Depressive and Anxious Symptoms Increase with Problematic Technologies Use Among Adults: The Effects of Personal Factors Related to Health Behavior

References

• World Health Organization. Depression; 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression. Accessed February 16, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Santomauro DF, Mantilla Herrera AM, Shadid J, et al. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1700–1712. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates; 2017. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/254610. Accessed July 1, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• International classification of diseases 11th revision. Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders; 2022. Available from: http://id.who.int/icd/entity/334423054. Accessed August 25, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Sekhon S, Gupta V. Mood Disorder. StatPearls; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:251–259. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhai JD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: a review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. J Anxiety Disord. 2019;62:45–52. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahedi Z, Saiphoo A. The association between smartphone use, stress, and anxiety: a meta-analytic review. Stress Health. 2018;34(3):347–358. doi:10.1002/smi.2805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuervo Carabel T, Orviz Martínez N, Arce García S, Fernández Suárez I. Technostress in communication and technology society: scoping literature review from the web of science. Arch Prev Riesgos Labor. 2018;21(1). doi:10.12961/aprl.2018.21.01.4
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Public health implications of excessive use of the internet, computers, smartphones and similar electronic devices: meeting report; 2014. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/184264. Accessed February 16, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA. Introduction to behavioral addictions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010;36(5):233–241. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V-TR). Fifth ed. American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2022. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11); 2023. Available from: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1448597234. Accessed February 24, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Spanish Observatory of Drugs and Addictions. Report on behavioral disorders 2022: gambling with money, use of video games and compulsive use of the internet in surveys on drugs and other addictions in Spain EDADES and ESTUDES; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison CM, Gore H. The relationship between excessive internet use and depression: a questionnaire-based study of 1319 young people and adults. Psychopathology. 2010;43(2):121–126. doi:10.1159/000277001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrero Pérez EJ, Ruiz Sánchez de León JM, Rojo Mota G, et al. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT): abuse of the Internet, video games, mobile phones, instant messaging and social networks through MULTICAGE-ITC. Adicciones. 2017;30(1):19. doi:10.20882/adicciones.806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younes F, Halawi G, Jabbour H, et al. Internet addiction and relationships with insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress and self-esteem in university students: a cross-sectional designed study. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0161126. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahan I, Hosen I, Al Mamun F, Kaggwa MM, Griffiths MD, Mamun MA. How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted internet use behaviors and facilitated problematic internet use? A Bangladeshi study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:1127–1138. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S323570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalwar SK, Heikkinen K, Porras J. Conceptual framework for assessing human anxiety on the internet. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2012;46:4907–4917. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.358
   Google Scholar
• Lau JTF, Walden DL, Wu AMS, Cheng K, Lau MCM, Mo PKH. Bidirectional predictions between Internet addiction and probable depression among Chinese adolescents. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(3):633–643. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachubińska K, Cybulska A, Szkup M, Grochans E. Analysis of the relationship between personality traits and Internet addiction. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(6):2591–2599. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202103_25422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell-Sills L, Stein MB. Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(6):1019–1028. doi:10.1002/jts.20271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer M, Maddux JE, Mercandante B, Prentice-Dunn S, Jacobs B, Rogers RW. The self-efficacy scale: construction and validation. Psychol Rep. 1982;51(2):663–671. doi:10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonovsky A. The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Soc Sci Med. 1993;36(6):725–733. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90033-Z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1965. doi:10.1126/science.148.3671.804
   Google Scholar
• Benet-Martínez V, John OP. Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;75(3):729–750. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JL, Hollinger-Smith L. Savoring, resilience, and psychological well-being in older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(3):192–200. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.986647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To QG, Vandelanotte C, Cope K, et al. The association of resilience with depression, anxiety, stress and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/S12889-022-12911-9/TABLES/4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Zhang C, Liu J, Wang Z. The relationship between resilience and internet addiction: a multiple mediation model through peer relationship and depression. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2017;20(10):634–639. doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz R, Karaoglan Yilmaz FG. Problematic internet use in adults: the role of happiness, psychological resilience, dispositional hope, and self-control and self-management. J Rational. 2022;1–19. doi:10.1007/S10942-022-00482-Y/FIGURES/1
   Google Scholar
• Milanovic M, Ayukawa E, Usyatynsky A, Holshausen K, Bowie CR. Self efficacy in depression. J Nervous Ment Dis. 2018;206(5):350–355. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönfeld P, Preusser F, Margraf J. Costs and benefits of self-efficacy: differences of the stress response and clinical implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;75:40–52. doi:10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2017.01.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mei S, Yau YHC, Chai J, Guo J, Potenza MN. Problematic Internet use, well-being, self-esteem and self-control: data from a high-school survey in China. Addict Behav. 2016;61:74–79. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SY. Effects of self-efficacy and self-control on internet addiction in middle school students: a social cognitive theory-driven focus on the mediating influence of social support. Child Health Nurs Res. 2020;26(3):357–365. doi:10.4094/CHNR.2020.26.3.357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giglio RE, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, de Pedro-Cuesta J, Forjaz MJ. Sense of coherence and health of community-dwelling older adults in Spain. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27(4):621–628. doi:10.1017/S1041610214002440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skonieczna J, Fronczak A, Kielan A, Brytek-Matera A, Olejniczak D. The impact of the sense of coherence on the problematic internet use among secondary school students. J Health Educ Res Dev. 2018;06:04. doi:10.4172/2380-5439.1000290
   Google Scholar
• Orth U, Robins RW, Widaman KF. Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2012;102(6):1271–1288. doi:10.1037/A0025558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seabra L, Loureiro M, Pereira H, Monteiro S, Afonso RM, Esgalhado G. Relationship between internet addiction and self-esteem: cross-cultural study in Portugal and Brazil. Interact Comput. 2017;29(5):767–778. doi:10.1093/IWC/IWX011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jourdy R, Petot JM. Relationships between personality traits and depression in the light of the “Big Five” and their different facets. L’Évolution Psychiatrique. 2017;82(4):e27–e37. doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2017.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marciano L, Camerini AL, Schulz PJ. Neuroticism and internet addiction: what is next? A systematic conceptual review. Pers Individ Dif. 2022;185:111260. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonovsky A. The salutogenic model as a theory to guide health promotion. Health Promot Int. 1996;11(1):11–18. doi:10.1093/heapro/11.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelmark MB, Sagy S, Eriksson M, et al. The Handbook of Salutogenesis. Springer International Publishing; 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04600-6
   Google Scholar
• European Union. Eurostat statistics data browser; 2023. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_CI_IFP_FU__custom_5093896/default/table?lang=en. Accessed February 25, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Li GX, Yu ML, Liu CL, Qu YT, Wu H. Association between anxiety symptoms and problematic smartphone use among Chinese university students: the mediating/moderating role of self-efficacy. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.581367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao Z, Jin L, Huang J, Wu H. Stress, academic burnout, smartphone use types and problematic smartphone use: the moderation effects of resilience. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;150:324–331. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pita-Fernández S. Determination of the sample size. Cad Aten Primaria. 2001;3:138–214.
   Google Scholar
• Spanish Ministry of Health. Mental health in data: prevalence of health problems and consumption of psychotropic drugs and related drugs from primary care clinical records; 2021. Available from: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/estadisticas/estMinisterio/SIAP/home.htm. Accessed April 15, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Depressive disorder. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression. Accessed April 10, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Aragon. Aragon transparency: Health and Health Service. Available from: https://transparencia.aragon.es/content/salud-y-sanidad. Accessed April 11, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL. The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann. 2002;32(9):509–515. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Navarro R, Cano-Vindel A, Medrano LA, et al. Utility of the PHQ-9 to identify major depressive disorder in adult patients in Spanish primary care centres. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):291. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1450-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B, Brief A. Measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Campayo J, Zamorano E, Ruiz MA, et al. Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2010;8(1):8. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero R, Espinoza M, Molinari G, et al. Psychometric properties of the general self efficacy-12 scale in Spanish: general and clinical population samples. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(7):1738–1743. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notario-Pacheco B, Solera-Martínez M, Serrano-Parra MD, Bartolomé-Gutiérrez R, García-Campayo J, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (10-item CD-RISC) in young adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9(1):63. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John OP, Donahue E, Kentle R The Big Five Inventory--Versions 4a and 54. University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research; 1991. Available from: https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~johnlab/bfi.htm. Accessed June 27, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno B, Alonso M, Álvaréz E. Sense of coherence, resistant, personality, self-esteem and health. J Health Psychol. 1997;9(2):115–137.
   Google Scholar
• Martín-Albo J, Núñez JL, Navarro JG, Grijalvo F. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale: translation and validation in university students. Span J Psychol. 2007;10(2):458–467. doi:10.1017/S1138741600006727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheskin DJ. Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures. Fifth ed. Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2020. doi:10.1201/9780429186196
   Google Scholar
• Núñez E, Steyerberg EW, Núñez J. Regression modeling strategies. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2011;64(6):501–507. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2011.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton JD. Time Series Analysis. Princeton University Press; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes A. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis. A Regression-Based Approach. 3rd ed. Guildford Press; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 25.0; 2017. Available from: https://www.ibm.com/. Accessed June 27, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes AF, Cai L. Using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard error estimators in OLS regression: an introduction and software implementation. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(4):709–722. doi:10.3758/BF03192961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anyfantakis D, Symvoulakis EK, Linardakis M, Shea S, Panagiotakos D, Lionis C. Effect of religiosity/spirituality and sense of coherence on depression within a rural population in Greece: the Spili III project. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1). doi:10.1186/S12888-015-0561-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• López-Martínez C, Frías-Osuna A, del-Pino-Casado R. Sentido de coherencia y sobrecarga subjetiva, ansiedad y depresión en personas cuidadoras de familiares mayores[Sense of coherence and subjective overload, anxiety and depression in caregivers of elderly relatives]. Gac Sanit. 2019;33(2):185–190. Spanish. doi:10.1016/J.GACETA.2017.09.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orth U, Robins RW, Widaman KF, Conger RD. Is low self-esteem a risk factor for depression? Findings from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth. Dev Psychol. 2014;50(2):622–633. doi:10.1037/a0033817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uliaszek AA, Zinbarg RE, Mineka S, et al. The role of neuroticism and extraversion in the stress–anxiety and stress–depression relationships. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2010;23(4):363–381. doi:10.1080/10615800903377264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain Z, Griffiths MD. Problematic social networking site use and comorbid psychiatric disorders: a systematic review of recent large-scale studies. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:686. doi:10.3389/FPSYT.2018.00686/BIBTEX
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochat L, Wilkosc-Debczynska M, Zajac-Lamparska L, et al. Internet use and problematic use in seniors: a comparative study in Switzerland and Poland. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.609190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annoni AM, Petrocchi S, Camerini AL, Marciano L. The relationship between social anxiety, smartphone use, dispositional trust, and problematic smartphone use: a moderated mediation model. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(5):2452. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha JH, Kim SY, Bae SC, et al. Depression and internet addiction in adolescents. Psychopathology. 2007;40(6):424–430. doi:10.1159/000107426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim K, Ryu E, Chon MY, et al. Internet addiction in Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: a questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006;43(2):185–192. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaroiu G, Kovacova M, Siekelova A, Vrbka J. Addictive behavior of problematic smartphone users: the relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress. Rev Contemp Philos. 2020;19:50. doi:10.22381/RCP1920204
   Google Scholar
• Taylor P, Kral P, Vrbka J, Gregova E. Problematic smartphone use, social anxiety symptom severity, and technology-related behaviors and attitudes. Analysis Metaphysics. 2020;19:73. doi:10.22381/AM1920208
   Google Scholar
• Tao Z, Wu G, Wang Z. The relationship between high residential density in student dormitories and anxiety, binge eating and Internet addiction: a study of Chinese college students. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):1579. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3246-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geng Y, Gu J, Wang J, Zhang R. Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: the role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. J Affect Disord. 2021;293:415–421. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Hernández G, Delgado-DelaMora J. Design of Epidemiological Studies. I. The Cross-Sectional Study: Taking a Picture of Health and Disease. Bol Clin Hosp Infant Edo Son. 2015;32(1):26–34.
   Google Scholar
• Demetriou C, Ozer BU, Essau CA. Self-report questionnaires. In: The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2015:1–6. doi:10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp507
   Google Scholar
• Choi B, Granero R, Pak A. Catalog of bias in health questionnaires. Rev Costarr Salud Pública. 2010;19(2):106–118.
   Google Scholar