References
- Krijgsheld M, Tummers LG, Scheepers FE. Job performance in healthcare: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):149. doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07357-5
- KaufmanHall, The financial effects of hospital workforce dislocation; 2022. Available from: https://www.kaufmanhall.com/sites/default/files/2022-05/KH-NHFR-Special-Report-2.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Haddad LM, Annamaraju P. Toney-Butler Nursing Shortage; 2023.
- Auerbach DI. A worrisome drop in the number of young nurses. Health Affairs Forefront. 2022;1:3.
- Halter M, Boiko O, Pelone F, et al. The determinants and consequences of adult nursing staff turnover: a systematic review of systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1–20. doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2707-0
- HealthCare Finance Hospital staffing shortages face new competition from Amazon, Apple and other disruptors. 2020. Available from: https://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/hospital-staffing-shortages-face-new-competition-amazon-apple-and-other-disruptors. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Manias E, Aitken R, Peerson A, et al. Agency nursing work in acute care settings: perceptions of hospital nursing managers and agency nurse providers. J Clin Nurs. 2003;12(4):457–466. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00745.x
- American Hospital Association. Massive growth in expenses and rising inflation fuel continued financial challenges for America’s hospitals and health systems; 2022. Available from: https://www.aha.org/guidesreports/2022-04-22-massive-growth-expenses-and-rising-inflation-fuel-continued-financial. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- American Hospital Association. The current state of hospital finances: fall 2022 update; 2022. Available from: https://www.aha.org/guidesreports/2022-09-15-current-state-hospital-finances-fall-2022-update. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- American Hospital Association, Data brief: workforce issues remain at the forefront of pandemic-related challenges for hospitals; 2022. Available from https://www.aha.org/issue-brief/2022-01-25-data-brief-workforce-issues-remain-forefront-pandemic-related-challenges. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Salmond SW, Macdonald M. Invest in nursing: the backbone of health care systems. JBI Evidence Synth. 2021;19(4):741–744. doi:10.11124/JBIES-21-00089
- Griffiths P, Maruotti A, Recio Saucedo A, et al. Nurse staffing, nursing assistants and hospital mortality: retrospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Qual Saf. 2019;28(8):609–617. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008043
- Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Pankratz VS, et al. Nurse staffing and inpatient hospital mortality. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11):1037–1045. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1001025
- Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Mattke S, et al. Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(22):1715–1722. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa012247
- Donaldson MS, Corrigan JM, Kohn LT, eds.. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington D.C: Institute of Medicine; 2000.
- Makary MA, Daniel M. Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ. 2016;353:i2139. doi:10.1136/bmj.i2139
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid services hospital quality initiative; 2023. Available from: https://www.cms.gov/medicare/quality/initiatives/hospital-quality-initiative. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid services national health expenditures 2022 highlights; 2023. Available from; https://www.cms.gov/files/document/highlights.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Hockenberry JM, Becker ER. How Do hospital nurse staffing strategies affect patient satisfaction? ILR Rev. 2016;69(4):890–910. doi:10.1177/0019793916642760
- Shang J, You L, Ma C, et al. Nurse employment contracts in Chinese hospitals: impact of inequitable benefit structures on nurse and patient satisfaction. Human Res Health. 2014;12(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-12-1
- Aiken LH, Shang J, Xue Y, et al. Hospital Use of Agency-Employed supplemental nurses and patient mortality and failure to rescue. Health Serv Res. 2013;48(3):931–948. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12018
- Zaranko B, Sanford NJ, Kelly E, et al. Nurse staffing and inpatient mortality in the English National Health Service: a retrospective longitudinal study. BMJ Qual Saf. 2023;32(5):254–263. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2022-015291
- Senek M, Robertson S, Ryan T, et al. The association between care left undone and temporary Nursing staff ratios in acute settings: a cross-sectional survey of registered nurses. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05493-y
- Dall’Ora C, Maruotti A, Griffiths P. Temporary staffing and patient death in acute care hospitals: a retrospective longitudinal study. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2020;52(2):210–216. doi:10.1111/jnu.12537
- Weerdt CV, Peck JA, Porter T. Travel nurses and patient outcomes: a systematic review. Health Care Manage Rev. 2023;48(4):352–362. doi:10.1097/HMR.0000000000000383
- Evans M, Nurse Shortage Pushes Hospitals Into the Gig Economy, in The Wall Street Journal; 2023. Available from https://www.wsj.com/articles/nurse-shortage-hospitals-hiring-gig-economy-dc94bdb2. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Miller A, Hospital systems are creating their own staffing agencies as a cheaper alternative to temp and travel nurses, in Fortune; 2022. Available from: https://fortune.com/2022/12/13/hospital-systems-staffing-agencies-contract-nurse-costs/. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Dorsett M Point of no return: COVID-19 and the U.S. healthcare system: an emergency physician’s perspective; 2020. Available from: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abc5354. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Geyman J. COVID-19 has revealed America’s broken health care system: what can we learn? Int J Health Serv. 2021;51(2):188–194. doi:10.1177/0020731420985640
- Jensen MC, Meckling WH, Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure, in Corporate governance; 2019:77–132.
- Liu X, Mills A. Agency theory and its applications in health care. Public Ends Private Means. 2007;2:151–178.
- Lambright KT. Agency theory and beyond: contracted providers’ motivations to properly use service monitoring tools. J Public Administration Res Theory. 2009;19(2):207–227. doi:10.1093/jopart/mun009
- Pradhan R, Weech-Maldonado R, Harman JS, et al. Private equity ownership and nursing home financial performance. Health Care Manage Rev. 2013;38(3):224–233. doi:10.1097/HMR.0b013e31825729ab
- Epané JP, Weech-Maldonado R, Hearld L, et al. Hospitals’ use of hospitalists: implications for financial performance. Health Care Manage Rev. 2019;44(1):10–18. doi:10.1097/HMR.0000000000000170
- Eisenhardt KM. Agency Theory: an Assessment and Review. Acad Manage Rev. 1989;14(1):57–74. doi:10.2307/258191
- Davlyatov G, Weech-Maldonado R, Pradhan R, et al. The impact of contract nurse utilization on nursing home quality. Innovation Aging. 2023;7(Supplement_1):226. doi:10.1093/geroni/igad104.0746
- Definitive Healthcare; 2023. Available from https://www.definitivehc.com. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Beauvais B, Kruse CS, Ramamonjiarivelo Z, et al. An exploratory analysis of the association between hospital labor costs and the quality of care. Risk Manage Healthc Pol. 2023;Volume 16:1075–1091. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S410296
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid services HCAHPS: patients’ perspectives of care survey; 2023. Available from: https://www.cms.gov/medicare/quality/initiatives/hospital-quality-initiative/hcahps-patients-perspectives-care-survey. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid services hospital quality initiative public reporting; 2023. Available from https://www.cms.gov/medicare/quality/initiatives/hospital-quality-initiative/hospital-compare. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Benbassat J, Taragin M. Hospital readmissions as a measure of quality of health care: advantages and limitations. Arch Int Med. 2000;160(8):1074–1081. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.8.1074
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid services hospital value based purchasing – total performance score. 2023. Available from: https://data.cms.gov/provider-data/dataset/ypbt-wvdk. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- American hospital association American hospital association regions. 2023. Available from: https://trustees.aha.org/system/files/media/file/2020/12/American%20Hospital%20Association%20Regions.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Beauvais B, Richter JP, Kim FS. Doing well by doing good: evaluating the influence of patient safety performance on hospital financial outcomes. Health Care Manage Rev. 2019;44(1):2–9. doi:10.1097/HMR.0000000000000163
- Stiebale J. Do financial constraints matter for foreign market entry? A firm‐level examination. World Econ. 2011;34(1):123–153. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2010.01306.x
- Buch CM, Koch CT, Koetter M. Do banks benefit from internationalization? Revisiting the market power–risk nexus. Rev Finance. 2013;17(4):1401–1435. doi:10.1093/rof/rfs033
- Johnson DR, Creech JC. Ordinal measures in multiple indicator models: a simulation study of categorization error. Am Sociological Rev. 1983;48(3):398–407. doi:10.2307/2095231
- Norman G. Likert scales, levels of measurement and the “laws” of statistics. Adv Health Sci Educ. 2010;15(5):625–632. doi:10.1007/s10459-010-9222-y
- Sullivan GM, Artino AR. Analyzing and interpreting data from Likert-type scales. J Graduate Med Educ. 2013;5(4):541–542. doi:10.4300/JGME-5-4-18
- Zumbo BD, Zimmerman DW. Is the selection of statistical methods governed by level of measurement? Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne. 1993;34(4):390. doi:10.1037/h0078865
- Castle NG. Use of agency staff in nursing homes. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2009;2(3):192–201. doi:10.3928/19404921-20090428-01
- Lampinen M-S, Suutala E, Konu AI. Sense of community, organizational commitment and quality of services. Leadersh Health Serv. 2017;30(4):378–393. doi:10.1108/LHS-06-2016-0025
- Bourbonniere M, Feng Z, Intrator O, et al. The use of contract licensed nursing staff in US nursing homes. Med Care Res Rev. 2006;63(1):88–109. doi:10.1177/1077558705283128
- Fischer C, Lingsma HF, Marang-van de Mheen PJ, et al. Is the readmission rate a valid quality indicator? A review of the evidence. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e112282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112282
- KaufmalHall, 2023 State of Healthcare Performance Improvement: signs of Stabilization Emerge; 2023. Available from: https://www.kaufmanhall.com/sites/default/files/2023-10/KH-Report_2023-State-Healthcare-Performance-Improvement.pdf?utm_source=agcy&utm_campaign=performance-improvement-report&utm_medium=pr&utm_term=231024. Accessed January 23, 2024.
- Sanford K, Kaufmann J, Cottrell EK. Nursing Shortages: treating a Chronic Problem Turned Acute. NEJM Catal Innovat Care Deliv. 2023;4(1). doi:10.1056/CAT.23.0034
- Hennerby C, Joyce P. Implementation of a competency assessment tool for agency nurses working in an acute paediatric setting. J Nurs Manage. 2011;19(2):237–245. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01223.x
- Bliss JB, Alsdort P, Generic orientation for agency nurses. SLACK Incorporated Thorofare, NJ. 1992:60–62.
- Enumah SJ, Sundt TM, Chang DC. Association of measured quality and future financial performance among hospitals performing cardiac surgery. J Healthc Manag. 2022;67(5):367–379. doi:10.1097/JHM-D-21-00262
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid services the hospital value-based purchasing (VBP) Program; 2023. Available from: https://www.cms.gov/medicare/quality/value-based-programs/hospital-purchasing. Accessed January 23, 2024.