Oncology. 2022;31(10):1753–1761. doi:10.1002/pon.6020
  • Wilson JM, Colebaugh CA, Flowers KM, Edwards RR, Schreiber KL. Profiles of risk and resilience in chronic pain: loneliness, social support, mindfulness, and optimism coming out of the first pandemic year. Pain Med. 2022;23(12):2010–2021. doi:10.1093/pm/pnac079
  • Lerman SF, Rudich Z, Brill S, Shalev H, Shahar G. Longitudinal associations between depression, anxiety, pain, and pain-related disability in chronic pain patients. Psychosom Med. 2015;77(3):333–341. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000158
  • Bjørlykhaug KI, Karlsson B, Hesook SK, Kleppe LC. Social support and recovery from mental health problems: a scoping review. Nordic Social Work Res. 2022;12(5):666–697. doi:10.1080/2156857X.2020.1868553
  • Wang J, Mann F, Lloyd-Evans B, Ma R, Johnson S. Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):1–16. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5
  • Cano A. Pain catastrophizing and social support in married individuals with chronic pain: the moderating role of pain duration. Pain. 2004;110(3):656–664. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.05.004
  • Du S, Hu Y, Bai Y, et al. Emotional distress correlates among patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a hierarchical linear regression analysis. Pain Pract. 2019;19(5):510–521. doi:10.1111/papr.12772
  • Nicholas MK, Coulston CM, Asghari A, Malhi GS. Depressive symptoms in patients with chronic pain. Med J Aust. 2009;190(S7):S66–S70. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02473.x
  • Zheng X, Wang Y, Jin X, et al. Factors influencing depression in community-dwelling elderly patients with osteoarthritis of the knee in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):453. doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03117-0
  • Zyrianova Y, Kelly BD, Gallagher C, et al. Depression and anxiety in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of perceived social support. Ir J Med Sci. 2006;175:32–36. doi:10.1007/BF03167946
  • Matthias MS, Hirsh AT, Ofner S, Daggy J. Exploring the relationships among social support, patient activation, and pain-related outcomes. Pain Med. 2022;23(4):676–685. doi:10.1093/pm/pnab306
  • Cano A, Leong L, Heller JB, Lutz JR. Perceived entitlement to pain-related support and pain catastrophizing: associations with perceived and observed support. PAIN®. 2009;147(1–3):249–254. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.023
  • Baumgartner JN, Haupt MR, Case LK. Chronic pain patients low in social connectedness report higher pain and need deeper pressure for pain relief. Emotion. 2023. doi:10.1037/emo0001228
  • Lee RM, Robbins SB. The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity. J Couns Psychol. 1998;45(3):338–345. doi:10.1109/58.660144
  • McKillop AB, Carroll LJ, Jones CA, Battié MC. The relation of social support and depression in patients with chronic low back pain. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(15):1482–1488. doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1202335
  • Koelmel E, Hughes AJ, Alschuler KN, Ehde DM. Resilience mediates the longitudinal relationships between social support and mental health outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(6):1139–1148. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2016.09.127
  • Fillingim RB. Sex, gender, and pain. In: Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine. Elsevier; 2023:769–792.
  • Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):52–58. doi:10.1093/bja/aet127
  • Lai YC, Yap AU, Türp JC. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in patients seeking orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47(2):270–280. doi:10.1111/joor.12899
  • Bartley EJ, Palit S. Gender and pain. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2016;6:344–353. doi:10.1007/s40140-016-0177-2
  • Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, López-Rodríguez MM, Lara-Palomo IC, Arendt-Nielsen L, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C. Gender differences in pain severity, disability, depression, and widespread pressure pain sensitivity in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome without comorbid conditions. Pain Med. 2012;13(12):1639–1647. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01523.x
  • Serdarevic M, Striley CW, Cottler LB. Gender differences in prescription opioid use. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30(4):238. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000337
  • Ramírez-Maestre C, Esteve R. The role of sex/gender in the experience of pain: resilience, fear, and acceptance as central variables in the adjustment of men and women with chronic pain. J Pain. 2014;15(6):608–618. e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.02.006
  • El-Shormilisy N, Strong J, Meredith PJ. Associations among gender, coping patterns and functioning for individuals with chronic pain: a systematic review. Pain Res Manag. 2015;20:48–55. doi:10.1155/2015/490610
  • Wilson JM, Smith K, Strough J, Delaney R. Knowing you are there makes the difference: perceived social support, preferences for using support, and health. J Women Aging. 2021;33(4):396–410. doi:10.1080/08952841.2020.1860633
