The Association Between Screen Time and Outdoor Time on Adolescent Mental Health and Academic Performance: Evidence from Rural China

References

• Coyle KJ. Create high performing students. Natl Wildl Fed. 2010;41:163.
   Google Scholar
• Larson LR, Szczytko R, Bowers EP, Stephens LE, Stevenson KT, Floyd MF. Outdoor time, screen time, and connection to nature: troubling trends among rural youth? Environ Behav. 2019;51(8):966–991. doi:10.1177/0013916518806686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberle E, Ji XR, Kerai S, Guhn M, Schonert-Reichl KA, Gadermann AM. Screen time and extracurricular activities as risk and protective factors for mental health in adolescence: a population-level study. Prev Med. 2020;141:106291. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przybylski AK, Weinstein N. A large-scale test of the goldilocks hypothesis: quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychol Sci. 2017;28(2):204–215. doi:10.1177/0956797616678438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson SB, Stevenson KT, Larson LR, Peterson MN, Seekamp E. Outdoor activity participation improves adolescents’ mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(5):2506. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratman GN, Daily GC, Levy BJ, Gross JJ. The benefits of nature experience: improved affect and cognition. Landsc Urban Plan. 2015;138:41–50. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzhambov A, Hartig T, Markevych I, Tilov B, Dimitrova D. Urban residential greenspace and mental health in youth: different approaches to testing multiple pathways yield different conclusions. Environ Res. 2018;160:47–59. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh Q, Craig W, Janssen I, Pickett W. Exposure to public natural space as a protective factor for emotional well-being among young people in Canada. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):407. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanaken GJ, Danckaerts M. Impact of green space exposure on children’s and adolescents’ mental health: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):2668. doi:10.3390/ijerph15122668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson G. Cognitive processing differences between frequent and infrequent Internet users. Comput Hum Behav. 2008;24:2094–2106. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan H, Zhang R, Oniffrey TM, et al. Associations among screen time and unhealthy behaviors, academic performance, and well-being in Chinese adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(6):596. doi:10.3390/ijerph14060596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taras H. Physical activity and student performance at school. J Sch Health. 2005;75(6):214–218. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00026.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemple KM, Oh J, Kenney E, Smith-Bonahue T. The power of outdoor play and play in natural environments. Child Educ. 2016;92(6):446–454. doi:10.1080/00094056.2016.1251793
   Google Scholar
• Markevych I, Feng X, Astell-Burt T, et al. Residential and school greenspace and academic performance: evidence from the GINIplus and LISA longitudinal studies of German adolescents. Environ Pollut. 2019;245:71–76. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Zeng Y, Zhang Z, Fu C. The impact of internet use on health outcomes of rural adults: evidence from China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6502. doi:10.3390/ijerph17186502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandola A, Del Pozo Cruz B, Hayes JF, Owen N, Dunstan DW, Hallgren M. Impact on adolescent mental health of replacing screen-use with exercise: a prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2022;301:240–247. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Q, She X, Dill SE, et al. Depressive and anxiety symptoms among children and adolescents in Rural China: a large-scale epidemiological study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5026. doi:10.3390/ijerph19095026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J; Huang X, Liu X. An analysis of education inequality in China. Int J Educ Dev. 2014;37:2–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2014.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Min W, Zhang S, Shi Y, Rozelle S. Math and Chinese-Language learning: where are China’s vulnerable subpopulations? Asian Surv. 2018;58(5):797–821. doi:10.1525/as.2018.58.5.797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozelle S, Hell N Invisible China: how the Urban-Rural divide threatens China’s rise. University of Chicago Press; 2022. Available from: https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo61544815.html. Accessed July 12, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• CNNIC. National report on internet usage of minors; 2020. Available from: https://pic.cyol.com/img/20210720/img_960114c132531c521023e29b6c223e438461.pdf. Accessed February 13, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Poushter J. China outpaces India in internet access, smartphone ownership. Pew Research Center. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/16/china-outpaces-india-in-internet-access-smartphone-ownership/. Accessed July 12, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• National Press and Publication Administration. Notice about further increasing strict enforcement to prevent the internet addiction among minors; 2021. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-09/01/content_5634661.htm. Accessed July 6, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics GDP per capita; 2021. Available from: https://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103&zb=A0201&reg=640000&sj=2021. Accessed July 13, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• He M, Xiang F, Zeng Y, et al. Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in china: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(11):1142–1148. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Ploeg HP, Merom D, Chau JY, Bittman M, Trost SG, Bauman AE. Advances in population surveillance for physical activity and sedentary behavior: reliability and validity of time use surveys. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(10):1199–1206. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman R. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):581–586. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang L, Yang J, Yao S. Measurement equivalence of the SDQ in Chinese Adolescents: a horizontal and longitudinal perspective. J Affect Disord. 2019;257:439–444. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill D, Ameenuddin N; Council on Communications and Media. Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20162592. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay MS, Carson V, Chaput JP, et al. Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(Suppl. 3):S311–S327. doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cai Y, Zhu X, Wu X. Overweight, obesity, and screen-time viewing among Chinese school-aged children: national prevalence estimates from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study. J Sport Health Sci. 2017;6(4):404–409. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2017.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Liu H. Regional Education Quality Health Checkups. Beijing Normal University; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gao F, Guo Q, Wang B, et al. Distributions and determinants of time spent outdoors among school-age children in China. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2022;32(2):223–231. doi:10.1038/s41370-021-00401-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad A, Seiwert M, Hünken A, Quarcoo D, Schlaud M, Groneberg D. The German Environmental Survey for Children (GerES IV): reference values and distributions for time-location patterns of German children. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2013;216(1):25–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook; 2011. Available from: https://ordspub.epa.gov/ords/eims/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=526179. Accessed February 13, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• NHIS. Normative SDQ Data from the USA; 2001. Available from: https://www.sdqinfo.org/norms/USNorm.html. Accessed February 13, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Liu L, Li S, Pan W, et al. Prevalence of mental health problems in Chinese schoolchildren: the influence of measuring impact score and combining information from multiple informants. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2020;14:44. doi:10.1186/s13034-020-00346-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Abbey C, She X, Rozelle S, Ma X. Association of child mental health with child and family characteristics in Rural China: a cross-sectional analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(10):5107. doi:10.3390/ijerph18105107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu W, Qu G, Wang L, Tang X, Sun YH. Meta-analysis of the mental health status of left-behind children in China. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019;55(3):260–270. doi:10.1111/jpc.14349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweetser P, Johnson D, Ozdowska A, Wyeth P. Active versus passive screen time for young children. Australas J Early Child. 2012;37(4):94–98. doi:10.1177/183693911203700413
   Google Scholar
• Fry C. Sleep deprived but socially connected: balancing the risks and benefits of adolescent screen time during COVID-19. J Child Media. 2021;15(1):37–40. doi:10.1080/17482798.2020.1858907
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou T, Mao X, Dong W, Cai W, Deng G. Prevalence of and factors associated with mental health problems and suicidality among senior high school students in rural China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian J Psychiatry. 2020;54:102305. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White MP, Alcock I, Grellier J, et al. Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7730. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adelantado-Renau M, Moliner-Urdiales D, Cavero-Redondo I, Beltran-Valls MR, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Álvarez-Bueno C. Association between screen media use and academic performance among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(11):1058–1067. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faught EL, Gleddie D, Storey KE, Davison CM, Veugelers PJ. Healthy lifestyle behaviours are positively and independently associated with academic achievement: an analysis of self-reported data from a nationally representative sample of Canadian early adolescents. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anobile G, Stievano P, Burr D. Visual sustained attention and numerosity sensitivity correlate with math achievement in children. J Exp Child Psychol. 2013;116:380–391. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green CS, Bavelier D. Action-video-game experience alters the spatial resolution of vision. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(1):88–94. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01853.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostyrka-Allchorne K, Cooper NR, Simpson A. The relationship between television exposure and children’s cognition and behaviour: a systematic review. Dev Rev. 2017;44:19–58. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2016.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briki W, Majed L. Adaptive effects of seeing green environment on psychophysiological parameters when walking or running. Front Psychol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schertz KE, Berman MG. Understanding nature and its cognitive benefits. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2019;28(5):496–502. doi:10.1177/0963721419854100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiewra C, Veselack E. Playing with nature: supporting preschoolers’ creativity in natural outdoor classrooms. Int J Early Child Environ Educ. 2016;4(1):70–95.
   Google Scholar
• Hodson CB, Sander HA. Green urban landscapes and school-level academic performance. Landsc Urban Plan. 2017;160:16–27. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar