195
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Impact of Easing COVID-19 Restrictions on Fear of COVID-19 and Social Support Among Chinese Students: A Longitudinal Analysis

, , , , , ORCID Icon, , , & show all
Pages 4685-4696 | Received 10 Aug 2023, Accepted 13 Nov 2023, Published online: 19 Nov 2023

References

  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • Acter T, Uddin N, Das J, Akhter A, Choudhury TR, Kim S. Evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a global health emergency. Sci Total Environ. 2020;730:138996. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138996
  • Ghebreyesus TA. The WHO special initiative for mental health (2019–2023): universal health coverage for mental health [Internet]. JSTOR; 2019. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep28223. Accessed November 16, 2023.
  • Panneer S, Kantamaneni K, Akkayasamy VS, et al. The great lockdown in the wake of COVID-19 and its implications: lessons for low and middle-income countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):610. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010610
  • Crow DA, DeLeo RA, Albright EA, et al. Policy learning and change during crisis: COVID‐19 policy responses across six states. Rev Policy Res. 2023;40(1):10–35. doi:10.1111/ropr.12511
  • Nordin J. China’s Pandemic Shift: The End of Dynamic Zero-COVID. Institute for Security and Development Policy; 2023.
  • Zandifar A, Badrfam R. Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:101990. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990
  • Zhou T, Bao Y, Guo D, et al. Intolerance of uncertainty and future career anxiety among Chinese undergraduate students during COVID-19 period: fear of COVID-19 and depression as mediators. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1015446. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1015446
  • Wong JY, Wai AK, Wang MP, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on child maltreatment: income instability and parenting issues. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1501. doi:10.3390/ijerph18041501
  • Lu Q, Atadil HA. Do you dare to travel to China? An examination of China’s destination image amid the COVID-19. Tour Manag Perspect. 2021;40:100881. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100881
  • Sun R, Ye X, Tang J, Yang J, Scott N. The impact of the intensity of media use on potential tourists’ risk perception and travel protective behavioral intentions in COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1201481
  • Zhao S, Sha T, Xue Y, Chen H. Flattening the curve: imperative when China eases the severe COVID-19 control policy. J Infect. 2023;86(3):e75–e77. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2022.12.022
  • Tu K, Reith A. Changes in urban planning in response to pandemics: a comparative review from H1N1 to COVID-19 (2009–2022). Sustainability. 2023;15(12):9770. doi:10.3390/su15129770
  • Ye Z, Yang X, Zeng C, et al. Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID‐19‐related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China. Appl Psychol. 2020;12(4):1074–1094. doi:10.1111/aphw.12211
  • Shevlin M, Butter S, McBride O, et al. Refuting the myth of a ‘tsunami’of mental ill-health in populations affected by COVID-19: evidence that response to the pandemic is heterogeneous, not homogeneous. Psychol Med. 2023;53(2):429–437. doi:10.1017/S0033291721001665
  • Yu T, Dai J, Wang C. Adoption of blended learning: Chinese university students’ perspectives. Humanit Soc sci. 2023;10(1):1–6. doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01904-7
  • Shahnawaz M, Nabi W, Nabi S, et al. Relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and symptom severity in Covid-19 patients: the mediating role of illness perception and Covid-19 fear. Curr Psychol. 2022;2022;1–8.
  • Gunnell D, Appleby L, Arensman E, et al. Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):468–471. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30171-1
  • Wang H, Paulson KR, Pease SA, et al. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21. Lancet. 2022;399(10334):1513–1536. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
  • Schleicher A. The Impact of COVID-19 on Education: Insights From” Education at a Glance 2020”. OECD Publishing; 2020.
  • Cvetkovski S, Reavley NJ, Jorm AF. The prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in Australian tertiary students compared to their community peers. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012;46(5):457–467. doi:10.1177/0004867411435290
  • Barnett P, Mackay E, Matthews H, et al. Ethnic variations in compulsory detention under the mental health act: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international data. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(4):305–317. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30027-6
  • Blanco C, Okuda M, Wright C, et al. Mental health of college students and their non–college-attending peers: results from the national epidemiologic study on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(12):1429–1437. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1429
  • Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer publishing company; 1984.
  • Folkman S, Lazarus RS. If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;48(1):150. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150
  • Lazarus RS, Folkman S. The concept of coping. In: Stress and Coping: An Anthology. Columbia University Press; 1991:189–206.
  • Bhattacharjee A, Ghosh T. COVID-19 pandemic and stress: coping with the new normal. J Prev Health Promot. 2022;3(1):30–52. doi:10.1177/26320770211050058
  • Duncan DL. What the COVID-19 pandemic tells us about the need to develop resilience in the nursing workforce. Nurs Manage. 2020;27(3):1.
  • Labrague LJ, McEnroe‐Petitte DM, Leocadio MC, Van Bogaert P, Cummings GG. Stress and ways of coping among nurse managers: an integrative review. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(7–8):1346–1359. doi:10.1111/jocn.14165
  • Samios C, Catania J, Newton K, Fulton T, Breadman A. Stress, savouring, and coping: the role of savouring in psychological adjustment following a stressful life event. Stress Health. 2020;36(2):119–130. doi:10.1002/smi.2914
  • Nowicki GJ, Ślusarska B, Tucholska K, Naylor K, Chrzan-Rodak A, Niedorys B. The severity of traumatic stress associated with COVID-19 pandemic, perception of support, sense of security, and sense of meaning in life among nurses: research protocol and preliminary results from Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6491. doi:10.3390/ijerph17186491
  • Hammond RA, Axelrod R. The evolution of ethnocentrism. J Conflict Resol. 2006;50(6):926–936. doi:10.1177/0022002706293470
  • Riolo RL, Cohen MD, Axelrod R. Evolution of cooperation without reciprocity. Nature. 2001;414(6862):441–443. doi:10.1038/35106555
  • Ip M, Lui SL, Poon VK, Lung I, Burd A. Antimicrobial activities of silver dressings: an in vitro comparison. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55(1):59–63. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.46124-0
  • Kurzban R, Leary MR. Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: the functions of social exclusion. Psychol Bull. 2001;127(2):187. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187
  • Cocking C, Vestergren S, Ntontis E, Luzynska K. ‘All together now’: facilitators and barriers to mutual aid during the first UK COVID-19 lockdown, and implications for community resilience. PsyArXiv. 2022;2022:1.
  • Burrows B, Abellera C, Markowitz EM. COVID‐19 and climate change: the social‐psychological roots of conflict and conflict interventions during global crises. Wiley Interdiscip Rev. 2023;2023:e837.
  • Fernandes-Jesus M, Mao G, Ntontis E, et al. More than a COVID-19 response: sustaining mutual aid groups during and beyond the pandemic. Front Psychol. 2021;12:716202. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716202
  • Canfield J. Secondary traumatization, burnout, and vicarious traumatization: a review of the literature as it relates to therapists who treat trauma. Smith Coll Stud Soc Work. 2005;75(2):81–101. doi:10.1300/J497v75n02_06
  • Sim A, Bowes L, Gardner F. Modeling the effects of war exposure and daily stressors on maternal mental health, parenting, and child psychosocial adjustment: a cross-sectional study with Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Glob Ment Health. 2018;5:e40. doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.33
  • Hornstein EA, Eisenberger NI, Brown KW. Unpacking the buffering effect of social support figures: social support attenuates fear acquisition. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0175891. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175891
  • Fenlason KJ, Beehr TA. Social support and occupational stress: effects of talking to others. J Organ Behav. 1994;15(2):157–175. doi:10.1002/job.4030150205
  • Gülaçtı F. The effect of perceived social support on subjective well-being. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2010;2(2):3844–3849. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.602
  • Hupcey JE. Social support: assessing conceptual coherence. Qual Health Res. 1998;8(3):304–318. doi:10.1177/104973239800800302
  • Poudel A, Gurung B, Khanal GP. Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychol. 2020;8(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
  • Abbas J, Mubeen R, Iorember PT, Raza S, Mamirkulova G. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Curr Res Behav Sci. 2021;2:100033. doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100033
  • Chen X, Zou Y, Gao H. Role of neighborhood social support in stress coping and psychological wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Hubei, China. Health Place. 2021;69:102532. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102532
  • Cook JD, Bickman L. Social support and psychological symptomatology following a natural disaster. J Trauma Stress. 1990;3(4):541–556. doi:10.1002/jts.2490030406
  • Chan SM, Wong H, Chen Y, Tang MY. Determinants of depression and anxiety in homeless people: a population survey of homeless people in Hong Kong. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2023;2023:00207640231152208.
