Risk Management for Whole-Process Safe Disposal of Medical Waste: Progress and Challenges

References

• Ministry of Ecology and Environment PRC. Medical waste management regulations. [EB/OL]; 2011. Available from: https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/xzfg/201906/t20190628_707961.shtml. Accessed May 29, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Javid M, Manoj S. Impact of biomedical waste on environment and human health. Environ. Claims J. 2019;31(1):1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Wafula ST, Musiime J, Oporia F. Health care waste management among health workers and associated factors in primary health care facilities in Kampala City, Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:203. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6528-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Li M, Li Q, et al. Analysis of the disposal of medical waste management at home and abroad and suggestions on countermeasures. J Ecol Rural Environ. 2020;36(12):1505–1513.
   Google Scholar
• Li H, Dietl H, Li J. Identifying key factors influencing sustainable element in healthcare waste management using the interval-valued fuzzy DEMATEL method. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage. 2021;23(5):1777–1790. doi:10.1007/s10163-021-01233-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamparas M, Kalavrouziotis IK. Healthcare waste management in Greece. The example of health region of western Greece, Peloponnese, Epirus and ionian islands. Global Nest J. 2018;20(1):96–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjbari M, Esfandabadi ZS, Shevchenko T, et al. Mapping healthcare waste management research: past evolution, current challenges, and future perspectives towards a circular economy transition. J Hazard Mater. 2022;422:126724. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah F, Ji G, Zhang L, et al. Assessing pyrolysis performance and product evolution of various medical wastes based on model-free and TG-FTIR-MS methods. Chem Eng J. 2023;473:145300. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.145300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The introduction of medical waste. [EB/OL]; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/health-care-waste. Accessed May 29, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. Medical waste disposal policy; 2023. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-02/documents/model_guidelines_for_state_medical_waste_management. Accessed May 29, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of environment, South Korea. Waste management [EB/OL]; 2023. Available from: http://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engMain.do. Accessed May 29, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environment, South Korea. Guidelines for the classification and discharge of medical waste [EB/OL]; 2023. Available from: http://me.go.kr/home/web/policy_data/read.do?pagerOffset=0&maxPageItems=10&maxIndexPages=10&searchKey=&searchValue=&menu.Id=10265&orgCd=&condition.code=A6&condition.orderSeqId=7429&condition.rnSeq=6&condition.deleteYn=N&seq=7429. Accessed May 29, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• National Health Commission and Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Medical waste classification catalogue. [EB/OL]; 2021. Available from: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-12/02/content_5655394.htm. Accessed May 29, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Liu H, Wei G, et al. A review on emergency disposal and management of medical waste during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Sci Total Environ. 2022;810:152302. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States National Security Council. Guidelines for the management of class a infectious solid waste; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Chang M, Tang Y, Yang L, et al. Analysis and reference of international medical waste management, treatment and disposal system. Environ Prot. 2020;48(08):63–69.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Chen Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhang X, Tang Y. Experience analysis and enlightenment of medical waste management and disposal of Korea. J Environ Eng. 2021a;15(02):409–417.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environment, South Korea. Special measures for medical waste management of novel coronavirus; 2020. Available from: http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/guideBoardList.do?pageIndex=1&ncv_file_seq=&file_path=&file_name=&brdId=3&brdGubun=35&brdGubun=&search_item=1&search_content. Accessed May 29, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Bolan S, Padhye LP, Kumar M, et al. Review on distribution, fate, and management of potentially toxic elements in incinerated medical wastes. Environ. Pollut. 2023;321:121080. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny C, Priyadarshini A. Review of current healthcare waste management methods and their effect on global health. Healthcare. 2021;9(3):284. doi:10.3390/healthcare9030284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogan AA, Yilmazoglu MZ. Experimental and numerical investigation of medical waste disposal via plasma gasification. Appl Energy. 2024;353:122014. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Chen S, Huang F, Li Q. Study on characteristics and parameter optimization of medical waste crushing process. Powder Technol. 2024;431:119085. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2023.119085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makajic-Nikolic D, Petrovic N, Belic A, Rokvic M, Radakovic JA, Tubic V. The fault tree analysis of infectious medical waste management. J Cleaner Prod. 2016;113:365–373. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao CJ, Ho CC. Risk management for outsourcing biomedical waste disposal–Using the failure mode and effects analysis. Waste Manag. 2014;34(7):1324–1329. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastorakis NE, Bulucea CA, Oprea TA, Bulucea CA, Dondon P. Holistic approach of biomedical waste management system with regard to health and environmental risks. Develop Energy Environ Econom. 2011;5(3):287–295.
