The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Negative Emotions Among Chinese Medical College Students: The Mediating Role of Fear of Missing Out and the Moderating Role of Resilience

References

• Guo K, Zhang X, Bai S, et al. Assessing social support impact on depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate students in Shaanxi province during the COVID-19 pandemic of China. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0253891. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin GM. The overlap between anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):249–260. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/ggoodwin
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill MR, Goicochea S, Merlo LJ. In their own words: stressors facing medical students in the millennial generation. Med Educ Online. 2018;23(1):1530558. doi:10.1080/10872981.2018.1530558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokhrel S, Chhetri R. A literature review on impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Higher Educ Future. 2021;8(1):133–141. doi:10.1177/2347631120983481
   Google Scholar
• López-Valenciano A, Suárez-Iglesias D, Sanchez-Lastra MA, Ayán C. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on university students’ physical activity levels: an early systematic review. Front Psychol. 2021;11:624567. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.624567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaccorsi G, Pierri F, Cinelli M, et al. Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(27):15530–15535. doi:10.1073/pnas.2007658117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aqeel M, Rehna T, Shuja KH, Abbas J. Comparison of students’ mental wellbeing, anxiety, depression, and quality of life during COVID-19’s full and partial (smart) lockdowns: a follow-up study at a 5-month interval. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:835585. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.835585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limaye RJ, Sauer M, Ali J, et al. Building trust while influencing online COVID-19 content in the social media world. Lancet Digital Health. 2020;2(6):e277–e278. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30084-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tull MT, Edmonds KA, Scamaldo KM, Richmond JR, Rose JP, Gratz KL. Psychological outcomes associated with stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113098. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li LZ, Wang S. Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113267. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cen X, Sun D, Rong M, et al. The online education mode and reopening plans for Chinese schools during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mini review. Front Public Health. 2020;8:566316. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.566316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang MQ, Tan XM, Sun J, et al. Relationship of physical activity with anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese college students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Front Psychol. 2020;11:582436. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582436
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al Mamun F, Hosen I, Misti JM, Kaggwa MM, Mamun MA. Mental disorders of bangladeshi students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:645–654. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S315961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Mehta PK, et al. Brain-heart connections in stress and cardiovascular disease: implications for the cardiac patient. Atherosclerosis. 2021;328:74–82. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Su S, Jiang Z, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of mental health symptoms and suicidal behavior among university students in Wuhan, China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:695017. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan G, Jensen MP, Thornby J, Sloan PA. Negative emotions, pain, and functioning. Psychol Serv. 2008;5:26–35. doi:10.1037/1541-1559.5.1.26
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Bus Horiz. 2010;53(1):59–68. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subrahmanyam K, Reich SM, Waechter N, Espinoza G. Online and offline social networks: use of social networking sites by emerging adults. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2008;29(6):420–433. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham S, Craig D. Creator governance in social media entertainment. Soc Media Soc. 2019;5(4):2056305119883428. doi:10.1177/2056305119883428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilyas Z, Shahed S, Hussain S. An impact of perceived social support on old age well-being mediated by spirituality, self-esteem and ego integrity. J Relig Health. 2020;59(6):2715–2732. doi:10.1007/s10943-019-00969-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JK. The effects of social comparison orientation on psychological well-being in social networking sites: serial mediation of perceived social support and self-esteem. Curr Psychol. 2022;41(9):6247–6259. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01114-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turel O, Brevers D, Bechara A. Time distortion when users at-risk for social media addiction engage in non-social media tasks. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;97:84–88. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.11.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie L, Lee EWJ, Fong VWI, Hui KH, Xin M, Mo PKH. Perceived information distortion about COVID-19 vaccination and addictive social media use among social media users in Hong Kong: the moderating roles of functional literacy and critical literacy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8550. doi:10.3390/ijerph19148550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehdizadeh S. Self-presentation 2.0: narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2010;13(4):357–364. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchant RM, Lurie N. Social media and emergency preparedness in response to novel coronavirus. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2011–2012. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Fu KW, Grépin KA, Liang H, Fung ICH. Limited early warnings and public attention to coronavirus disease 2019 in China, January–February, 2020: a longitudinal cohort of randomly sampled weibo users. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(5):e24–e27. doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfin DR, Silver RC, Holman EA. The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychol. 2020;39(5):355. doi:10.1037/hea0000875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones NM, Garfin DR, Holman EA, Silver RC. Media use and exposure to graphic content in the week following the Boston marathon bombings. Am J Community Psychol. 2016;58(1–2):47–59. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung NCY, Lau JTF, Yu NX, et al. Media exposure related to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake predicted probable PTSD among Chinese adolescents in Kunming, China: a longitudinal study. Psychol Trauma. 2018;10(2):253–262. doi:10.1037/tra0000121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkenburg P, Beyens I, Pouwels JL, van Driel II, Keijsers L. Social media use and adolescents’ self-esteem: heading for a person-specific media effects paradigm. J Commun. 2021;71(1):56–78. doi:10.1093/joc/jqaa039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman EA, Garfin DR, Lubens P, Silver RC. Media exposure to collective trauma, mental health, and functioning: does it matter what you see? Clin Psychol Sci. 2020;8(1):111–124. doi:10.1177/2167702619858300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Rabiaah A, Temsah MH, Al-Eyadhy AA, et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) associated stress among medical students at a university teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(5):687–691. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punyanunt-Carter NM, Cruz JJDL, Wrench JS. Analyzing college students’ social media communication apprehension. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2018;21(8):511–515. doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo S, Xin M, Wang S, et al. Behavioural intention of receiving COVID-19 vaccination, social media exposures and peer discussions in China. Epidemiol Infect. 2021;149:e158. doi:10.1017/S0950268821000947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X, Yang C, Ding L, et al. Social media usage of Chinese nursing students: attitudes, motivations, mental health problems, and self-disclosure. Schoultz M, ed. PLoS One. 2022;17(12):e0277674. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz E. Mass communications research and the study of popular culture: an editorial note on a possible future for this journal; 1959:6.