  • Bromet EJ, Atwoli L, Kawakami N, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol Med. 2017;47(2):227–241. doi:10.1017/S0033291716002026
  • Ashton WA, Fuehrer A. Effects of gender and gender role identification of participant and type of social support resource on support seeking. Sex Roles. 1993;28(7–8):461–476. doi:10.1007/BF00289608
  • Aldwin CM, Revenson TA. Does coping help? A reexamination of the relation between coping and mental health. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987;53(2):337. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.337
  • Rickwood DJ. The effectiveness of seeking help for coping with personal problems in late adolescence. J Youth Adolesc. 1995;24(6):685–703. doi:10.1007/BF01536951
  • Cauce AM, Hannan K, Sargeant M. Life stress, social support, and locus of control during early adolescence: interactive effects. Am J Community Psychol. 1992;20(6):787–798. doi:10.1007/BF01312608
  • Rickwood D, Thomas K. Conceptual measurement framework for help-seeking for mental health problems. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2012;173–183. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S38707
  • Vance A, Siponen M, Pahnila S. Motivating IS security compliance: insights from habit and protection motivation theory. Inf Manag. 2012;49(3–4):190–198. doi:10.1016/j.im.2012.04.002
  • Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:40–48. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
  • Thoits PA. Social support as coping assistance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54(4):416. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.416
  • Cobb S. Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosom Med. 1976;38(5):300–314. doi:10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
  • Heaney CA, Israel BA. Social networks and social support. Health Behavi Health Educ. 2008;4:189–210.
  • House JS. Social support and social structure. In: Sociological Forum. Vol. 2. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1987:135–146.
  • Li Y, Wei F, Ren S, Di Y. Locus of control, psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation relation to performance. J Manag Psychol. 2015;30(4):422–438. doi:10.1108/JMP-10-2012-0318
  • McDowell TL, Serovich JM. The effect of perceived and actual social support on the mental health of HIV-positive persons. AIDS Care. 2007;19(10):1223–1229. doi:10.1080/09540120701402830
  • Oh HJ, Lauckner C, Boehmer J, Fewins-Bliss R, Li K. Facebooking for health: an examination into the solicitation and effects of health-related social support on social networking sites. Comput Human Behav. 2013;29(5):2072–2080. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.017
  • Chi X, Chen S, Chen Y, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the fear of COVID-19 scale among Chinese population. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;2021:1–6.CSI.
  • Amirkhan JH. A factor analytically derived measure of coping: the coping strategy indicator. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990;59(5):1066. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.1066
  • Lo CF. Stress and coping strategies among University freshmen in Hong Kong: validation of the coping strategy indicator. Psychology. 2017;8(08):1254. doi:10.4236/psych.2017.88081
  • Hou ZJ, Zhou X, Chen JL, Zhu L, Ni J, Chen SF. The influencing factors of PTSD and PTG among teachers after Wenchuan earthquake: perspectives from before, during and after disaster. Psychol Dev Educ. 2014;30(1):82–89.
  • Sommerlad A, Marston L, Huntley J, et al. Social relationships and depression during the COVID-19 lockdown: longitudinal analysis of the COVID-19 Social Study. Psychol Med. 2022;52(15):3381–3390. doi:10.1017/S0033291721000039
  • Kliem S, Mößle T, Rehbein F, Hellmann DF, Zenger M, Brähler E. A brief form of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU) was developed, validated, and standardized. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68(5):551–562. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.003
  • Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li Z, Zhou T. The effect of fear of the COVID-19 on depression among Chinese outbound students studying online in China amid the COVID-19 pandemic period: the Role of resilience and social support. Front Psychol. 2021;12:750011. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.750011
  • Hayes AF. PROCESS: a versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling; 2012
  • Lakey B, Cohen S. Social support and theory. In: Social Support Measurement and Intervention: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. Oxford University Press; 2000:29–49.
  • Al-Dmour H, Masa’deh RE, Salman A, Abuhashesh M, Al-Dmour R. Influence of social media platforms on public health protection against the COVID-19 pandemic via the mediating effects of public health awareness and behavioral changes: integrated model. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(8):e19996. doi:10.2196/19996
  • Hsieh YH, Lee JY, Chang HL. SARS epidemiology modeling. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(6):1165–1167. doi:10.3201/eid1006.031023
  • Fiorillo A, Gorwood P. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. Eur Psychiatry. 2020;63(1). doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35
  • Labrague LJ, Santos JAA. COVID‐19 anxiety among front‐line nurses: predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. J Nurs Manag. 2020;28(7):1653–1661. doi:10.1111/jonm.13121
  • Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288(0165–1781):112954. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Torous J, Jän Myrick K, Rauseo-Ricupero N, Firth J. Digital mental health and COVID-19: using technology today to accelerate the curve on access and quality tomorrow. JMIR Mental Health. 2020;7(3):e18848. doi:10.2196/18848
  • Martínez-Lorca M, Martínez-Lorca A, Criado-álvarez JJ, Armesilla MD, Latorre JM. The fear of COVID-19 scale: validation in Spanish university students. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113350. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113350
  • Goddard RD, Hoy WK, Hoy AW. Collective efficacy beliefs: theoretical developments, empirical evidence, and future directions. Educ Res. 2004;33(3):3–13. doi:10.3102/0013189X033003003
  • Alnazly E, Khraisat OM, Al-Bashaireh AM, Bryant CL. Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0247679. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247679
  • Yenen ET, Carkit E. Fear of COVID-19 and general self-efficacy among Turkish teachers: mediating role of perceived social support. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(3):2529–2537. doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02306-1
  • Muflih S, Abuhammad S, Karasneh R, Al-Azzam S, Alzoubi KH, Muflih M. Online education for undergraduate health professional education during the COVID-19 pandemic: attitudes, barriers, and ethical issues. Res Sq. 2020. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-42336/v1
  • Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Chang KC, Chen YP, Kuo YJ, Lin CY. Assessing the fear of COVID-19 among different populations: a response to Ransing et al. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:524–525. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.006
  • Hyde LW, Gorka A, Manuck SB, Hariri AR. Perceived social support moderates the link between threat-related amygdala reactivity and trait anxiety. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49(4):651–656. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08.025
  • Islam AN, Mäntymäki M, Laato S, Turel O. Adverse consequences of emotional support seeking through social network sites in coping with stress from a global pandemic. Int J Inf Manage. 2022;62:102431. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102431
  • Williams SL, Mickelson KD. A paradox of support seeking and rejection among the stigmatized. Pers Relatsh. 2008;15(4):493–509. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00212.x
  • Jia Z, Xu S, Zhang Z, et al. Association between mental health and community support in lockdown communities during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from rural China. J Rural Stud. 2021;82:87–97. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.015
  • Baker F. The interface between professional and natural support systems. Clin Soc Work J. 1977;5(2):139–148. doi:10.1007/BF02144239
  • Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;74(4):281. doi:10.1111/pcn.12988
  • Harper CA, Satchell LP, Fido D, Latzman RD. Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19:1875–1888. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
  • Kaushal A, Mandal A, Khanna D, Acharjee A. Analysis of the opinions of individuals on the COVID-19 vaccination on social media. Digit Health. 2023;9:20552076231186246. doi:10.1177/20552076231186246
  • Matus K, Sharif N, Li A, Cai Z, Lee WH, Song M. From SARS to COVID-19: the role of experience and experts in Hong Kong’s initial policy response to an emerging pandemic. Humanit Soc sci. 2023;10(1):1–6. doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01467-z
  • Zhang W, Huang L, Xu F, Liu H, Wang G. Impact of campus living conditions on Chinese medical school students’ mental health during the COVID-19 campus lockdown: the chain mediating role of cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1171425. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1171425
  • Rajulton F. The fundamentals of longitudinal research: an overview. Can Stud Popul. 2001;28(2):169–185. doi:10.25336/P6W897
  • Hackshaw A. Small studies: strengths and limitations. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(5):1141–1143. doi:10.1183/09031936.00136408