  • Fischer CS, Beresford L. Changes in support networks in late middle age: the extension of gender and educational differences. J Gerontol Series B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2015;70(1):123–131. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu057
  • Antonucci T, Akiyama H, Takahashi K. Attachment and close relationships across the life span. Attach Hum Dev. 2004;6(4):353–370. doi:10.1080/1461673042000303136
  • Fillingim RB, King CD, Ribeiro-Dasilva MC, Rahim-Williams B, Riley JL III. Sex, gender, and pain: a review of recent clinical and experimental findings. J Pain. 2009;10(5):447–485. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.001
  • Campbell CM, Edwards RR. Ethnic differences in pain and pain management. Pain Manag. 2012;2(3):219–230. doi:10.2217/pmt.12.7
  • Meints SM, Cortes A, Morais CA, Edwards RR. Racial and ethnic differences in the experience and treatment of noncancer pain. Pain Manag. 2019;9(3):317–334. doi:10.2217/pmt-2018-0030
  • Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, et al. The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain. Pain Med. 2003;4(3):277–294. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x
  • Yang Y, Reid MC, Grol-Prokopczyk H, Pillemer K. Racial-ethnic disparities in pain intensity and interference among middle-aged and older US adults. J Gerontol Series B. 2022;77(2):e74–e81. doi:10.1093/gerona/glab207
  • Vaughn IA, Terry EL, Bartley EJ, Schaefer N, Fillingim RB. Racial-ethnic differences in osteoarthritis pain and disability: a meta-analysis. J Pain. 2019;20(6):629–644. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.11.012
  • Zajacova A, Grol-Prokopczyk H, Fillingim R. Beyond black vs white: racial/ethnic disparities in chronic pain including Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and multiracial US adults. Pain. 2022;163(9):1688–1699. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002574
  • Ross E, Huber F, Kuhn B, et al. (232) Assessing chronic pain onset in Native Americans: follow-up results from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk (OK-SNAP). J Pain. 2019;20(4):S33. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.01.153
  • Riley JL III, Wade JB, Myers CD, Sheffield D, Papas RK, Price DD. Racial/ethnic differences in the experience of chronic pain. Pain. 2002;100(3):291–298. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00306-8
  • Shavers VL, Bakos A, Sheppard VB. Race, ethnicity, and pain among the US adult population. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(1):177–220. doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0255
  • Allen KD, Helmick CG, Schwartz TA, DeVellis RF, Renner JB, Jordan JM. Racial differences in self-reported pain and function among individuals with radiographic hip and knee osteoarthritis: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009;17(9):1132–1136. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2009.03.003
  • Aroke EN, Joseph PV, Roy A, et al. Could epigenetics help explain racial disparities in chronic pain? J Pain Res. 2019;Volume 12:701–710. doi:10.2147/JPR.S191848
  • Roseen EJ, Smith CN, Essien UR, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of high-impact chronic pain among primary care patients with acute low back pain: a cohort study. Pain Med. 2023;24(6):633–643. doi:10.1093/pm/pnac193
  • Meints SM, Miller MM, Hirsh AT. Differences in pain coping between black and white Americans: a meta-analysis. J Pain. 2016;17(6):642–653. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.12.017
  • Vina ER, Cloonan YK, Ibrahim SA, Hannon MJ, Boudreau RM, Kwoh CK. Race, sex, and total knee replacement consideration: role of social support. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(7):1103–1111. doi:10.1002/acr.21925
  • Mickle AM, Domenico LH, Tanner JJ, et al. Elucidating factors contributing to disparities in pain-related experiences among adults with or at risk for knee osteoarthritis. Front Pain Res. 2023;4:1058476. doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1058476
  • Patel KV, Guralnik JM, Dansie EJ, Turk DC. Prevalence and impact of pain among older adults in the United States: findings from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study. Pain®. 2013;154(12):2649–2657. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.029
  • Larsson C, Hansson EE, Sundquist K, Jakobsson U. Chronic pain in older adults: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. Scand J Rheumatol. 2017;46(4):317–325. doi:10.1080/03009742.2016.1218543
  • Docking RE, Fleming J, Brayne C, Zhao J, Macfarlane GJ, Jones GT. Epidemiology of back pain in older adults: prevalence and risk factors for back pain onset. Rheumatology. 2011;50(9):1645–1653. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker175
  • Helme RD, Gibson SJ. The epidemiology of pain in elderly people. Clin Geriatr Med. 2001;17(3):417–431. doi:10.1016/S0749-0690(05)70078-1
  • He W, Goodkind D, Kowal PR. An aging world: 2015. Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau; 2016.
  • Carstensen LL. Selectivity theory: social activity in life-span context. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr. 1991;11(1):195–217.
  • Carstensen LL. Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 1995;4(5):151–156. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512261
  • Wilson JM, Lee J, Shook NJ. COVID-19 worries and mental health: the moderating effect of age. Aging Ment Health. 2021;25(7):1289–1296. doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1856778
  • Charles ST, Piazza JR. Age differences in affective well‐being: context matters. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2009;3(5):711–724. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00202.x
  • Charles ST, Carstensen LL. Social and emotional aging. Ann Rev Psychol. 2010;61:383–409. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448
  • Neubauer AB, Smyth JM, Sliwinski MJ. Age differences in proactive coping with minor hassles in daily life. J Gerontol Series B. 2019;74(1):7–16. doi:10.1093/geronb/gby061
  • Brose A, Schmiedek F, Lövdén M, Lindenberger U. Normal aging dampens the link between intrusive thoughts and negative affect in reaction to daily stressors. Psychol Aging. 2011;26(2):488. doi:10.1037/a0022287
  • English T, Carstensen LL. Selective narrowing of social networks across adulthood is associated with improved emotional experience in daily life. Int J Behav Dev. 2014;38(2):195–202. doi:10.1177/0165025413515404
  • Bruine de Bruin W, Parker AM, Strough J. Age differences in reported social networks and well-being. Psychol Aging. 2020;35(2):159. doi:10.1037/pag0000415
  • Wettstein M, Eich W, Bieber C, Tesarz J. Pain intensity, disability, and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: does age matter? Pain Med. 2019;20(3):464–475. doi:10.1093/pm/pny062
  • Finlay KA, Peacock S, Elander J. Developing successful social support: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of mechanisms and processes in a chronic pain support group. Psychol Health. 2018;33(7):846–871. doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1421188
  • Khoo E-L, Small R, Cheng W, et al. Comparative evaluation of group-based mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment and management of chronic pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Ment Health. 2019;22(1):26–35.
  • Niknejad B, Bolier R, Henderson CR, et al. Association between psychological interventions and chronic pain outcomes in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(6):830–839. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0756
  • Martinson A, Johanson K, Wong S. Examining the efficacy of a Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (Brief CBT-CP) group delivered via VA Video Connect (VVC) among older adult veterans. Clin Gerontol. 2023;1–14. doi:10.1080/07317115.2023.2186303
  • Sanabria-Mazo JP, Colomer-Carbonell A, Borràs X, et al. Efficacy of videoconference group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Behavioral Activation Therapy for Depression (BATD) for chronic low back pain (CLBP) plus comorbid depressive symptoms: a randomized controlled trial (IMPACT study). J Pain. 2023;24(8):1522–1540. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.04.008
  • Mariano TY, Wan L, Edwards RR, Jamison RN. Online teletherapy for chronic pain: a systematic review. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(4):195–208. doi:10.1177/1357633X19871746
  • Tankha H, Pester BD, Brumley KM, et al. A mixed-methods investigation into the us versus them mentality in Facebook groups for chronic pain. Health Psychol. 2023;42(7):460–471. doi:10.1037/hea0001289
  • Pester BD, Tankha H, Caño A, et al. Facing pain together: a randomized controlled trial of the effects of facebook support groups on adults with chronic pain. J Pain. 2022;23(12):2121–2134. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.07.013
  • Edmond SN, Keefe FJ. Validating pain communication: current state of the science. Pain. 2015;156(2):215. doi:10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460301.18207.c2
  • Kool M, Van Middendorp H, Lumley M, et al. Lack of understanding in fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis: the illness invalidation inventory (3* I). Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(11):1990–1995. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.123224
  • Koes BW, Van Tulder M, Thomas S. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ. 2006;332(7555):1430–1434. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7555.1430
  • Holloway I, Sofaer-Bennett B, Walker J. The stigmatisation of people with chronic back pain. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29(18):1456–1464. doi:10.1080/09638280601107260
  • Slade SC, Molloy E, Keating JL. Stigma experienced by people with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a qualitative study. Pain Med. 2009;10(1):143–154. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2008.00540.x
  • Samulowitz A, Gremyr I, Eriksson E, Hensing G. “Brave men” and “emotional women”: a theory-guided literature review on gender bias in health care and gendered norms towards patients with chronic pain. Pain Res Manag. 2018;2018:1–14. doi:10.1155/2018/6358624
  • Hoffmann DE, Tarzian AJ. The girl who cried pain: a bias against women in the treatment of pain. J Law Med Ethics. 2001;29(1):13–27. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00037.x
  • Prego-Jimenez S, Pereda-Pereda E, Perez-Tejada J, Aliri J, Goñi-Balentziaga O, Labaka A. The impact of sexism and gender stereotypes on the legitimization of women’s low back pain. Pain Manag Nurs. 2022;23(5):591–595. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2022.03.008
  • Hoffman KM, Trawalter S, Axt JR, Oliver MN. Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2016;113(16):4296–4301. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113
  • Morales ME, Yong RJ. Racial and ethnic disparities in the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med. 2021;22(1):75–90. doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa427
  • Perugino F, De Angelis V, Pompili M, Martelletti P. Stigma and chronic pain. Pain Ther. 2022;11(4):1085–1094. doi:10.1007/s40122-022-00418-5
  • Janevic MR, Mathur VA, Booker SQ, et al. Making pain research more inclusive: why and how. J Pain. 2022;23(5):707–728. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2021.10.004