   Google Scholar
• Tanrikulu I, Erdur-Baker Ö. Motives behind cyberbullying perpetration: a test of uses and gratifications theory. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(13–14):NP6699–NP6724. doi:10.1177/0886260518819882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci EL, Ryan RM. The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol Inq. 2000;11(4):227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbari M, Seydavi M, Palmieri S, Mansueto G, Caselli G, Spada MM. Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet use: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Behav Addict. 2021;10(4):879–900. doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przybylski AK, Murayama K, DeHaan CR, Gladwell V. Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput Human Behav. 2013;29(4):1841–1848. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez DP, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Short-term abstinence effects across potential behavioral addictions: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2020;76:101828. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhai JD, Yang H, Montag C. Fear of missing out (FOMO): overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use. Braz J Psychiatry. 2021;43(2):203–209. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elhai JD, Rozgonjuk D, Liu T, Yang H. Fear of missing out predicts repeated measurements of greater negative affect using experience sampling methodology. J Affect Disord. 2020;262:298–303. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers E, Drees ET, Cain J. An intervention utilizing the salience principle to reduce pharmacy students’ psychological attraction to smartphones. AJPE. 2022;86(4):8717. doi:10.5688/ajpe8717
   Google Scholar
• Masten AS, Lucke CM, Nelson KM, Stallworthy IC. Resilience in development and psychopathology: multisystem perspectives. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2021;17(1):521–549. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gong Z, Lv Y, Jiao X, Liu J, Sun Y, Qu Q. The relationship between COVID-19-related restrictions and fear of missing out, problematic smartphone use, and mental health in college students: the moderated moderation effect of resilience and social support. Front Public Health. 2022;10. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.986498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havnen A, Anyan F, Hjemdal O, Solem S, Gurigard Riksfjord M, Hagen K. Resilience moderates negative outcome from stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a moderated-mediation approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6461. doi:10.3390/ijerph17186461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verger NB, Urbanowicz A, Shankland R, McAloney-Kocaman K. Coping in isolation: predictors of individual and household risks and resilience against the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc Sci Humanit Open. 2021;3(1):100123. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100123
   Google Scholar
• Nash C. Enhancing hopeful resilience regarding depression and anxiety with a narrative method of ordering memory effective in researchers experiencing burnout. Challenges. 2022;13(2):28. doi:10.3390/challe13020028
   Google Scholar
• Kelifa MO, Yang Y, Carly H, Bo W, Wang P. How adverse childhood experiences relate to subjective wellbeing in college students: the role of resilience and depression. J Happiness Stud. 2021;22(5):2103–2123. doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00308-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israelashvili J. More positive emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with better resilience, especially for those experiencing more negative emotions. Front Psychol. 2021;12:648112. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashaphu S, Talatala M, Seape S, Eriksson L, Chiliza B. Mental health, culture and resilience—approaching the COVID-19 pandemic from a South African perspective. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:611108. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.611108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min JA, Yu JJ, Lee CU, Chae JH. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(8):1190–1197. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke ES, Bellingtier JA, Riediger M, Brose A. When and how to regulate: everyday emotion-regulation strategy use and stressor intensity. Affec Sci. 2022;3(1):81–92. doi:10.1007/s42761-021-00087-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Jiang X, Ni P, et al. Association between resilience and burnout of front-line nurses at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic: positive and negative affect as mediators in Wuhan. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2021;30(4):939–954. doi:10.1111/inm.12847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim LTS, Regencia ZJG, Dela Cruz JRC, et al. Assessing the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, shift to online learning, and social media use on the mental health of college students in the Philippines: a mixed-method study protocol. Panada E, ed. PLoS One. 2022;17(5):e0267555. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye Z, Yang X, Zeng C, et al. Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID‐19‐related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China. Appl Psychol Health Well. 2020;12(4):1074–1094. doi:10.1111/aphw.12211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Population proportion - sample size - select statistical consultants. Available from: https://select-statistics.co.uk/calculators/sample-size-calculator-population-proportion/. Accessed April 14, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Soubra R, Hasan I, Ftouni L, Saab A, Shaarani I. Future healthcare providers and professionalism on social media: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Ethics. 2022;23(1):4. doi:10.1186/s12910-022-00742-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison N, Steinfield C, Lampe C. The benefits of Facebook “friends”: exploring the relationship between college students; 2007. Available from: https://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=bb51b1109100acea2e46030f6ec73223. Accessed September 19, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Gugushvili N, Täht K, Ruiter RAC, Verduyn P. Facebook use intensity and depressive symptoms: a moderated mediation model of problematic Facebook use, age, neuroticism, and extraversion. BMC Psychol. 2022;10(1):279. doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00990-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan M, Wu X, Hao Y, Xi R, Jin T. Microblogging, online expression, and political efficacy among young Chinese Citizens: the moderating role of information and entertainment needs in the use of Weibo. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2012;15(7):345–349. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu GF, Luo YJ, Sun XJ, et al. Qzone use and depression among Chinese adolescents: a moderated mediation model. J Affect Disord. 2018;231:58–62. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mieczkowski H, Lee AY, Hancock JT. Priming effects of social media use scales on well-being outcomes: the influence of intensity and addiction scales on self-reported depression. Soc Media Soc. 2020;6(4):2056305120961784. doi:10.1177/2056305120961784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie X, Wang Y, Wang P, Zhao F, Lei L. Basic psychological needs satisfaction and fear of missing out: friend support moderated the mediating effect of individual relative deprivation. Psychiatry Res. 2018;268:223–228. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76–82. doi:10.1002/da.10113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Zhang J. Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) with Chinese people. Soc Behav Pers. 2007;35(1):19–30. doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335–343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussa MT, Lovibond P, Laube R, Megahead HA. Psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). Res Soc Work Pract. 2017;27(3):375–386. doi:10.1177/1049731516662916
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao J, Wang F, Guo S, Hu F. Mental health of nursing students amid coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2021;12:699558. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699558
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes AF, Montoya AK, Rockwood NJ. The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling. Australas Mark J. 2017;25(1):76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan K, Zheng YB, Wang YJ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence of and risk factors associated with depression, anxiety and insomnia in infectious diseases, including COVID-19: a call to action. Mol Psychiatry. 2022. doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01638-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best P, Manktelow R, Taylor B. Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: a systematic narrative review. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2014;41:27–36. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogh SC. The beautiful and the fit reap the spoils: body image as a condition for the positive effects of electronic media communication on well-being among early adolescents. Young. 2022;30(1):97–115. doi:10.1177/11033088211009128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockdale LA, Coyne SM. Bored and online: reasons for using social media, problematic social networking site use, and behavioral outcomes across the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. J Adolesc. 2020;79:173–183. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Griffiths MD, Mei S, Niu Z. Fear of missing out and smartphone addiction mediates the relationship between positive and negative affect and sleep quality among Chinese university students. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:877. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Ma J. Social support through online social networking sites and addiction among college students: the mediating roles of fear of missing out and problematic smartphone use. Curr Psychol. 2020;39(6):1892–1899. doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0075-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui M, Krishen AS, Anlamlier E, Berezan O. Fear of missing out in the digital age: the role of social media satisfaction and advertising engagement. Psychol Mark. 2022;39(4):683–693. doi:10.1002/mar.21611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin P, Yen J, Lin H, Chou W, Liu T, Ko C. Coping, resilience, and perceived stress in individuals with internet gaming disorder in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1771. doi:10.3390/ijerph18041771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alutaybi A, Al-Thani D, McAlaney J, Ali R. Combating Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) on social media: the FoMO-R method. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):6128. doi:10.3390/ijerph17176128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempsey AE, O’Brien KD, Tiamiyu MF, Elhai JD. Fear of missing out (FoMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Addict Behav Rep. 2019;9:100150. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wyland CL, Forgas JP. On bad mood and white bears: the effects of mood state on ability to suppress unwanted thoughts. Cogn Emot. 2007;21(7):1513–1524. doi:10.1080/02699930601063506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Yang Z, Wang X, et al. The relationship between resilience, anxiety and depression among patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19 in China: a cross-sectional study. J Creat Behav. 2020;29(21–22):4020–4029. doi:10.1111/jocn.15425
   Google Scholar
• To QG, Vandelanotte C, Cope K, et al. The association of resilience with depression, anxiety, stress and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):491. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12911-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanhan F, Özok HI, TayiZ V. Fear of Missing Out (FoMO): a current review. Curr Approaches Psychiatry. 2022;14(1):84–95. doi:10.18863/pgy.942431
   Google Scholar