Conceptualizing Peace: A Qualitative Study Among Afghan Adolescents Living in Intractable Conflict

References

• Velez G. Making meaning of peace: a study of adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. J Adolesc Res. 2022;37(3):439–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakob DR. An Adolescent Theory of Peace: A Study of Adolescents’ Conceptualization of Peace. John F. Kennedy University; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Myers LJ, Speight SL, Highlen PS, et al. Identity development and worldview: toward an optimal conceptualization. J Counseling Dev. 1991;70(1):54–63. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991.tb01561.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson LR, Mudryk E, Kibanja GM, Drescher CF, Malindi M. Is positive youth development a pathway for sustaining peace in Tanzania? Predicting peace attitudes among adolescents. J Peace Psychol. 2023;29(3):225–234. doi:10.1037/pac0000673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor LK, O’Driscoll D, Merrilees CE, Goeke-Morey M, Shirlow P, Cummings EM. Trust, forgiveness, and peace: the influence of adolescent social identity in a setting of intergroup conflict. Int J Behav Dev. 2022;46(2):101–111. doi:10.1177/01650254211066768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal D, Diamond AH, Nasie M. Political socialization of young children in intractable conflicts: conception and evidence. Int J Behav Dev. 2017;41(3):415–425. doi:10.1177/0165025416652508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasie M, Diamond AH, Bar-Tal D. Young children in intractable conflicts: the Israeli case. Personality Social Psychol Rev. 2016;20(4):365–392. doi:10.1177/1088868315607800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper P. The development of the concept of war. J Peace Res. 1965;2(1):1–16. doi:10.1177/002234336500200101
   Google Scholar
• Hakvoort I. Children’s conceptions of peace and war: a longitudinal study. Peace and Conflict. 1996;2(1):1–15. doi:10.1207/s15327949pac0201_1
   Google Scholar
• Piaget J. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Childhood Cognitive Dev. 2000;2:33–47.
   Google Scholar
• Raviv AE, Oppenheimer LE, Bar-Tal DE. How Children Understand War and Peace: A Call for International Peace Education. Jossey-Bass/Wiley; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hashemi S, Shahraray M. How do Iranian adolescents think about peace? A study of the perception of female secondary school students and their families. Peace and Conflict. 2009;15(3):249–261. doi:10.1080/10781910902838634
   Google Scholar
• Fakhri N, Buchori S Intrapersonal peacefulness in Indonesian adolescents. Paper presented at: 1st World Conference on Social and Humanities Research (W-SHARE 2021) 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Ummanel A. What Cypriot Children Think about the Concept of Peace? Online Submission. 2018;5(8):247–258.
   Google Scholar
• Lopatovska I, Arora K, Fernandes FV, Rao A, Sivkoff-Livneh S, Stamm B. Experiences of the Ukrainian adolescents during the Russia-Ukraine 2022 War. Information Learning Sci. 2022;123(11/12):666–704. doi:10.1108/ILS-07-2022-0093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns E, McLernon F, Moore W, Hakvoort İ. The impact of the peace process inNorthern Ireland on children’s adolescents’ ideas about war and peace. Troublemakers Peace Makers Youth Post-Accord Peace Buildinngs. 2006;117–137.
   Google Scholar
• de Souza LK, Sperb TM, McCarthy S, Biaggio AM. Brazilian children’s conceptions of peace, war, and violence. Peace and Conflict. 2006;12(1):49–63. doi:10.1207/s15327949pac1201_4
   Google Scholar
• Shoshani A. Transcending the reality of war and conflict: effects of a positive psychology school-based program on adolescents’ mental health, compassion and hopes for peace. J Posit Psychol. 2021;16(4):465–480. doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1752778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner U. The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Harvard university press; 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer MB, Dupree D, Hartmann T. A phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST): a self-organization perspective in context. Dev Psychopathol. 1997;9(4):817–833. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer MB. Phenomenology and ecological systems theory: development of diverse groups. Child Adolescent Dev. 2006:696.
   Google Scholar
• Velez G, Spencer MB. Phenomenology and intersectionality: using PVEST as a frame for adolescent identity formation amid intersecting ecological systems of inequality. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2018;2018(161):75–90. doi:10.1002/cad.20247
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cummings EM, Merrilees CE, Taylor LK, Mondi CF. Developmental and social–ecological perspectives on children, political violence, and armed conflict. Dev Psychopathol. 2017;29(1):1–10. doi:10.1017/S0954579416001061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ålvik T. The development of views on conflict, war, and peace among school children: a Norwegian case study. J Peace Res. 1968;5(2):171–194. doi:10.1177/002234336800500205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleditsch NP, Nordkvelle J, Strand H. Peace research–Just the study of war? J Peace Res. 2014;51(2):145–158. doi:10.1177/0022343313514074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeidl S, Bose S. Youth interrupted: the consequences of urban displacement for young men and women in Afghanistan. J Peacebuilding Dev. 2016;11(3):68–82. doi:10.1080/15423166.2016.1230023
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadi B. Afghan Youth and Extremists: Why are Extremists’ Narratives so Appealing? United States Institute of Peace; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy-Levy S. Children, youth and peacebuilding. Critical Issues Peace Conflict Studies. 2011;159–176.
   Google Scholar
• Berents H, McEvoy-Levy S. Theorising youth and everyday peace (building). Peacebuilding. 2015;3(2):115–125. doi:10.1080/21647259.2015.1052627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loizides N, Psaltis C, Morgan-Jones E, Sudulich L, Popp R, Baykiz T. Citizens and peace mediations in divided societies: identifying zones of agreement through a conjoint survey experiment. J Conflict Resolution. 2022;66(9):1619–1649. doi:10.1177/00220027221108221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtenbach S, Pawelz J. Voting is not enough: youth and political citizenship in post-war societies. Peacebuilding. 2015;3(2):141–156. doi:10.1080/21647259.2015.1052629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Başer Z, Çelik AB. Imagining peace in a conflict environment: kurdish youths’ framing of the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Patterns Prejudice. 2014;48(3):265–285. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2014.925197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes G. The Soviet–Afghan War, 1978–1989: an Overview. Defence Studies. 2008;8(3):326–350. doi:10.1080/14702430802252511
   Google Scholar
• Laub Z. The Taliban in Afghanistan. Council Foreign Relations. 2014;4(7):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Malkasian C. The American War in Afghanistan: A History. Oxford University Press; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Patton MQ. How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation. Sage; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Akinyoade D. Analysis of Qualitative Data1. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson OC. Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: a theoretical and practical guide. Qual Res Psychol. 2014;11(1):25–41. doi:10.1080/14780887.2013.801543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Raskin JD. Constructivism in psychology: personal construct psychology, radical constructivism, and social constructionism. Am commun j. 2002;5(3):1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Cohrs JC, Christie DJ, White MP, Das C. Contributions of positive psychology to peace: toward global well-being and resilience. Am Psychol. 2013;68(7):590. doi:10.1037/a0032089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frame D. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs revisited. Interchange. 1996;27(1):13–22. doi:10.1007/BF01807482
   Google Scholar
• Hadjipavlou M. The Contribution of Bicommunal Contacts in Building a Civil Society in Cyprus. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Galtung J. Violence, peace, and peace research. J Peace Res. 1969;6(3):167–191. doi:10.1177/002234336900600301
   Google Scholar
• Lourenço O. Toward a positive conception of peace. How Children Understand War and Peace. 1999;91–108.
   Google Scholar
• Hakvoort I, Oppenheimer L. Children and adolescents’ conceptions of peace, war, and strategies to attain peace: a Dutch case study. J Peace Res. 1993;30(1):65–77. doi:10.1177/0022343393030001006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweder A. Understanding Peace & Violence from the Perspective of Street-Living Adolescents in Cusco, Peru. Global Studies. 2012;2012.
   Google Scholar
• Berk L. Ecological systems theory. Child Dev. 2000;23–38.
   Google Scholar
• Marceau K, Zahn-Waxler C, Shirtcliff EA, Schreiber JE, Hastings P, Klimes-Dougan B. Adolescents’, mothers’, and fathers’ gendered coping strategies during conflict: youth and parent influences on conflict resolution and psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2015;27(4pt1):1025–1044. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000668
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox FD, Sisk TD. Peacebuilding in Deeply Divided Societies: Toward Social Cohesion? Springer; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Velez GM, Dedios MC. Developmental psychology and peace. Psychol Peace Promotion. 2019;115–130.
   Google Scholar