   Google Scholar
• Shareefdeen ZM. Medical waste management and control. J Environ Prot. 2012;3(12):1625–1628. doi:10.4236/jep.2012.312179
   Google Scholar
• Le AB, Hoboy S, Germain A, et al. A pilot survey of the US medical waste industry to determine training needs for safely handling highly infectious waste. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(2):133–138. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2017.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang N, Cui W, Zhang M, Jiang Q. Routing optimization for medical waste collection considering infectious risk and multiple disposal centers. Expert Syst Appl. 2023;234:121035. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzei HG, Specchia S. Latest insights on technologies for the treatment of solid medical waste: a review. J Environ Chem Eng. 2023;11(2):109309. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2023.109309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mol MPG, Zolnikov TR, Neves AC, et al. Healthcare waste generation in hospitals per continent: a systematic review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022;29(28):42466–42475. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-19995-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Hasan A, Yu CH, Xu L, Yi J. Reimagining medical sustainability: the role of symbolic visuals against plastic waste. J Cleaner Prod. 2023;2:139982.
   Google Scholar
• Ajay SV, Prathish KP. Dioxins emissions from bio-medical waste incineration: a systematic review on emission factors, inventories, trends and health risk studies. J Hazard Mater. 2024;465:133384. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Wang L, Liu F, Liu H, Zhang N, Zhu Y. Energy, environment and economy assessment of medical waste disposal technologies in China. Sci Total Environ. 2021;796:148964. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Y, Cui M, Ye Z, Guo Q. Environmental challenges from the increasing medical waste since SARS outbreak. J Cleaner Prod. 2021;291:125246. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabavi-Pelesaraei A, Mohammadkashi N, Naderloo L, Abbasi M, Chau KW. Principal of environmental life cycle assessment for medical waste during COVID-19 outbreak to support sustainable development goals. Science of the Total Environment. 2022;827:154416. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patwary MA, O’Hare WT, Sarker MH. Assessment of occupational and environmental safety associated with medical waste disposal in developing countries: a qualitative approach. Safety Science. 2011;49(8–9):1200–1207. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2011.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Liao T. Effects of hospital waste management on environmental pollution and economic recycling. Environ Sci Manage. 2018;43(8):172–175.
   Google Scholar
• Liu F, Liu H, Wei G, et al. Characteristics and treatment methods of medical waste incinerator fly ash: a review. Processes. 2018;6(10):173. doi:10.3390/pr6100173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisniewski A, Zimmerman M, Crews T, Haulbrook A, Fitzgerald DC, Sistino JJ. Reducing the impact of perfusion medical waste on the environment. J Extra Corporeal Technol. 2020;52(2):135–141. doi:10.1051/ject/202052135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zamparas M, Kapsalis VC, Kyriakopoulos GL, et al. Medical waste management and environmental assessment in the Rio University Hospital, Western Greece. Sustainable Chem Pharm. 2019;13:100163. doi:10.1016/j.scp.2019.100163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. JTravel Med. 2020;27(2):taaa020. doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malekahmadi F, Yunesian M, Yaghmaeian K, Nadafi K. Analysis of the healthcare waste management status in Tehran hospitals. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2014;12(1):116. doi:10.1186/s40201-014-0116-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee M, Park S-W, Bang J, Lee E. Impact of medical waste bin on contamination of patient’s environment: an experimental study. Am J Infect Control. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2024.03.015
   Google Scholar
• Ravindra K, Sareen A, Dogra S, Mor S. Health risk evaluation of toxic emissions from BMW incineration treatment facilities in India. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2024;235(1):64. doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06843-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reports and Data. Medical waste management market. Available from: https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/medical-waste-management-market. Accessed May 29, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Windfeld ES, Brooks MS. Medical waste management—A review. J Environ Manage. 2015;163:98–108. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Sanchez V, Kromann MA, Astrup TF. Life cycle costing of waste management systems: overview, calculation principles and case studies. Waste Manag. 2015;36:343–355. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.10.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Wen J, Feng Y, et al. A benefit evaluation for recycling medical plastic waste in China based on material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. J Cleaner Prod. 2022;368:133033. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccari M, Tudor T, Perteghella A. Costs associated with the management of waste from healthcare facilities: an analysis at national and site level. Waste Manage Res. 2018;36(1):39–47. doi:10.1177/0734242X17739968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su ECY, Chen YT. Policy or income to affect the generation of medical wastes: an application of environmental Kuznets curve by using Taiwan as an example. J Cleaner Prod. 2018;188:489–496. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari M, Ehrampoush MH, Farzadkia M, Ahmadi E. Dynamic assessment of economic and environmental performance index and generation, composition, environmental and human health risks of hospital solid waste in developing countries; A state of the art of review. Environ. Int. 2019;132:105073. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun N, Cheng L, Sun Y, Hou G. Suggestions on improving charging policy for medical waste centralized disposal. China Popul Res Environ. 2011;21(S1):195–198.
