Parental Attachment and Proactive-Reactive Aggression in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Self-Control and Perspective Taking

References

• Fite PJ, Raine A, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Loeber R, Pardini DA. Reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent males: examining differential outcomes 10 years later in early adulthood. Crim Justice Behav. 2010;37(2):141–157. doi:10.1177/0093854809353051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odgers CL, Moffitt TE, Broadbent JM, et al. Female and male antisocial trajectories: from childhood origins to adult outcomes. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20(2):673–716. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine A, Dodge K, Loeber R, et al. The reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggress Behav. 2006;32(2):159–171. doi:10.1002/ab.20115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voulgaridou I, Kokkinos CM. Relational aggression in adolescents: a review of theoretical and empirical research. Aggress Violent Behav. 2015;23:87–97. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsee MA, Frick PJ. Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007;35(6):969–981. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9147-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Martínez Á, Sarrate-Costa C, Moya-Albiol L. Reactive vs proactive aggression: a differential psychobiological profile? Conclusions derived from a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;136:104626. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smithmyer CM, Hubbard JA, Simons RF. Proactive and reactive aggression in delinquent adolescents: relations to aggression outcome expectancies. J Clin Child Psychol. 2000;29(1):86–93. doi:10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan EP, Speck JS, Frick PJ, et al. Proactive and reactive aggression: developmental trajectories and longitudinal associations with callous–unemotional traits, impulsivity, and internalizing emotions. Dev Psychopathol. 2023:1–9. doi:10.1017/S0954579423000317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen JP, McElhaney KB, Land DJ, et al. A secure base in adolescence: markers of attachment security in the mother–adolescent relationship. Child Dev. 2003;74(1):292–307. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buist KL, Deković M, Meeus W, van Aken MAG. The reciprocal relationship between early adolescent attachment and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviour. J Adolesc. 2004;27(3):251–266. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen B, Collins WA. Parent-child relationships during adolescence. In: Handbook of Adolescent Psychology: Contextual Influences on Adolescent Development. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009:3–42.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby J. Developmental psychiatry comes of age. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:1–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.145.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammaniti M, Van Ijzendoorn MH, Speranza AM, Tambelli R. Internal working models of attachment during late childhood and early adolescence: an exploration of stability and change. Attach Hum Dev. 2000;2(3):328–346. doi:10.1080/14616730010001587
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lopez FG, Brennan KA. Dynamic processes underlying adult attachment organization: toward an attachment theoretical perspective on the healthy and effective self. J Couns Psychol. 2000;47(3):283–300. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.3.283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins NL. Working models of attachment: implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;71(4):810–832. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.4.810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michiels D, Grietens H, Onghena P, Kuppens S. Parent–child interactions and relational aggression in peer relationships. Dev Rev. 2008;28(4):522–540. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2008.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buist KL, Deković M, Meeus W, van Aken MAG. Developmental patterns in adolescent attachment to mother, father and sibling. J Youth Adolesc. 2002;31(3):167–176. doi:10.1023/A:1015074701280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonab BG, Koohsar AAH. Relation among quality of attachment, hostility and interpersonal sensitivity in college students. Procedia. 2011;30:192–196. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.038
   Google Scholar
• Grych JH, Kinsfogel KM. Exploring the role of attachment style in the relation between family aggression and abuse in adolescent dating relationships. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2010;19(6):624–640. doi:10.1080/10926771.2010.502068
   Google Scholar
• Hare AL, Miga EM, Allen JP. Intergenerational transmission of aggression in romantic relationships: the moderating role of attachment security. J Fam Psychol. 2009;23(6):808–818. doi:10.1037/a0016740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkinos CM, Algiovanoglou I, Voulgaridou I. Emotion regulation and relational aggression in adolescents: parental attachment as moderator. J Child Fam Stud. 2019;28(11):3146–3160. doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01491-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage J. The association between attachment, parental bonds and physically aggressive and violent behavior: a comprehensive review. Aggress Violent Behav. 2014;19(2):164–178. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyr M, Pasalich DS, McMahon RJ, Spieker SJ. The longitudinal link between parenting and child aggression: the moderating effect of attachment security. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2014;45(5):555–564. doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0424-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J-B, Guo Y-J, Delvecchio E, Mazzeschi C. Chinese adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment: the contribution of mothers’ attachment style and adolescents’ attachment to mother. J Soc Pers Relat. 2020;37(8–9):2597–2619. doi:10.1177/0265407520932667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Wang L-X, Datu JAD, et al. High Qualities of relationships with parents and teachers contribute to the development of adolescent life satisfaction through resilience: a three-wave prospective longitudinal study. J Happiness Stud. 2023;24(4):1339–1365. doi:10.1007/s10902-023-00647-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM. The strength model of self-control. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2007;16(6):351–355. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzlicht M, Werner KM, Briskin JL, Roberts BW. Integrating models of self-regulation. Ann Rev Psychol. 2021;72(1):319–345. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-061020-105721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson MR, Hirschi T. A General Theory of Crime. Redwood City: Stanford University Press; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Altenburger LE, Schoppe-Sullivan SJ. Contributions of parenting quality and coparenting relationship quality to the development of child executive functioning. Early Child Res Q. 2021;57:133–143. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt CH, Simons RL, Simons LG. A longitudinal test of the effects of parenting and the stability of self-control: negative evidence for the general theory of crime. Criminology. 2006;44(2):353–396. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00052.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heylen J, Vasey MW, Dujardin A, et al. Attachment and effortful control: relationships with maladjustment in early adolescence. J Early Adolesc. 2015;37(3):289–315. doi:10.1177/0272431615599063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosic-Vasic Z, Kröner J, Schneider S, Vasic N, Spitzer M, Streb J. The association between parenting behavior and executive functioning in children and young adolescents. Front Psychol. 2017;8:472. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valcan DS, Davis H, Pino-Pasternak D. Parental behaviours predicting early childhood executive functions: a meta-analysis. Educ Psychol Rev. 2018;30(3):607–649. doi:10.1007/s10648-017-9411-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farley JP, Kim-Spoon J. The development of adolescent self-regulation: reviewing the role of parent, peer, friend, and romantic relationships. J Adolesc. 2014;37(4):433–440. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JB, Willems YE, Stok FM, Deković M, Bartels M, Finkenauer C. Parenting and self-control across early to late adolescence: a three-level meta-analysis. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2019;14(6):967–1005. doi:10.1177/1745691619863046
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moilanen KL, Shaw DS, Fitzpatrick A. Self-regulation in early adolescence: relations with mother–son relationship quality and maternal regulatory support and antagonism. J Youth Adolesc. 2010;39(11):1357–1367. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9485-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halse M, Steinsbekk S, Hammar Å, Belsky J, Wichstrøm L. Parental predictors of children’s executive functioning from ages 6 to 10. Br J Dev Psychol. 2019;37(3):410–426. doi:10.1111/bjdp.12282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam CB, Chung KKH, Li X. Parental warmth and hostility and child executive function problems: a longitudinal study of Chinese families. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1063. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denson TF, DeWall CN, Finkel EJ. Self-control and aggression. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2012;21(1):20–25. doi:10.1177/0963721411429451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWall CN, Finkel EJ, Denson TF. Self-control inhibits aggression. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2011;5(7):458–472. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00363.x
   Google Scholar
• Li JB, Delvecchio E, Lis A, Nie YG, Di Riso D. Positive coping as mediator between self-control and life satisfaction: evidence from two Chinese samples. Pers Individ Dif. 2016;97:130–133. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie YG, Li JB, Vazsonyi AT. Self-control mediates the associations between parental attachment and prosocial behavior among Chinese adolescents. Pers Individ Dif. 2016;96:36–39. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JB, Dou K, Situ QM, Salcuni S, Wang Y-J, Friese M. Anger rumination partly accounts for the association between trait self-control and aggression. J Res Pers. 2019;81:207–223. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Li JB, Oktaufik MPM, Vazsonyi AT. Parental attachment and externalizing behaviors among Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-control. J Child Fam Stud. 2022;31(4):923–933. doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02071-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu F, Chui H, Chung MC. The effect of parent–adolescent relationship quality on deviant peer affiliation: the mediating role of self-control and friendship quality. J Soc Pers Relat. 2020;37(10–11):2714–2736. doi:10.1177/0265407520937358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özdemir Y, Vazsonyi AT, Çok F. Parenting processes and aggression: the role of self-control among Turkish adolescents. J Adolesc. 2013;36(1):65–77. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancinelli E, Liberska HD, J-B L, et al. A cross-cultural study on attachment and adjustment difficulties in adolescence: the mediating role of self-control in Italy, Spain, China, and Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(16):8827. doi:10.3390/ijerph18168827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson C, Keltner D. The role of empathy in the formation and maintenance of social bonds. Behav Brain Sci. 2002;25(1):21–22. doi:10.1080/14616730010001587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair RJR. Responding to the emotions of others: dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Conscious Cogn. 2005;14(4):698–718. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983;44:113–126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety J, Svetlova M. Putting together phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives on empathy. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012;2(1):1–24. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batanova MD, Loukas A. What are the unique and interacting contributions of school and family factors to early adolescents’ empathic concern and perspective taking? J Youth Adolesc. 2012;41(10):1382–1391. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9768-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henschel S, Nandrino J-L, Pezard L, Ott L, Vulliez-Coady L, Doba K. The influence of attachment styles on autonomic correlates of perspective-taking. Biol Psychol. 2020;154:107908. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laghi F, D’Alessio M, Pallini S, Baiocco R. Attachment representations and time perspective in adolescence. Soc Indic Res. 2009;90(2):181–194. doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9249-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei M, Liao KY, Ku TY, Shaffer PA. Attachment, self-compassion, empathy, and subjective well-being among college students and community adults. J Pers. 2011;79(1):191–221. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00677.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taubner S, White LO, Zimmermann J, Fonagy P, Nolte T. Attachment-related mentalization moderates the relationship between psychopathic traits and proactive aggression in adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013;41(6):929–938. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9736-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Leal R, Megías-Robles A, Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Cabello R, Fernández-Berrocal P. Personal risk and protective factors involved in aggressive behavior. J Interpers Violence. 2020;37(3–4):1489–1515. doi:10.1177/0886260520926322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loudin JL, Loukas A, Robinson S. Relational aggression in college students: examining the roles of social anxiety and empathy. Aggress Behav. 2003;29(5):430–439. doi:10.1002/ab.10039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlo G, Mestre MV, Samper P, Tur A, Armenta BE. Feelings or cognitions? Moral cognitions and emotions as longitudinal predictors of prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Pers Individ Dif. 2010;48(8):872–877. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe D, Farrington DP. Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables? J Adolesc. 2011;34(1):59–71. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlo G, Mestre MV, Samper P, Tur A, Armenta BE. The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors. Int J Behav Dev. 2010;35(2):116–124. doi:10.1177/016502541037592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Bian C, Chen Y, et al. Indirect aggression and parental attachment in early adolescence: examining the role of perspective taking and empathetic concern. Pers Individ Dif. 2015;86:499–503. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Liang S, Shek DTL. Attachment insecurity and altruistic behavior among Chinese adolescents: mediating effect of different dimensions of empathy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(16). doi:10.3390/ijerph191610371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe D, Farrington DP. Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggress Behav. 2006;32(6):540–550. doi:10.1002/ab.20154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batanova MD, Loukas A. Social anxiety and aggression in early adolescents: examining the moderating roles of empathic concern and perspective taking. J Youth Adolesc. 2011;40(11):1534–1543. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9634-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cillessen AHN, Borch C. Developmental trajectories of adolescent popularity: a growth curve modelling analysis. J Adolesc. 2006;29(6):935–959. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armsden GC, Greenberg MT. The inventory of parent and peer attachment: individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. J Youth Adolesc. 1987;16(5):427–454. doi:10.1007/BF02202939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JB, Delvecchio E, Miconi D, Salcuni S, Di Riso D. Parental attachment among Chinese, Italian, and Costa Rican adolescents: a cross-cultural study. Pers Individ Dif. 2014;71:118–123. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng Z, Griffiths MD, Nie Q, Xiang G, Guo C. Parent–adolescent attachment and peer attachment associated with internet gaming disorder: a longitudinal study of first-year undergraduate students. J Behav Addict. 2020;9(1):116–128. doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung AL, Raine A, Gao Y. Cross-cultural generalizability of the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). J Pers Assess. 2009;91(5):473–479. doi:10.1080/00223890903088420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Raine A, Yu L, Krieg A. Resting heart rate, vagal tone, and reactive and proactive aggression in Chinese children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(3):501–514. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9792-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Xiang G, Song S, Huang X, Chen H. Examining the associations of trait self-control with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. J Happiness Stud. 2021;23(2):667–687. doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00418-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers. 2004;72(2):271–324. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lt H, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducharme J, Doyle AB, Markiewicz D. Attachment security with mother and father: associations with adolescents’ reports of interpersonal behavior with parents and peers. J Soc Pers Relat. 2002;19(2):203–231. doi:10.1177/0265407502192003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchesne S, Ratelle CF, Poitras S-C, Drouin E. Early adolescent attachment to parents, emotional problems, and teacher-academic worries about the middle school transition. J Early Adolesc. 2009;29(5):743–766. doi:10.1177/0272431608325502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laible D. Attachment with parents and peers in late adolescence: links with emotional competence and social behavior. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;43(5):1185–1197. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song P, Zhang Z, Wang B, et al. The influence of trait empathy on reactive aggression: an ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol. 2018;133:102–110. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamnes CK, Overbye K, Ferschmann L, et al. Social perspective taking is associated with self-reported prosocial behavior and regional cortical thickness across adolescence. Dev Psychol. 2018;54(9):1745–1757. doi:10.1037/dev0000541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hazebroek BCM, Olthof T, Goossens FA. Predicting aggression in adolescence: the interrelation between (a lack of) empathy and social goals. Aggress Behav. 2017;43(2):204–214. doi:10.1002/ab.21675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Zouwen M, Hoeve M, Hendriks AM, Asscher JJ, Stams GJJM. The association between attachment and psychopathic traits. Aggress Violent Behav. 2018;43:45–55. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JB, Liberska H, Salcuni S, Delvecchio E. Aggressive perpetration and victimization among Polish male and female adolescents: the role of attachment to parents and self-control. Crime Delinq. 2018;65(3):401–421. doi:10.1177/0011128718787472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar