References
- Linehan MM. Behavioral treatments of suicidal behaviors. Definitional obfuscation and treatment outcomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;836:302–328. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52367.x
- O’Carroll PW, Berman AL, Maris RW, Moscicki EK, Tanney BL, Silverman MM. Beyond the tower of babel: a nomenclature for suicidology. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1996;26(3):237–252. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1996.tb00609.x
- Nock MK, Joiner TE, Gordon KH, Lloyd-Richardson E, Prinstein MJ. Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res. 2006;144(1):65–72. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010
- Lloyd-Richardson EE, Perrine N, Dierker L, Kelley ML. Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychol Med. 2007;37(8):1183–1192. doi:10.1017/s003329170700027x
- Swannell S, Martin G, Hazell P, Harrison J, Taylor A. Australian national epidemiological study of self injury (Anessi); 2008.
- Whitlock J, Muehlenkamp J, Eckenrode J, et al. Nonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults. J Adoles Health. 2013;52(4):486–492. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010
- Plener PL, Schumacher TS, Munz LM, Groschwitz RC. The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2015;2:2. doi:10.1186/s40479-014-0024-3
- Barrocas AL, Hankin BL, Young JF, Abela JR. Rates of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth: age, sex, and behavioral methods in a community sample. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):39–45. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2094
- Muehlenkamp JJ, Claes L, Havertape L, Plener PL. International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2012;6:10. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-10
- Taliaferro LA, Muehlenkamp JJ. Risk factors associated with self-injurious behavior among a national sample of undergraduate college students. J Am Coll Health. 2015;63(1):40–48. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.953166
- Lang J, Yao Y. Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in Chinese middle school and high school students: a meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(42):e12916. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012916
- Xu H, Jiang Z, Li S, et al. Differences in influencing factors between non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in Chinese adolescents: the role of gender. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:870864. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870864
- Cox LJ, Stanley BH, Melhem NM, et al. A longitudinal study of nonsuicidal self-injury in offspring at high risk for mood disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):821–828. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m07250
- Nock MK. Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2009;18(2):78–83. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x
- Garisch JA, Wilson MS. Prevalence, correlates, and prospective predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among New Zealand adolescents: cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2015;9(28). doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0055-6
- Hepp J, Carpenter RW, Störkel LM, Schmitz SE, Schmahl C, Niedtfeld I. A systematic review of daily life studies on non-suicidal self-injury based on the four-function model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2020;82:101888. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101888
- Wilcox HC, Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, Pinchevsky GM, O’Grady KE. Longitudinal predictors of past-year non-suicidal self-injury and motives among college students. Psychol Med. 2012;42(4):717–726. doi:10.1017/s0033291711001814
- Di Pierro R, Sarno I, Perego S, Gallucci M, Madeddu F. Adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: the effects of personality traits, family relationships and maltreatment on the presence and severity of behaviours. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21(9):511–520. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0289-2
- Plener PL, Libal G, Keller F, Fegert JM, Muehlenkamp JJ. An international comparison of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (Nssi) and suicide attempts: Germany and the USA. Psychol Med. 2009;39(9):1549–1558. doi:10.1017/s0033291708005114
- Giletta M, Scholte RH, Engels RC, Ciairano S, Prinstein MJ. Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: a cross-national study of community samples from Italy, the Netherlands and the United States. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197(1–2):66–72. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.009
- Tang WC, Lin MP, You J, Wu JY, Chen KC. Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents during the covid-19 outbreak. Curr Psychol. 2021;1–10. doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01931-0
- Nock MK, Mendes WB. Physiological Arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76(1):28–38. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.28
- Kaufman J, Charney D. Effects of early stress on brain structure and function: implications for understanding the relationship between child maltreatment and depression. Dev Psychopathol. 2001;13(3):451–471. doi:10.1017/s0954579401003030
- Nock MK, Prinstein MJ. A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(5):885–890. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.885
- Hankin BL, Abela JR. Nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescence: prospective rates and risk factors in a 2½ year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res. 2011;186(1):65–70. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.056
- Serafini G, Canepa G, Adavastro G, et al. The relationship between childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:149. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00149
- Tatnell R, Kelada L, Hasking P, Martin G. Longitudinal analysis of adolescent nssi: the role of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(6):885–896. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9837-6
- Zhao L, Shek DTL, Zou K, Lei Y, Jia P. Cohort profile: Chengdu positive child development (Cpcd) survey. Int J Epidemiol. 2022;51(3):e95–e107. doi:10.1093/ije/dyab237
- Gratz KL. Measurement of deliberate self-harm: preliminary data on the deliberate self-harm inventory. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2001;23(4):253–263. doi:10.1037/t04163-000
- Bjärehed J, Lundh LG. Deliberate self-harm in 14-year-old adolescents: how frequent is it, and how is it associated with psychopathology, relationship variables, and styles of emotional regulation? Cogn Behav Ther. 2008;37(1):26–37. doi:10.1080/16506070701778951
- Faulstich ME, Carey MP, Ruggiero L, Enyart P, Gresham F. Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: an evaluation of the center for epidemiological studies depression scale for children (Ces-Dc). Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(8):1024–1027. doi:10.1176/ajp.143.8.1024
- Fendrich M, Weissman MM, Warner V. Screening for depressive disorder in children and adolescents: validating the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale for children. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131(3):538–551. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115529
- Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, et al. The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (scared): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(4):545–553. doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018
- Edition F. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc. 2013;21(21):591–643. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
- Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M. Psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (Scared): a replication study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(10):1230–1236. doi:10.1097/00004583-199910000-00011
- Shek DT, Ma CM. The Chinese family assessment instrument (C-Fai) hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses and factorial invariance. Res Soc Work Pract. 2010;20(1):112–123. doi:10.1177/1049731509355145
- Law BM, Shek DT. Self-harm and suicide attempts among young Chinese adolescents in hong kong: prevalence, correlates, and changes. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2013;26(3 Suppl):S26–32. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2013.03.012
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson; 2007.
- Klonsky ED, Muehlenkamp JJ. Self-injury: a research review for the practitioner. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(11):1045–1056. doi:10.1002/jclp.20412
- Fliege H, Lee JR, Grimm A, Klapp BF. Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2009;66(6):477–493. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013
- Clapham R, Brausch A. Emotion regulation deficits across the spectrum of self-harm. Death Stud. 2022;46(10):2477–2484. doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1972366
- Chartrand H, Sareen J, Toews M, Bolton JM. Suicide attempts versus nonsuicidal self-injury among individuals with anxiety disorders in a nationally representative sample. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(3):172–179. doi:10.1002/da.20882
- Kokaliari ED, Roy AW, Koutra K. A cross-sectional study comparing predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among college students in the United States and Greece. Int J Cult Ment Health. 2017;10(1):50–61. doi:10.1080/17542863.2016.1259339
- Hu Z, Yu H, Zou J, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Hu M. Relationship among self-injury, experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, anxiety, and depression in Chinese adolescent patients with nonsuicidal self-injury. Brain Behav. 2021;11(12):e2419. doi:10.1002/brb3.2419
- Martin J, Bureau J-F, Cloutier P, Lafontaine M-F. A comparison of invalidating family environment characteristics between university students engaging in self-injurious thoughts & actions and non-self-injuring university students. J Youth Adol. 2011;40(11):1477–1488. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9643-9
- Zhang H, Han T, Ma S, et al. Association of child maltreatment and bullying victimization among Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of family function, resilience, and anxiety. J Affect Disord. 2022;299:12–21. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.053
- Yates TM, Carlson EA, Egeland B. A prospective study of child maltreatment and self-injurious behavior in a community sample. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20(2):651–671. doi:10.1017/s0954579408000321
- Whitlock J, Eckenrode J, Silverman D. Self-injurious behaviors in a college population. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):1939–1948. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2543
- Gratz KL. Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: an empirical and conceptual review. Clin Psychol. 2003;10(2):192.
- Muehlenkamp J, Brausch A, Quigley K, Whitlock J. Interpersonal features and functions of nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2013;43(1):67–80. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00128.x
- Lim KS, Wong CH, McIntyre RS, et al. Global lifetime and 12-month prevalence of suicidal behavior, deliberate self-harm and non-suicidal self-injury in children and adolescents between 1989 and 2018: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(22):4581. doi:10.3390/ijerph16224581
- Hawton K, Rodham K, Evans E. By Their Young Hand: Deliberate Self-Harm and Suicidal Ideas in Adolescents. Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2006.
- Shek DT, Tang V. Adolescent suicide in hong kong during 1980–2000. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2003;15(3):245–265. doi:10.1515/ijamh.2003.15.3.245
- Rudolph KD, Kurlakowsky KD, Conley CS. Developmental and social–contextual origins of depressive control-related beliefs and behavior. Cognit Ther Res. 2001;25(4):447–475. doi:10.1023/A:1005538704056
- Baetens I, Claes L, Martin G, et al. Is nonsuicidal self-injury associated with parenting and family factors? J Early Adolesc. 2014;34(3):387–405. doi:10.1177/0272431613494006