   Google Scholar
• Pu S, Xia C. A two-stage stochastic programming approach for urban medical waste recycling network design. Chin J Manage Sci. 2021;29(5):166–172.
   Google Scholar
• Mei X, Hao H, Sun Y, Wang X, Zhou Y. Optimization of medical waste recycling network considering disposal capacity bottlenecks under a novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022;29(53):79669–79687. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16027-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu P, Rani P, Mishra AR. A novel Pythagorean fuzzy combined compromise solution framework for the assessment of medical waste treatment technology. J Cleaner Prod. 2021;292:126047. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asgari N, Rajabi M, Jamshidi M, Khatami M, Farahani RZ. A memetic algorithm for a multi-objective obnoxious waste location-routing problem: a case study. Ann Oper Res. 2017;250(2):279–308. doi:10.1007/s10479-016-2248-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindan K, Nosrati-Abarghooee S, Nasiri MM, Jolai F. Green reverse logistics network design for medical waste management: a circular economy transition through case approach. J Environ Manage. 2022;322:115888. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo Q, Guo J. Optimization of a multi-objective and multi-period sustainable recycling network for medical waste. J Univ Shanghai Sci Technol. 2020;42(5):479–487.
   Google Scholar
• Linfati R, Gatica G, Escobar JW. A mathematical model for scheduling and assignment of customers in hospital waste collection routes. Appl Sci. 2021;11(22):10557. doi:10.3390/app112210557
   Google Scholar
• Eren E, Tuzkaya UR. Safe distance-based vehicle routing problem: medical waste collection case study in COVID-19 pandemic. Comput Ind Eng 2021;157:107328. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2021.107328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Z, Liu S. The research on three-layer recycling network optimization of medical waste with transit point. SciTechnol Manage Res. 2016;36(22):179–183.
   Google Scholar
• Gan J, Ma J, Li J. Research on control strategies of infectious medical waste in case of sudden major epidemic from the perspective of reverse logistics system optimization. Environ Prot. 2023;51(08):46–50.
   Google Scholar
• Karimi H, Wassan N, Ehsani B, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam R, Ghodratnama A. Optimizing COVID-19 medical waste management using goal and robust possibilistic programming. Eng Appl Artif Intell. 2024;131:107838. doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Zhao J, Hu P. Model and simulation for the percolation risk robustness of medical waste transportation network. J Railway Sci Engin. 2022;19(11):3199–3207.
   Google Scholar
• Joneghani NM, Zarrinpoor N, Eghtesadifard M. A mathematical model for designing a network of sustainable medical waste management under uncertainty. Comput Ind Eng. 2022;171:108372. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2022.108372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong Q, Li M. Design of hazardous medical waste network under emergency conditions. J Industr Engin Manage. 2022;36(5):156–168.
   Google Scholar
• Bagheri K, Samany NN, Toomanian A, Jelokhani-Niaraki M, Hajibabai L A planar graph cluster-routing approach for optimizing medical waste collection based on spatial constraint. Transactions in GIS; 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Aung TS, Luan S, Xu Q. Application of multi-criteria-decision approach for the analysis of medical waste management systems in Myanmar. J Cleaner Prod. 2019;222:733–745. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor RS, Singh S, Bhardwaj A, Osama M. Exploring the awareness level of biomedical waste management: case of Indian healthcare. Manage Sci Lett. 2017;7(10):467–478. doi:10.5267/j.msl.2017.7.004
   Google Scholar
• Akkajit P, Romin H, Assawadithalerd M, Al-Khatib IA. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice in respect of medical waste management among healthcare workers in clinics. J Environ Public Health. 2020;2020:8745472. doi:10.1155/2020/8745472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie L. Reduction behavior of rural medical waste on system dynamics analysis. Chin Health Serv Manage. 2016;33(6):473–477.
   Google Scholar
• Jerie S, Shabani T, Mudyazhezha OC, et al. A review towards developing a hierarchical model for sustainable hospital solid waste management in rural areas of Zimbabwe. Environ Monit Assess. 2024;196(3):308. doi:10.1007/s10661-024-12488-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Chen J, Fang R, et al. What medical waste management system may cope with COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from Wuhan. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2021;170(6509):105600. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barua U, Hossain D. A review of the medical waste management system at Covid-19 situation in Bangladesh. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage. 2021;23(6):2087–2100. doi:10.1007/s10163-021-01291-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Wu S, Zhang Y, Lu R. Considerations on medical waste sound disposal and management strategies in China. China J Environ Manage. 2013;5(2):49–53.
   Google Scholar
• Celik S, Peker İ, Gok-Kısa AC, Büyüközkan G. Multi-criteria evaluation of medical waste management process under intuitionistic fuzzy environment: a case study on hospitals in Turkey. Socio Econ Plan Sci. 2022;86:101499. doi:10.1016/j.seps.2022.101499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Zhang J, Niu B, Liu L, He X. A novel hybrid multi-criteria group decision-making approach with intuitionistic fuzzy sets to design reverse supply chains for COVID-19 medical waste recycling channels. Comput Ind Eng. 2022;169:108228. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2022.108228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo JK, Jeong SI. Sustainability and shared smart and mutual–green growth (SSaM-GG) in Korean medical waste management. Waste Manage Res. 2015;33(5):410–418. doi:10.1177/0734242X15574561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie L, Wu H. Medical waste management and control. J Environ Prot. 2016;7(1):93–98. doi:10.4236/jep.2016.71009
   Google Scholar
• Hong J, Zhan S, Yu Z, Hong J, Qi C. Life-cycle environmental and economic assessment of medical waste treatment. J Cleaner Prod. 2018;174:65–73. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanamoorthy S, Annapoorani V, Kang D, et al. A novel assessment of bio-medical waste disposal methods using integrating weighting approach and hesitant fuzzy MOOSRA. J Cleaner Prod. 2020;275:122587. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkut EN. Estimations and analysis of medical waste amounts in the city of Istanbul and proposing a new approach for the estimation of future medical waste amounts. Waste Manag. 2018;81:168–176. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Tan Q, Liu L, Li J. Assessment of medical waste disposal technologies based on the AHP. Environ Sci. 2018;39(12):5717–5722.
   Google Scholar
• Sanito RC, Mujiyanti DR, You S-J, Wang Y-F. A review on medical waste treatment in COVID-19 pandemics: technologies, managements and future strategies. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 2024;2(74):72–79. doi:10.1080/10962247.2023.2282011
   Google Scholar
• Li S, Chen H, Yuan X, et al. Energy, exergy and economic analysis of a poly-generation system combining sludge pyrolysis and medical waste plasma gasification. Energy. 2024;295:130806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X, Guo C, Shi X, Wang S, Yang L. Problems and suggestions on emergency disposal of medical waste during major epidemic. Chin J Environ Eng. 2020;14(7):1705–1709.
   Google Scholar
• Xu H, Wei X. Research on medical waste disposal under the background of COVID-19. China Storage Transport. 2020;8:121–122.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Shi Y, Zhao Y, Ji B. Closed-loop management of medical waste in designated hospitals during infectious disease epidemics. China Health Res. 2021;24(1):95–99.
   Google Scholar
• Klemeš JJ, Van Fan Y, Tan RR, Jiang P. Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2020;127:109883. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.109883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oruonye ED, Ahmed AY. Covid-19 and challenges of management of infectious medical waste in Nigeria: a case of Taraba State. Int J Waste Resour. 2020;10(3):381–385.
   Google Scholar
• Bin D, Yuan S, Zhou Q, et al. Current status of management of medical waste in medical institutions of Chongqing. Chin J Nosocomiol. 2023;33(6):956–960.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Hong H, Sun C, Geng Z, Zhang C. Collection and transportation system construction of potentially viral municipal solid waste during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Sci Total Environ. 2022;851:157964. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Zheng C. COVID-19 waste management: effective and successful measures in Wuhan, China. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2020;163:105071. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilyas S, Srivastava RR, Kim H. Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;749:141652. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzediegwu C, Chang SX. Improper solid waste management increases potential for COVID-19 spread in developing countries. Res Conserv Recycl. 2020;161:104947. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su M, Wang Q, Li R. How to dispose of medical waste caused by COVID-19? A case study of China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(22):12127. doi:10.3390/ijerph182212127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren E, Tuzkaya UR. Occupational health and safety-oriented medical waste management: a case study of Istanbul. Waste Manage Res. 2019;37(9):876–884. doi:10.1177/0734242X19857802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalantary RR, Jamshidi A, Mofrad MMG, et al. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste management: a case study. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2021;19(1):831–836. doi:10.1007/s40201-021-00650-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hantoko D, Li X, Pariatamby A, Yoshikawa K, Horttanainen M, Yan M. Challenges and practices on waste management and disposal during COVID-19 pandemic. J Environ Manage. 2021;286:112140. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Ramady H, Brevik EC, Elbasiouny H, et al. Planning for disposal of COVID-19 pandemic wastes in developing countries: a review of current challenges. Environ Monit Assess. 2021;193(9):1–15. doi:10.1007/s10661-021-09350-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Liu H, Wei G, et al. Comparative life cycle assessment of emergency disposal scenarios for medical waste during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Waste Manag. 2021;126:388–399. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang J, Liu X, Wang W. COVID-19 medical waste transportation risk evaluation integrating type-2 fuzzy total interpretive structural modeling and Bayesian network. Expert Syst Appl. 2023;213:118885. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2022.118885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Chen X, Sagir M, Zhang W. How can infectious medical waste be forecasted and transported during the COVID-19 pandemic? A hybrid two-stage method. Technol Forecasting Soc Change. 2023;187:122188. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maderuelo-Sanz R, Acedo-Fuentes P, Garcia-Cobos FJ, Sanchez-Delgado FJ, Mota-Lopez MI, Meneses-Rodriguez JM. The recycling of surgical face masks as sound porous absorbers: preliminary evaluation. Sci Total Environ. 2021;786:147461. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirkolaee EB, Abbasian P, Weber GW. Sustainable fuzzy multi-trip location-routing problem for medical waste management during the COVID-19 outbreak. Sci Total Environ. 2021;756(20):143607. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143607
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thind PS, Sareen A, Singh DD, Singh S, John S. Compromising situation of India’s bio-medical waste incineration units during pandemic outbreak of COVID-19: associated environmental-health impacts and mitigation measures. Environ Pollut. 2021;276:116621. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindan K, Nasr AK, Mostafazadeh P, Mina H. Medical waste management during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: a mathematical programming model. Comput Ind Eng. 2021;162:107668. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2021.107668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosrati-Abarghooee S, Sheikhalishahi M, Nasiri MM, Gholami-Zanjani SM. Designing reverse logistics network for healthcare waste management considering epidemic disruptions under uncertainty. Appl Soft Comput. 2023;142:110372. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tushar SR, Karmaker CL, Bari ABMM, Karmaker CL. Assessing the challenges to medical waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for the environmental sustainability in the emerging economies. Socio Econ Plann Sci. 2023;87(A):101513. doi:10.1016/j.seps.2023.101513
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calis Boyaci A, Sisman A, González-Murillo CA. Location selection for waste disposal boxes: a geographic information systems based Pythagorean fuzzy multi-criteria decision analysis. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2024;21(2):1301–1320. doi:10.1007/s13762-023-05038-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Hao Y, Liu G. Performance evaluation of a novel system for improving power generation and clean utilization of high-risk medical waste in a cement plant integrating with plasma gasification, gas turbine and ORC. J Cleaner Prod. 2023;446:141389. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari M, Savita Chaudhary S, Chaudhary S. Transformation of medical plastic waste to valuable carbon dots: a sustainable recycling of medical waste to efficient fluorescent marker. J Mol Liq. 2024;395:123910. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2023.123910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bujak J. Thermal treatment of medical waste in a rotary kiln. J Environ Manage. 2015;162:139–147. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panzone L, Ulph A, Areal F, Grippo V. A ridge regression approach to estimate the relationship between landfill taxation and waste collection and disposal in England. Waste Manag. 2021;129:95–110. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm JM, Zamani R, Negm AM, et al. Sustainable waste management of medical waste in African developing countries: a narrative review. Waste Manage Res. 2021;39(9):1149–1163. doi:10.1177/0734242X211029175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chersich MF, Gray G, Fairlie L, et al. COVID-19 in Africa: care and protection for frontline healthcare workers. Global Health. 2020;16(1):46. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00574-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar