Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Mental Healthcare: Current Trends and Future Directions – A Narrative Review for a Comprehensive Insight

References

• World Health Organization. Mental Health; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response/?gclid=CjwKCAiA-bmsBhAGEiwAoaQNmhiEDB9j7-7ByujZwCBXGUC2lGCzUbKofv9HQt_0z6ANG-6XV0RJNRoCOq4QAvD_BwE. Accessed August 15, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Cresswell-Smith J, Kauppinen T, Laaksoharju T, et al. Mental health and mental wellbeing impact assessment frameworks-a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13985. doi:10.3390/ijerph192113985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman R, Hankir A, Jemni M. Lifestyle Factors and Mental Health. Psychiatry Danub. 2019;31(Suppl 3):1.
   Google Scholar
• Velten J, Bieda A, Scholten S, Wannemüller A, Margraf J. Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):632. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5526-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinty B. The future of public mental health: challenges and opportunities. The Milbank Quarterly. 2023;101(S1):532–551. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12622
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alshahrani SS, Alrajhi MM, Alshehri MA, Alotaibi FM, Altwerqe MS. Challenges and barriers in primary mental health services in Saudi Arabia: a narrative review. Adv Hum Biol. 2023;13(4). doi:10.4103/aihb.aihb_54_23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang HH, Lu CJ, Jhou MJ, et al. Using a decision tree algorithm predictive model for sperm count assessment and risk factors in health screening population. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2023;16:2469–2478. doi:10.2147/rmhp.S433193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu YL, Jhou MJ, Lee TS, Lu CJ, Chen MS. Health data-driven machine learning algorithms applied to risk indicators assessment for chronic kidney disease. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:4401–4412. doi:10.2147/rmhp.S319405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean A. [A brief history of artificial intelligence]. Une brève introduction à l’intelligence artificielle. Med Sci. 2020;36(11):1059–1067. doi:10.1051/medsci/2020189
   Google Scholar
• Kaul V, Enslin S, Gross SA. History of artificial intelligence in medicine. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020;92(4):807–812. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2020.06.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. The Rise of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Applications. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Wainberg ML, Scorza P, Shultz JM, et al. Challenges and opportunities in global mental health: a research-to-practice perspective. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(5):28. doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0780-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongelli F, Georgakopoulos P, Pato MT. Challenges and opportunities to meet the mental health needs of underserved and disenfranchised populations in the United States. Focus. 2020;18(1):16–24. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20190028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stringer H. Mental health care is in high demand. Psychologists are leveraging tech and peers to meet the need. American Psychological Association; 2024. Available from: https://www.apa.org/monitor/2024/01/trends-pathways-access-mental-health-care. Accessed March 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Weizenbaum J. ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Commun ACM. 1966;9(1):36–45. doi:10.1145/365153.365168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espejo G, Reiner W, Wenzinger M. Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in mental healthcare: progress, pitfalls, and promises. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e44748. doi:10.7759/cureus.44748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ćosić K, Popović S, Šarlija M, Kesedžić I, Jovanovic T. Artificial intelligence in prediction of mental health disorders induced by the COVID-19 pandemic among health care workers. Croat Med J. 2020;61(3):279–288. doi:10.3325/cmj.2020.61.279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond RR, Mulvenna MD, Potts C, O’Neill S, Ennis E, Torous J. Digital transformation of mental health services. Npj Mental Health Res. 2023;2(1):13. doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00033-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alevizopoulos A, Kritikos J, Alevizopoulos G. Intelligent machines and mental health in the era of COVID-19. Psychiatriki. 2021;32(2):99–102. doi:10.22365/jpsych.2021.015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott J, Yellowlees P, Becker DF, Chen C. Virtual care and mental health: dismantling silos to strengthen care delivery. Telemed Rep. 2023;4(1):174–179. doi:10.1089/tmr.2023.0016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abd-Alrazaq A, Alhuwail D, Schneider J, et al. The performance of artificial intelligence-driven technologies in diagnosing mental disorders: an umbrella review. NPJ Digit Med. 2022;5(1):87. doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00631-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu G-D, Y-C L, Zhang W, Zhang L. A brief review of artificial intelligence applications and algorithms for psychiatric disorders. Engineering. 2020;6(4):462–467. doi:10.1016/j.eng.2019.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su C, Xu Z, Pathak J, Wang F. Deep learning in mental health outcome research: a scoping review. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):116. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0780-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendran S, Gandhi R, Smruthi S, Chaudhari S, Kumar S. Diagnosis of Mental Illness Using Deep Learning: a Survey. In: Biswas A, Semwal VB, Singh D, editors. Artificial Intelligence for Societal Issues. Springer International Publishing; 2023:223–244.
   Google Scholar
• Tutun S, Johnson ME, Ahmed A, et al. An AI-based decision support system for predicting mental health disorders. Inform Syst Front. 2023;25(3):1261–1276. doi:10.1007/s10796-022-10282-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alowais SA, Alghamdi SS, Alsuhebany N, et al. Revolutionizing healthcare: the role of artificial intelligence in clinical practice. BMC Medical Education. 2023;23(1):689. doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04698-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmady SV, Greiner R, Agrawal R, et al. Towards artificial intelligence in mental health by improving schizophrenia prediction with multiple brain parcellation ensemble-learning. NPJ Schizophr. 2019;5(1):2. doi:10.1038/s41537-018-0070-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray A, Bhardwaj A, Malik YK, Singh S, Gupta R. Artificial intelligence and Psychiatry: an overview. Asian J Psychiatr. 2022;70:103021. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada K. The role of artificial intelligence in mental health: a review. Science Insights. 2023;43(5):1119–1127. doi:10.15354/si.23.re820
   Google Scholar
• Delanerolle G, Yang X, Shetty S, et al. Artificial intelligence: a rapid case for advancement in the personalization of gynaecology/obstetric and mental health care. Womens Health. 2021;17:17455065211018111. doi:10.1177/17455065211018111
   Google Scholar
• Sun J, Dong QX, Wang SW, et al. Artificial intelligence in psychiatry research, diagnosis, and therapy. Asian J Psychiatr. 2023;87:103705. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Zhang R, Lee Y-C, Kraut RE, Mohr DC. Systematic review and meta-analysis of AI-based conversational agents for promoting mental health and well-being. Npj Digital Med. 2023;6(1):236. doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00979-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee EE, Torous J, De Choudhury M, et al. Artificial intelligence for mental health care: clinical applications, barriers, facilitators, and artificial wisdom. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021;6(9):856–864. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.02.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang W, Yang C, Cao Z, et al. Detecting individuals with severe mental illness using artificial intelligence applied to magnetic resonance imaging. EBioMedicine. 2023;90:104541. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aich K, Kashyap S, Tyagi K, Verma I, Chauhan A, Jain CK. Understanding the potentiality of artificial intelligence in psychological disorders detection and diagnostics. OBM Neurobiol. 2023;7(4):1–22. doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304198
   Google Scholar
• Graham S, Depp C, Lee EE, et al. Artificial intelligence for mental health and mental illnesses: an overview. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(11):116. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1094-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld A, Benrimoh D, Armstrong C. Big data analytics and ai in mental healthcare. arXiv preprint arXiv. 2019;2019:1.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Verbeke W. Understanding importance of clinical biomarkers for diagnosis of anxiety disorders using machine learning models. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251365. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Wu X, Liu X. A measurement method for mental health based on dynamic multimodal feature recognition. Front Public Health. 2022;10:990235. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.990235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schork NJ. Artificial intelligence and personalized medicine. Cancer Treat Res. 2019;178:265–283. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16391-4_11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purgato M, Singh R, Acarturk C, Cuijpers P. Moving beyond a ‘one-size-fits-all’ rationale in global mental health: prospects of a precision psychology paradigm. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2021;30:e63. doi:10.1017/s2045796021000500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestri-Banks A. One size does not fit all: mental health services access for people with intellectual/learning disability requires individualised planning and education/training programmes for health and social care providers. Evid Based Nurs. 2020;23(4):107. doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2018-103035
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed Z, Mohamed K, Zeeshan S, Dong X. Artificial intelligence with multi-functional machine learning platform development for better healthcare and precision medicine. Database. 2020;2020. doi:10.1093/database/baaa010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noorbakhsh-Sabet N, Zand R, Zhang Y, Abedi V. Artificial Intelligence Transforms the Future of Health Care. Am J Med. 2019;132(7):795–801. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minerva F, Giubilini A. Is AI the future of mental healthcare? Topoi. 2023;42(3):1–9. doi:10.1007/s11245-023-09932-3
   Google Scholar
• Carlson CG. Virtual and augmented simulations in mental health. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2023;25(9):365–371. doi:10.1007/s11920-023-01438-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrightson-Hester AR, Anderson G, Dunstan J, et al. An Artificial Therapist (Manage Your Life Online) to support the mental health of youth: co-design and case series. JMIR Hum Factors. 2023;10:e46849. doi:10.2196/46849
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Alfonso S, Santesteban-Echarri O, Rice S, et al. Artificial intelligence-assisted online social therapy for youth mental health. Front Psychol. 2017;8:796. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosrati S, Sabzali M, Heidari A, Sarfi T, Sabbar S. Chatbots, counselling, and discontents of the digital life. J Cybersp Stud. 2020;4(2):153–172.
   Google Scholar
• van der Schyff EL, Ridout B, Amon KL, Forsyth R, Campbell AJ. Providing self-led mental health support through an artificial intelligence-powered chat bot (Leora) to meet the demand of mental health care. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e46448. doi:10.2196/46448
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thieme A, Hanratty M, Lyons M, et al. Designing human-centered AI for mental health: developing clinically relevant applications for online CBT treatment. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 2023;30(2):1–50. doi:10.1145/3564752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeh-Sharvit S, Camp TD, Horton SE, et al. Effects of an artificial intelligence platform for behavioral interventions on depression and anxiety symptoms: randomized clinical trial. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e46781. doi:10.2196/46781
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malik T, Ambrose AJ, Sinha C. evaluating user feedback for an artificial intelligence-enabled, cognitive behavioral therapy-based mental health app (Wysa): qualitative thematic analysis. JMIR Hum Factors. 2022;9(2):e35668. doi:10.2196/35668
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebert DD, Harrer M, Apolinário-Hagen J, Baumeister H. Digital interventions for mental disorders: key features, efficacy, and potential for artificial intelligence applications. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1192:583–627. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creed TA, Kuo PB, Oziel R, et al. Knowledge and attitudes toward an artificial intelligence-based fidelity measurement in community cognitive behavioral therapy supervision. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2022;49(3):343–356. doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01167-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohsin SN, Gapizov A, Ekhator C, et al. The role of artificial intelligence in prediction, risk stratification, and personalized treatment planning for congenital heart diseases. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e44374. doi:10.7759/cureus.44374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwalbe N, Wahl B. Artificial intelligence and the future of global health. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1579–1586. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30226-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee S, Frimpong Boamah E, Ganguly P, Botchwey N. A multilevel scenario based predictive analytics framework to model the community mental health and built environment nexus. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):17548. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96801-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Glaz A, Haralambous Y, Kim-Dufor DH, et al. Machine learning and natural language processing in mental health: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(5):e15708. doi:10.2196/15708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSouza DD, Robin J, Gumus M, Yeung A. Natural Language Processing as an Emerging Tool to Detect Late-Life Depression. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:719125. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.719125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denecke K, Reichenpfader D. Sentiment analysis of clinical narratives: a scoping review. J Biomed Inform. 2023;140:104336. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2023.104336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport T, Kalakota R. The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthc J. 2019;6(2):94–98. doi:10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petersson L, Larsson I, Nygren JM, et al. Challenges to implementing artificial intelligence in healthcare: a qualitative interview study with healthcare leaders in Sweden. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):850. doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08215-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurevich E, El hassan B, El Morr C. Equity within AI systems: what can health leaders expect? Healthc Manage Forum. 2023;36(2):119–124. doi:10.1177/08404704221125368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raza MM, Venkatesh KP, Kvedar JC. Promoting racial equity in digital health: applying a cross-disciplinary equity framework. Npj Digital Med. 2023;6(1):3. doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00747-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inkster B, Knibbs C, Bada M. Cybersecurity: a critical priority for digital mental health. Front Digit Health. 2023;5:1242264. doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1242264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mateu A, Pascual-Sánchez A, Martinez-Herves M, Hickey N, Nicholls D, Kramer T. Cyberbullying and post-traumatic stress symptoms in UK adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 2020;105(10):951–956. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2019-318716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda D, Kakinuma T, Fujita S, et al. Fairness of artificial intelligence in healthcare: review and recommendations. Jpn J Radiol. 2023. doi:10.1007/s11604-023-01474-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubeis G. iHealth: the ethics of artificial intelligence and big data in mental healthcare. Internet Interv. 2022;28:100518. doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100518
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golden B, Asiodu IV, Franck LS, et al. Emerging approaches to redressing multi-level racism and reproductive health disparities. NPJ Digit Med. 2022;5(1):169. doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00718-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terra M, Baklola M, Ali S, El-Bastawisy K. Opportunities, applications, challenges and ethical implications of artificial intelligence in psychiatry: a narrative review. Egypt J Neurol. 2023;59(1):80. doi:10.1186/s41983-023-00681-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Novillo-Ortiz D, Azzopardi-Muscat N, Kostkova P. Digital data sources and their impact on people’s health: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Front Public Health. 2021;9:645260. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.645260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhud DD, Zokaei S. Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(11):i–v. doi:10.18502/ijph.v50i11.7600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirillo D, Catuara-Solarz S, Morey C, et al. Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare. Npj Digital Med. 2020;3(1):81. doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Scandiffio J, Younus S, et al. The Adoption of AI in mental health care-perspectives from mental health professionals: qualitative descriptive study. JMIR Form Res. 2023;7:e47847. doi:10.2196/47847
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naik N, Hameed BMZ, Shetty DK, et al. Legal and ethical consideration in artificial intelligence in healthcare: who takes responsibility? Front Surg. 2022;9:862322. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.862322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Services. Results from a literature review and an environmental scan. Mental Health Commission of Canada; 2023. Available from: https://mentalhealthcommission.ca/resource/artificial-intelligence-in-mental-health-services-results-from-A-literature-review-and-an-environmental-scan/. Accessed November 15, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Chen RJ, Wang JJ, Williamson DFK, et al. Algorithmic fairness in artificial intelligence for medicine and healthcare. Nat Biomed Eng. 2023;7(6):719–742. doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01056-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siala H, Wang Y. SHIFTing artificial intelligence to be responsible in healthcare: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2022;296:114782. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar