Reliability and Validity of Self-Concealment Scale in Chinese Older Adults

References

• Davis CG, Brazeau H. Factors promoting greater preoccupation with a secret. Br J Soc Psychol. 2021;60(4):1419–1435. doi:10.1111/bjso.12462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruddas S, Gilbert P, Mcewan K. The relationship between self-concealment and disclosure, early experiences, attachment, and social comparison. Int J Cogn Ther. 2012;5(1):28–37. doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.28
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson D, Chastain R. Self-concealment: conceptualization, measurement, and health implications. J Soc Clin Psychol. 1990;9(4):439–455. doi:10.1521/jscp.1990.9.4.439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis CG. Self-concealment, secrecy, and guilt. J Pers. 2023. doi:10.1111/jopy.12832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonds J, Masuda A, Tully EC. Relations among self-concealment, mindfulness, and internalizing problems. Mindfulness. 2014;5(5):497–504. doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0204-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal A, Lin HL, Bush AL. The reciprocal cycle of self‐concealment and trust in romantic relationships. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2012;42(7):844–851. doi:10.1002/ejsp.1904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson DG, Chastain RL, Hoyt WT, Ayzenberg R. Self-concealment: integrative review and working model. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2015;34(8):705–774. doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.8.705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Agata MT, Holden RR. Self-concealment and perfectionistic self-presentation in concealment of psychache and suicide ideation. Pers Individ Dif. 2018;125:56–61. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogge I, Blankenship P. Self‐concealment and suicidality: mediating roles of unmet interpersonal needs and attitudes toward help‐seeking. J Clin Psychol. 2020;76(10):1893–1903. doi:10.1002/jclp.22964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou G, Wang E. Effects of self-concealment and self-esteem on Internet addiction in college students. Soc Behav Person. 2021;49(7):1–9. doi:10.2224/sbp.10370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung MC, Ye Z, Wang N, Thomas J. Linking posttraumatic stress disorder with eating disorders among Emirati university female students: the role of self-concealment. Current Psycholog. 2021. doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01391-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinweuba DC, Ifeagwazi CM, Chinweuba AU, Chukwuorji JC. Does self-concealment and self-compassion differentially influence substance use for male versus female adolescents? J Subst Use. 2023;28(1):117–122. doi:10.1080/14659891.2021.2018726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koszalinski RS, Olmos B. Communication challenges in social isolation, subjective cognitive decline, and mental health status in older adults: a scoping review (2019–2021). Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58(4):2741–2755. doi:10.1111/ppc.13115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sease TB, Perkins DR, Sandoz EK, Sudduth H. Automatic thoughts: understanding the precursors of self-concealment within the psychological flexibility framework. J Context Behav Sci. 2021;22:68–73. doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas J, Wismeijer AAJ, Van assen MALM. Associations between secret-keeping and quality of life in older adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2019;88(3):250–265. doi:10.1177/0091415018758447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons KS, Sadowski T, Lee CS. The role of concealment and relationship quality on patient hospitalizations, care strain and depressive symptoms in heart failure dyads. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2020;19(2):118–124. doi:10.1177/1474515119863791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander A, Nazem S, Fiske A, Nadorff MR, Smith MD. Self-concealment and suicidal behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2012;42(3):332–340. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00094.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasteen A, Bashir N, Gallucci C, Visekruna A. Age and antiaging technique influence reactions to age concealment. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2011;66(6):719–724. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecil V, Pendry L, Ashbullby K, Salvatore J. Masquerading their way to authenticity: does age stigma concealment benefit older women? J Women Aging. 2022;1–18. doi:10.1080/08952841.2022.2128245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas J, Wismeijer AAJ, Van Assen MALM, Aquarius AEAM. Is it bad to have secrets? Cognitive preoccupation as a toxic element of secrecy. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2012;12(1):23–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertheim R, Hasson-Ohayon I, Mashiach-Eizenberg M, Pizem N, Shacham-Shmueli E, Goldzweig G. Self-concealment among couples who cope with chronic illness: development and preliminary validation of the Couples Illness Self-Concealment (CISC) questionnaire. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(12):4951–4959. doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3354-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Piedra-Torres AJ, López-Martínez AE, Ramírez-Maestre C. Information concealment in palliative patients: development and pilot study of a new scale for caregivers. Health Soc Care Community. 2022;30(6):e4504–e4512. doi:10.1111/hsc.13854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewett LR, Malcarne VL, Kwakkenbos L, et al. Development and Validation of the Body Concealment Scale for Scleroderma (BCSS). Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(8):1158–1165. doi:10.1002/acr.22819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeatts PE, Abbott DM, Mollen D. Development and evaluation of the atheist identity concealment scale (aics). J Relig Health. 2021;61(4):3525–3541. doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01465-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydemir N, Kaya B, Yıldız G. Development of the perceived stigma scale and the concealment of epilepsy scale for the Turkish population. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;80:1–4. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng Y, Zhan T, Zhang Y, Shi L, Yu J, Jin W. Why don’t you tell me? The mediating role of self-concealment in the relationship between Machiavellianism and break-up distress. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(20):17000–17007. doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02911-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sease TB, Perkins DR, Yang Y. The influence of emotion dysregulation on the relationship between emotional abuse and self-concealment among romantic partners. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2021. doi:10.1080/10926771.2021.1921088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kealy D, Rice SM. Dispositional connectedness and depressive symptoms among help-seeking outpatients: the mediating role of self-concealment. Eur J Psychiatry. 2020;34(4):219–222. doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2020.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam B, Kim J, Ryu W, Kim DI, Frey JJ, DeVylder J. Perceived social stigma, self-concealment, and suicide risk among North Korean refugee women exposed to traumatic events. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2021;51(6):1235–1246. doi:10.1111/sltb.12805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung MC, Chen ZS, Han BX. The impact of anger and self-concealment on post-traumatic stress and psychiatric comorbid symptoms in Chinese prisoners: a longitudinal study. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2022;32(5):320–336. doi:10.1002/cbm.2257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer KM, Barry JE. Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the Self-Concealment Scale. Pers Individ Dif. 1999;27(4):629–637. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00222-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deniz M, Cok F. Psychometric properties and adaptation of the Self-Concealment Scale to the Turkish Adolescents. Lköretim Online. 2010;9:424–432.
   Google Scholar
• Salinas-Oñate N, Baeza-Rivera MJ, Salinas-Rehbein B, Escandón-Nagel N, Escobar-Alaniz B. Validation of the Adapted Version of the Larson & Chastain Self-Concealment Scale in Chilean University Students. Rev Iberoam Diagn Ev. 2022;62(1):51. doi:10.21865/RIDEP62.1.05
   Google Scholar
• Wang CK. The factor structure of the Chinese adaptation of self-concealment scale in middle school students. Chin J Appl Psychol. 2002;8(2):15–17.
   Google Scholar
• Luoma JB, Chwyl C. Interpersonal mechanisms for the maintenance of self-criticism: expressive suppression, emotion expression, and self-concealment. Curr Psychol. 2022;41(6):4027–4040. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00920-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichiyama MA, Colbert D, Laramore H, Heim M, Carone K, Schmidt J. Self-concealment and correlates of adjustment in college students. J College Stud Psychother. 1993;7(4):55–68. doi:10.1300/J035v07n04_05
   Google Scholar
• Zhou S, King EJ, Gjorgiovska J, Mihajlov A, Stojanovski K. Self-concealment, discrimination, and mental health in Macedonia: disparities experienced by sexual and gender minorities. Glob Public Health. 2019;14(8):1075–1086. doi:10.1080/17441692.2018.1560484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simms LJ. Classical and modern methods of psychological scale construction. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2008;2(1):414–433. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00044.x
   Google Scholar
• Kahn JH, Hessling RM. Measuring the tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2001;20(1):41–65. doi:10.1521/jscp.20.1.41.22254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopko DR, Stowell J, Jones WH, Armento MEA, Cheek JM. Psychometric properties of the revised cheek and Buss Shyness Scale. J Pers Assess. 2005;84(2):185–192. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8402_08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergus TA, Valentiner DP, McGrath PB, Gier-Lonsway SL, Kim HS. Short forms of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. J Pers Assess. 2012;94(3):310–320. doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.660291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays RD, DiMatteo MR. A short-form measure of loneliness. J Pers Assess. 1987;51(1):69–81. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bougie E, Arim RG, Kohen DE, Findlay LC. Validation of the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) in the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey. Health Rep. 2016;27(1):3–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehlbach H, Brinkworth ME. Measure twice, cut down error: a process for enhancing the validity of survey scales. Rev General Psychol. 2011;15(4):380–387. doi:10.1037/a0025704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington RL, Whittaker TA. Scale development research: a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. Couns Psychol. 2006;34(6):806–838. doi:10.1177/0011000006288127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrigar LR, Wegener DT, MacCallum RC, Strahan EJ. Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychol Methods. 1999;4(3):272–299. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viladrich C, Angulo-Brunet A, Doval E. A journey around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability. Anal de Psicologia. 2017;33(3):755–782. doi:10.6018/analesps.33.3.268401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrov DM. Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measure Eval Counsel Dev. 2010;43(2):121–149. doi:10.1177/0748175610373459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equat Model. 2002;9(2):233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wismeijer AAJ, Sijtsma K, Van Assen MALM, Vingerhoets AJJM. A comparative study of the dimensionality of the self-concealment scale using principal components analysis and mokken scale analysis. J Pers Assess. 2008;90(4):323–334. doi:10.1080/00223890802107875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal A, Lee Lin H, Raymond Knee C. The role of need satisfaction in self-concealment and well-being. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2010;36(2):187–199. doi:10.1177/0146167209354518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt N, Kuljanin G. Measurement invariance: review of practice and implications. Hum Resource Manag Rev. 2008;18(4):210–222. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritz T, Dahme B. Repression, self-concealment and rationality/emotional defensiveness: the correspondence between three questionnaire measures of defensive coping. Pers Individ Dif. 1996;20(1):95–102. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00142-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akdoğan R, Çimşir E. Linking inferiority feelings to subjective happiness: self-concealment and loneliness as serial mediators. Pers Individ Dif. 2019;149:14–20. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda A. Examining self-concealment within the framework of psychological inflexibility and mindfulness: (538602014-001); 2014. doi:10.1037/e538602014-001
   Google Scholar
• Minayo MCDS, Mendonça JMB, Sousa GSD, Pereira TFDS, Mangas RMDN. Support policies for dependent older adults: Europe and Brazil. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2021;26(1):137–146. doi:10.1590/1413-81232020261.30262020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunde OS, Alteren J, Ytrehus S. Caring for a home-dwelling older parent with mental health problems: a narrative analysis of family caregivers’ experiences. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-Being. 2023;18(1):2236373. doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2236373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschman KB, Rivera E, Sefcik JS, et al. Older adult and family caregiver perspectives on engagement in primary care. J Gerontol Nurs. 2022;48(11):7–13. doi:10.3928/00989134-20221003-02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker R, Newman L, Tsianikas M, Panagiotopoulos G, Hurley C. The perspectives of older Greek-Australians toward changes in the nature of family support: implications for family care policies. J Aging Soc Policy. 2013;25:320–334. doi:10.1080/08959420.2013.816194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace BC, Constantine MG. Africentric cultural values, psychological help-seeking attitudes, and self-concealment in African American College Students. J Black Psychol. 2005;31(4):369–385. doi:10.1177/0095798405281025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trub L. A portrait of the self in the digital age: attachment, splitting, and self-concealment in online and offline self-presentation. Psychoanalytic Psychol. 2017;34(1):78–86. doi:10.1037/pap0000123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar