1,910
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

The Role of Job Insecurity, Social Media Exposure, and Job Stress in Predicting Anxiety Among White-Collar Employees

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 3303-3318 | Received 18 May 2023, Accepted 05 Aug 2023, Published online: 18 Aug 2023

References

  • Blom V, Richter A, Hallsten L, Svedberg P. The associations between job insecurity, depressive symptoms and burnout: the role of performance-based self-esteem. Economic Industrial Democracy. 2018;39(1):48–63. doi:10.1177/0143831X15609118
  • Contreras S, Gonzalez JA. Organizational change and work stress, attitudes, and cognitive load utilization: a natural experiment in a university restructuring. Personnel Rev. 2021;50(1):264–284. doi:10.1108/PR-06-2018-0231
  • Dodanwala TC, Santoso DS, Yukongdi V. Examining work role stressors, job satisfaction, job stress, and turnover intention of Sri Lanka’s construction industry. Int J Construction Manage. 2022;1–10. doi:10.1080/15623599.2022.2080931
  • Etesam F, Akhlaghi M, Vahabi Z, Akbarpour S, Sadeghian MH. Comparative study of occupational burnout and job stress of frontline and non-frontline healthcare workers in hospital wards during COVID-19 pandemic. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(7):1428.
  • Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity. Dynamics Stress. 1986;63–80.
  • Li T, Li Y, Hoque MA, Xia T, Tarkoma S, Hui P. To What Extent We Repeat Ourselves? Discovering Daily Activity Patterns Across Mobile App Usage. IEEE Transactions Mobile Computing. 2022;21(4):1492–1507. doi:10.1109/TMC.2020.3021987
  • Liu X, Shi T, Zhou G, et al. Emotion classification for short texts: an improved multi-label method. Humanities Social Sci Commun. 2023;10(1):306. doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01816-6
  • Reichert AR, Tauchmann H. The causal impact of fear of unemployment on psychological health. Ruhr Economic Paper. 2011;266.
  • Taboroši S, Popovi´c J, Poštin J, Rajkovi´c J, Berber N, Nikoli´c M. Impact of Using Social Media Networks on Individual Work-Related Outcomes. Sustainability. 2022;14:20. doi:10.3390/su14137646
  • Susanto H, Fang Yie L, Mohiddin F, Rahman Setiawan AA, Haghi PK, Setiana D. Revealing social media phenomenon in time of COVID-19 pandemic for boosting start-up businesses through digital ecosystem. Appl System Innovation. 2021;4(1):6. doi:10.3390/asi4010006
  • Whelan E, Islam A, Brooks S. Is boredom proneness related to social media overload and fatigue? A stress-strain-outcome approach. Internet Res. 2020;30:869–887. doi:10.1108/INTR-03-2019-0112
  • Wilson JM, Lee J, Fitzgerald HN, Oosterhoff B, Sevi B, Shook NJ. Job insecurity and financial concern during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with worse mental health. J Occupational Environ Med. 2020;62(9):686–691. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001962
  • Li J, Liao Y, Wang W, Han X, Cheng Z, Sun G. Is stress always bad? The role of job stress in producing innovative ideas. Knowledge Manage Res Practice. 2023;1–12. doi:10.1080/14778238.2023.2219402
  • Guberina T, Wang AM, Obrenovic B An empirical study of entrepreneurial leadership and fear of COVID-19 impact on psychological wellbeing: A mediating effect of job insecurity. PLoS One. 2023;18(5):e0284766.
  • Yue CA. Exploring Employees’ After-Hour Work Communication on Public Social Media: antecedents and Outcomes. Soc Sci Comput Rev. 2022;41:827.
  • Zhao W, Liao X, Li Q, Jiang W, Ding W. The relationship between teacher job stress and burnout: a moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2022;12:6499. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.784243
  • Zheng L, Zhang P, Lim CY. A Study on the Impact of Work Stress on Work Performance for Newly-Employed Teachers of Colleges and Universities in Western China. J Chine Human Resources Manage. 2022;13(2):53–64. doi:10.47297/wspchrmWSP2040-800505.20221302
  • Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS. The Occupational Depression Inventory: a new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists. J Psychosom Res. 2020;138:110249. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110249
  • Liu Y, Zhang J, Hennessy D, Zhao S, Ji H. Psychological strains, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among medical and non-medical staff in urban China. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:22–27. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.111
  • Kim YK, Kramer A, Pak S. Job insecurity and subjective sleep quality: the role of spillover and gender. Stress and Health. 2021;37(1):72–92. doi:10.1002/smi.2974
  • Ahmad SNA, Rasid SZA, Abdul MS, Rasool NAMI. Work Stress and its Impact on Employees’ Psychological Strain. Soc Sci. 2021;11(8):1466–1471.
  • Schneiderman N, Ironson G, Siegel SD Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:607–628.
  • Noor NSFBM, Shahrom M. The effect of social media usage on employee job performance. Romanian J Information Technol Automatic Control. 2021;31(1):65–76.
  • Nam T, Kabutey R. How Does Social Media Use Influence the Relationship Between Emotional Labor and Burnout? The Case of Public Employees in Ghana. J Glob Inf Manag. 2021;29:32–52. doi:10.4018/JGIM.20210701.oa2
  • Huang LV, Liu PL. Ties that work: investigating the relationships among coworker connections, work-related Facebook utility, online social capital, and employee outcomes. Comput Hum Behav. 2017;72:512–524. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.054
  • Sun Y, Zhu MY, Zhang ZP. How Newcomers’ Work-Related Use of Enterprise Social Media Affects Their Thriving at WorkThe Swift Guanxi Perspective. Sustainability. 2019;11:20. doi:10.3390/su11102794
  • Mujanah S. Job Accomplishment Through Information Technology Competencies And Corporate Social Media Usage Of Company Employees In Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan. 2022;24(2):159–169. doi:10.9744/jmk.24.2.159-169
  • Cetindamar D, Kitto K, Wu M, Zhang Y, Abedin B, Knight S. Explicating AI literacy of employees at digital workplaces. IEEE Trans Eng Manage. 2022;1–14. doi:10.1109/TEM.2021.3138503
  • Jarrahi MH, Kenyon S, Brown A, Donahue C, Wicher C. Artificial intelligence: a strategy to harness its power through organizational learning. J Business Strategy. 2022;3:456.
  • Blanuša J, Barzut V, Knežević J. Intolerance of uncertainty and fear of COVID-19 moderating role in relationship between job insecurity and work-related distress in the Republic of Serbia. Front Psychol. 2021;12:647972. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647972
  • Näswall K, Sverke M, Hellgren J. The moderating role of personality characteristics on the relationship between job insecurity and strain. Work Stress. 2005;19(1):37–49. doi:10.1080/02678370500057850
  • Richter A, Näswall K, Bernhard-Oettel C, Sverke M. Job insecurity and well-being: the moderating role of job dependence. Eur J Work Org Psychol. 2014;23(6):816–829. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2013.805881
  • Elmer T, Mepham K, Stadtfeld C. Students under lockdown: comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0236337. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236337
  • Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, et al. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231924. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
  • Susanto H, Fang Yie L, Mohiddin F, Rahman Setiawan AA, Haghi PK, Setiana D Revealing social media phenomenon in time of COVID-19 pandemic for boosting start-up businesses through digital ecosystem. Appl Sys Innovat. 2021;4(1):6.
  • Kamal MM. The triple-edged sword of COVID-19: understanding the use of digital technologies and the impact of productive, disruptive, and destructive nature of the pandemic. Information Systems Management. 2020;37(4):310–317. doi:10.1080/10580530.2020.1820634
  • Naeem M. Using social networking applications to facilitate change implementation processes: insights from organizational change stakeholders. Business Process Manage J. 2020;26(7):1979–1998. doi:10.1108/BPMJ-07-2019-0310
  • Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer publishing company; 1984.
  • Kenyi TE, John LB. Job resources, job demands, uncertain working environment and employee work engagement in banking industry: prevailing evidence of South Sudan. Int J Res Business Soc Sci. 2020;9(2):202–212.
  • Godinic D, Obrenovic B, Khudaykulov A. Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. Int J Innovation Economic Dev. 2020;6(1):61–74. doi:10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.61.2005
  • Biggs A, Brough P, Drummond S. Lazarus and Folkman’s psychological stress and coping theory. Handbook Stress Health. 2017;349–364.
  • Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86(3):499. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
  • Bakker AB, Demerouti E. The job demands‐resources model: state of the art. J Managerial Psychol. 2007;22(3):309–328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115
  • Mahmud MS, Talukder MU, Rahman SM. Does ‘Fear of COVID-19’trigger future career anxiety? An empirical investigation considering depression from COVID-19 as a mediator. Int J Social Psychiatry. 2021;67(1):35–45. doi:10.1177/0020764020935488
  • Khudaykulov A, Changjun Z, Obrenovic B, Godinic D, Alsharif HZH, Jakhongirov I. The fear of COVID-19 and job insecurity impact on depression and anxiety: an empirical study in China in the COVID-19 pandemic aftermath. Curr Psychol. 2022;1–14. doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02883-9
  • Hammen C Stress and depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:293–319.
  • Li Q, Miao Y, Zeng X, Tarimo CS, Wu C, Wu J. Prevalence and factors for anxiety during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic among the teachers in China. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:153–158. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.017
  • Leung P, Li SH, Graham BM The relationship between repetitive negative thinking, sleep disturbance, and subjective fatigue in women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Brit J Clin Psychol. 2022;61(3):666–679.
  • Rose M, Devine J. Assessment of patient-reported symptoms of anxiety. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2022:56.
  • Aguiar-Quintana T, Nguyen THH, Araujo-Cabrera Y, Sanabria-Díaz JM. Do job insecurity, anxiety and depression caused by the COVID-19 pandemic influence hotel employees’ self-rated task performance? The moderating role of employee resilience. Int J Hospitality Manage. 2021;94:102868. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102868
  • Chen XY, Wei SB. Enterprise social media use and overload: a curvilinear relationship. J Inf Technol. 2019;34:22–38. doi:10.1177/0268396218802728
  • Heffner J, Vives ML, FeldmanHall O. Anxiety, gender, and social media consumption predict COVID-19 emotional distress. Humanities Social Sci Commun. 2021;8(1). doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00816-8
  • Cao XF, Yu LL. Exploring the influence of excessive social media use at work: a three-dimension usage perspective. Int J Inf Manag. 2019;46:83–92. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.019
  • Sun Y, Liu YJ, Zhang JZ, et al. Dark side of enterprise social media usage: a literature review from the conflict-based perspective. Int J Inf Manag. 2021;61:102393. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102393
  • Wu S, Pitafi AH, Pitafi S, Ren M. Investigating the Consequences of the Socio-Instrumental Use of Enterprise Social Media on Employee Work Efficiency: a Work-Stress Environment. Front Psychol. 2021;12:14.
  • Keles B, McCrae N, Grealish A. A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2020;25(1):79–93. doi:10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851
  • Lin LY, Sidani JE, Shensa A, et al. Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(4):323–331. doi:10.1002/da.22466
  • Lambert J, Barnstable G, Minter E, Cooper J, McEwan D Taking a one-week break from social media improves well-being, depression, and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2022;25(5):287–293.
  • Wong FHC, Liu T, Leung DKY, et al. Consuming information related to COVID-19 on social media among older adults and its association with anxiety, social trust in information, and COVID-safe behaviors: cross-sectional telephone survey. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(2):e26570. doi:10.2196/26570
  • Pekkala K, van Zoonen W. Work-related social media use: the mediating role of social media communication self-efficacy. Eur Manage J. 2022;40(1):67–76. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2021.03.004
  • Liu C, Ma J. Social media addiction and burnout: the mediating roles of envy and social media use anxiety. In: Key Topics in Technology and Behavior. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2022:1–9.
  • Wang Y, Xu J, Xie T. Social Media Overload and Anxiety Among University Students During the COVID-19 Omicron Wave Lockdown: a Cross-Sectional Study in Shanghai, China. Int j Public Health. 2023;67:1605363.
  • Teng L, Liu D, Luo J. Explicating user negative behavior toward social media: an exploratory examination based on stressor–strain–outcome model. Cognition Technol Work. 2022;1–12.
  • Malaeb D, Salameh P, Barbar S, et al. Problematic social media use and mental health (depression, anxiety, and insomnia) among Lebanese adults: any mediating effect of stress? Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021;57(2):539–549. doi:10.1111/ppc.12576
  • Gu X, Obrenovic B, Fu W. Empirical Study on Social Media Exposure and Fear as Drivers of Anxiety and Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability. 2023;15(6):5312. doi:10.3390/su15065312
  • Brailovskaia J, Margraf J. Less sense of control, more anxiety, and addictive social media use: cohort trends in German university freshmen between 2019 and 2021. Curr Res Behav Sci. 2023;4:100088. doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100088
  • Obrenovic B, Jianguo D, Khudaykulov A, Khan MAS. Work-family conflict impact on psychological safety and psychological well-being: a job performance model. Front Psychol. 2020;11:475. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00475
  • Nigatu YT, Wang J. The combined effects of job demand and control, effort-reward imbalance and work-family conflicts on the risk of major depressive episode: a 4-year longitudinal study. Occup Environ Med. 2018;75(1):6–11. doi:10.1136/oemed-2016-104114
  • Endler NS, Kocovski NL State and trait anxiety revisited. J Anxiety Disord. 2001;15(3):231–245.
  • Casale S, Flett GL. Interpersonally-based fears during the COVID-19 pandemic: reflections on the fear of missing out and the fear of not mattering constructs. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2020;17(2):88. doi:10.36131/CN20200211
  • Dhiman A. Unique nature of appraisal politics as a work stress: test of stress–strain model from appraisee’s perspective. Personnel Rev. 2021;50(1):64–89. doi:10.1108/PR-05-2019-0276
  • Mensah A. Job stress and mental well-being among working men and women in Europe: the mediating role of social support. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(5):2494. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052494
  • Ho HC, Chan YC. Flourishing in the workplace: a one-year prospective study on the effects of perceived organizational support and psychological capital. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(2):922. doi:10.3390/ijerph19020922
  • Xanthopoulou D, Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Schaufeli WB. The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources. Model Int j Stress Manage. 2007;14(2):121.
  • Bakker AB, de Vries JD. Job Demands–Resources theory and self-regulation: new explanations and remedies for job burnout. Anxiety Stress. 2021;34(1):1–21. doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695
  • Modaresnezhad M, Andrews MC, Mesmer‐Magnus J, Viswesvaran C, Deshpande S. Anxiety, job satisfaction, supervisor support and turnover intentions of mid‐career nurses: a structural equation model analysis. J Nurs Manag. 2021;29(5):931–942. doi:10.1111/jonm.13229
  • Bowling NA, Kirkendall C. Workload: a review of causes, consequences, and potential interventions. Contemporary Occupational Health Psychol. 2012;2:221–238.
  • Elsafty A, Shafik L. The impact of job stress on employee’s performance at one of private banks in Egypt during COVID-19 pandemic. Int Business Res. 2022;15(2):24–39. doi:10.5539/ibr.v15n2p24
  • van Zoonen W, Banghart S. Talking engagement into being: a three-wave panel study linking boundary management preferences, work communication on social media, and employee engagement. J Computer Mediated Commun. 2018;23(5):278–293. doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmy014
  • Wang Y, Huang Q, Davison RM, Yang F. Role stressors, job satisfaction, and employee creativity: the cross-level moderating role of social media use within teams. Information Manage. 2021;58(3):103317. doi:10.1016/j.im.2020.103317
  • French KA, Allen TD, Kidwell KE. When does work-family conflict occur? J Vocat Behav. 2022;136:103727. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103727
  • van Zoonen W, Rice RE. Paradoxical implications of personal social media use for work. N Technol Employment. 2017;32(3):228–246. doi:10.1111/ntwe.12098
  • Oksanen A, Oksa R, Savela N, Mantere E, Savolainen I, Kaakinen M. COVID-19 crisis and digital stressors at work: a longitudinal study on the Finnish working population. Comput Human Behav. 2021;122:106853. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106853
  • Zhang C, Ye M, Fu Y, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teenagers in China. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(6):747–755.
  • Singh P, Bala H, Dey BL, Filieri R. Enforced remote working: the impact of digital platform-induced stress and remote working experience on technology exhaustion and subjective wellbeing. J Bus Res. 2022;151:269–286. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.07.002
  • Zheng BW, Davison RM. Hybrid Social Media Use and Guanxi Types: how Do Employees Use Social Media in the Chinese Workplace? Inf Manag. 2022;59:15. doi:10.1016/j.im.2022.103643
  • Liu D, Hou B, Liu Y, Liu P. Falling in Love with Work: the Effect of Enterprise Social Media on Thriving at Work. Front Psychol. 2021;12:10.
  • Tandon A, Dhir A, Talwar S, Kaur P, Mäntymäki M Social media induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and phubbing: Behavioural, relational and psychological outcomes. Technol Forecast Soc. 2022;174:121149.
  • Afshari L, Young S, Gibson P, Karimi L. Organizational commitment: exploring the role of identity. Personnel Rev. 2020;49(3):774–790. doi:10.1108/PR-04-2019-0148
  • Oostervink N, Agterberg M, Huysman M. Knowledge Sharing on Enterprise Social Media: practices to Cope With Institutional Complexity. J Comput Mediat Commun. 2016;21:156–176. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12153
  • Hogan NL, Lambert EG, Jenkins M, Wambold S. The impact of occupational stressors on correctional staff organizational commitment: a preliminary study. J Contemp Crim Justice. 2006;22(1):44–62. doi:10.1177/1043986205285084
  • Bordia P, Hobman E, Jones E, Gallois C, Callan VJ. Uncertainty during organizational change: types, consequences, and management strategies. J Bus Psychol. 2004;18:507–532. doi:10.1023/B:JOBU.0000028449.99127.f7
  • Staufenbiel T, König CJ. A model for the effects of job insecurity on performance, turnover intention, and absenteeism. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2010;83(1):101–117. doi:10.1348/096317908X401912
  • Bahadirli S, Sagaltici E. Burnout, job satisfaction, and psychological symptoms among emergency physicians during COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Practitioner. 2021;83(25.1):20–28.
  • McGovern HT, De Foe A, Biddell H, et al. Learned uncertainty: the free energy principle in anxiety. Front Psychol. 2022;13.
  • Yu L, Cao X, Liu Z, Wang J. Excessive social media use at work: exploring the effects of social media overload on job performance. Information Technol People. 2018;31(6):1091–1112. doi:10.1108/ITP-10-2016-0237
  • Nemțeanu MS, Dabija DC. Negative impact of telework, job insecurity, and work–life conflict on employee behaviour. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(5):4182. doi:10.3390/ijerph20054182
  • Sverke M, Hellgren J, Näswall K No security: a meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. J Occup Health Psychol. 2002;7(3):242.
  • Morgeson FP, Humphrey SE (2008). Job and team design: Toward a more integrative conceptualization of work design. In Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 39–91). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • De Witte H (2000). Arbeidsethos en jobonzekerheid: meting en gevolgen voor welzijn, tevredenheid en inzet op het werk. In Van groep naar gemeenschap. liber amicorum prof. dr. leo lagrou (pp. 325–350). Garant.
  • Ng YJ, Yang ZJ, Vishwanath A To fear or not to fear? Applying the social amplification of risk framework on two environmental health risks in Singapore. J Risk Res. 2018;21(12):1487–1501.
  • Tong X, An D, McGonigal A, Park SP, Zhou D Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) among Chinese people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2016;120:31–36.
  • Wang HJ, Tan G, Deng Y, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of depression and anxiety among patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018;138(6):541–547.
  • Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Balderson KE, et al. (2006). Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis, 12(12),
  • Charles KK, DeCicca P Local labor market fluctuations and health: is there a connection and for whom?. J Health Econ. 2008;27(6):1532–1550.
  • Carnevale JB, Hatak I. Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: implications for human resource management. J Bus Res. 2020;116(2020):183–187. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
  • Tandon A, Dhir A, Islam N, Talwar S, Mäntymäki M. Psychological and behavioral outcomes of social media-induced fear of missing out at the workplace. J Bus Res. 2021;136:186–197. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.036
  • Alimoradi Z, Griffiths MD. Impact of COVID‑19‑Related Fear and Anxiety on Job Attributes: a Systematic Review. Asian J Social Health Behav. 2021.
  • Whelan E, Najmul Islam AKM, Brooks S Is boredom proneness related to social media overload and fatigue? A stress–strain–outcome approach. Internet Res. 2020;30(3):869–887.
  • McEvoy PM, Mahoney AE Achieving certainty about the structure of intolerance of uncertainty in a treatment-seeking sample with anxiety and depression. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(1):112–122.
  • Xiong Z, Liu Q, Huang X. The influence of digital educational games on preschool Children’s creative thinking. Comput Educ. 2022;189:104578. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104578
  • Xiong Z, Weng X, Wei Y. SandplayAR: evaluation of psychometric game for people with generalized anxiety disorder. Arts Psychotherapy. 2022;80:101934. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2022.101934