Critical role of ethics in clinical management and public health response to the West Africa Ebola epidemic

References

• AlexanderKASandersonCEMaratheMWhat factors might have led to the emergence of Ebola in West Africa?PLoS Negl Trop Dis201596e000365226042592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC NewsEbola: mapping the outbreak1142016 Available from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28755033Accessed January 24, 2016
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganisationEbola response: what needs to happen in 201512015 Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/one-year-report/response-in-2015/en/Accessed January 24, 2016
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganisationNew Ebola cases in Sierra Leone. WHO continues to stress risk of more flare-up1152016 Available from: http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/new-ebola-case/en/Accessed March 9, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Sierra Leone has 2nd Ebola case after epidemic believed overTHE BIG STORY Available from: http://bigstory.ap.org/article/c25721970b224305a5e65da616226767/sierra-leone-has-2ndebola-case-after-epidemic-thought-overAccessed January 24, 2016
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganisationLatest Ebola outbreak over in Liberia; West Africa is at zero, but new flare-ups are likely to occur1152016 Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/ebola-zero-liberia/en/Accessed March 9, 2016
   Google Scholar
• MateSEKugelmanJRNyenswahTGMolecular evidence of sexual transmission of Ebola virusN Engl J Med2015373252448245426465384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeenGFKnustBBroutetNEbola RNA persistence in semen of Ebola virus disease survivors – preliminary reportN Engl J Med Epub10142015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FolayanMOBrownBEbola and the limited effectiveness of travel restrictionsDisaster Med Public Health Prep2015919225739047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FolayanMOYakubuAHaireBPetersonKEbola vaccine development plan: concerns and proposed measuresBMC Med Ethics2016171026857351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van GriensvenJEdwardsTde LamballerieXEvaluation of convalescent plasma for Ebola virus disease in GuineaN Engl J Med20163741334226735992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medecins Sans FrontieresPreliminary results of the JIKI clinical trial to test the efficacy of favipiravir in reducing mortality in individuals infected by Ebola virus in Guinea2242015 Available from: http://www.msf.org/article/preliminary-results-jiki-clinical-trial-testefficacy-favipiravir-reducing-mortalityAccessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• ApTEbola crisis: WHO slammed by Harvard-convened panel over slow responseCNN11232015 Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/23/africa/ebola-lancet-report/Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• RolandDExperts criticize World Health Organization’s ‘slow’ Ebola outbreak responseThe Wall Street Journal5122015 Available from: http://www.wsj.com/articles/experts-criticize-world-health-organizations-slow-ebola-outbreak-response-1431344306Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganisationEthical considerations for use of unregistered interventions for Ebola virus disease (EVD). Summary of the panel discussion8122014 Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ebola-ethical-review-summary/en/Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethics IssuesPrivacy in Ethics and Ebola: Public Health Planning and Response1292015 Available from: http://bioethics.gov/sites/default/files/Privacy%20-%20Ethics%20and%20Ebola%20-FINAL.pdfAccessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• KamradtAScottSHClare WenhamCSmithFIIISaving Lives: The Civil-Military Response to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West AfricaNSW, AustraliaThe University of Sydney2015
   Google Scholar
• BoozaryASFarmerPEJhaAKThe Ebola outbreak, fragile health systems, and quality as a cureJAMA2014312181859186025285459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaizeSPannetierDOestereichLEmergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in GuineaN Engl J Med2014371151418142524738640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RidAEmanuelEJWhy should high-income countries help combat Ebola?JAMA2014312131297129825210838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FauciASEbola – underscoring the global disparities in health care resourcesN Engl J Med2014371121084108625119491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNDPHuman Development ReportThe Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse WorldNew York, NYUNDP2013 Available from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/2013-reportAccessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• AbramowitzSAHow the Liberian health sector became a vector for EbolaHot Spots, Cultural Anthropology website1072014 Available from: http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/598-how-the-liberian-health-sector-became-a-vector-for-ebolaAccessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• SchrovenAEbola in Guinea: revealing the state of the stateHot Spots, Cultural Anthropology website1072014 Available from: http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/587-ebola-in-guinea-revealing-the-state-of-the-state2014Accessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• AbdullahiAATrends and challenges of traditional medicine in AfricaAfr J Tradit Complement Altern Med201185 Suppl11512322754064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AnokoJNCommunication with rebellious communities during an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea: an anthropological approach Available from: http://www.ebola-anthropology.net/case_studies/communication-with-rebellious-communities-during-an-outbreak-of-ebola-virus-disease-in-guinea-an-anthropological-approach/Accessed January 24, 2016
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsInternational decade for action: water for life 2005 to 2015 Available from: http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtmlAccessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• FolayanMOHaireBHistory, culture and social norms: implications for Ebola drug and vaccine clinical trialsEvansNGSmithTCMajumderMSEbola’s Message: Public Health and Medicine in the Twenty-First CenturyCambridge, MAMIT Press2016
   Google Scholar
• ClevelandECDahnBTLincolnTMSaferMPodestaMBradleyEIntroducing health facility accreditation in LiberiaGlob Public Health20116327128220623390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amnesty InternationalOut of reach: the cost of maternal health in Sierra Leone2009 Available from: https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/outofreach.pdfAccessed January 24, 2016
   Google Scholar
• DixonMGSchaferIJCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Ebola viral disease outbreak – West Africa, 2014Morb Mortal Wkly Rep20146325548551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TrvobicPI had to turn people away from an Ebola treatment centre. It’s desperate workThe Guardian9112014 Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/11/ebola-treatment-centre-liberiaAccessed January 24, 2016
   Google Scholar
• SifferlinAThis is how Ebola patients are equipping their homesTIME1092014 Available from: http://time.com/3481394/equipping-homes-to-treat-ebola-patients/Accessed January 24, 2016
   Google Scholar
• SöderströmJEbola and the ex-combatant communityFieldsights – Hot Spots, Cultural Anthropology Online1072014 Available from: http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/601-ebola-and-the-ex-combatant-communityAccessed January 24, 2016
   Google Scholar
• KochTEbola, quarantine, and the scale of ethicsDisaster Med Public Health Prep Epub1092015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarbischDKoenigKLShihFYIs there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to EbolaDisaster Med Public Health Prep20159554755325797363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SingerPABenatarSRBernsteinMEthics and SARS: lessons from TorontoBMJ20033271342134414656848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SelgelidMJEthics and infectious diseaseBioethics200519327228916167406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GostinLOBayerRFairchildALEthical and legal challenges posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome: implications for the control of severe infectious disease threatsJAMA2003290243229323714693876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoseleySUS quarantine for Ebola health workers ‘morally wrong’The Guardian2262015 Available from: http://www.the-guardian.com/world/2015/feb/26/us-quarantine-ebola-health-workers-morally-wrong-bioethics-commissionAccessed March 9, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Presidential Commission for the study of Bioethics IssuesEthics and Ebola: Public Health Planning and ResponseWashington, DCPresidential Commission for the study of Bioethics Issues2015 Available from: http://bioethics.gov/sites/default/files/Ethics-and-Ebola_PCSBI_508.pdfAccessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• RothsteinMAThe moral challenge of EbolaAm J Public Health201510516825354202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CBS NewsEbola fear causes stigma against West Africans in U.S. October 31, 2014 Available from: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ebola-fear-causes-stigma-against-west-africans-in-u-s/Accessed January 1, 2016
   Google Scholar
• McCarthyMUS nurse says she will fight Ebola quarantineBMJ2014349g655525360033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DrazenJMCampionEWRubinEJMorrisseySBadenLREbola in West Africa at one year – from ignorance to fear to roadblocksN Engl J Med2015372656356425539445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NossiterAA hospital from hell, in a city swamped by EbolaThe New York Times1012014
   Google Scholar
• IgonohAEbola: ‘I kept repeating to myself: I am a survivor. I am a survivor’The Guardian11142014 Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/-sp-ebola-survivor-nigeria-doctor-patrick-sawyerAccessed March 6, 2016
   Google Scholar
• PoleskyABhatiaGEbola hemorrhagic fever in the era of bioterrorismSemin Respir Infect20031820621514505282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsNew York, NYUnited Nations1999 article 12, Section 1
   Google Scholar
• International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsNew York, NYUnited Nations1999 article 12, Sections 2 and 4
   Google Scholar
• UyeikiTMMehtaADaveyRTClinical management of Ebola virus disease in the United States and EuropeN Engl J Med201637463664626886522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Ebola Response TeamEbola virus disease in West Africa – the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projectionsN Engl J Med20143711481149525244186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SackKFinkSBelluckPNossiterAHow Ebola roared backThe New York Times12292014 Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/30/health/how-ebola-roared-back.html?_r=0Accessed December 30, 2014
   Google Scholar
• BBC NewsTwo US Ebola nurses free of virus10252014 Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-29749283Accessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• KinsmanJA time of fear: local, national, and international responses to a large Ebola outbreak in UgandaGlobal Health201281522695277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YakubuAFolayanMOPetersonKBrownBEbola virus outbreak in Western Africa and the ethical obligation to provide careJ Med Ethics Epub992014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CassCAnxiety rising in U.S., but expert says Ebola outbreak ‘extraordinarily unlikely.’Associated Press1052015 Available from: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/anxiety-rising-us-expert-says-ebola-outbreak-extraordinarily-unlikely/Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• McCartyCLBaslerCKarwowskiMResponse to importation of a case of Ebola virus disease: Ohio, October 2014Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2014634610891091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChevalierMSChungWSmithJEbola virus disease cluster in the United States: Dallas County, Texas, 2014Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2014634610871088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShoichetCECapeloutoSYanHEbola outbreak: are health care workers prepared, protected?CNN10142014 Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/13/health/ebola-crisis/Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• McCarthyMTexas healthcare worker is diagnosed with EbolaBMJ2014349g620025313199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GullandASpanish authorities investigate how nurse contracted EbolaBMJ2014349g612025297495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FraderJFriedman RossLResponding to Ebola: health professionals’ obligations to provide careBioethics Forum1172014 Available from: http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Bioethicsforum/Post.aspx?id=7168&blogid=140&terms=Ebola+obligation+and+%23filename+*.htmlAccessed January 26, 2016
   Google Scholar
• EdensonPDon’t categorically refuse CPR to Ebola patientsBioethics Forum1152015 Available from: http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Bioethicsforum/Post.aspx?id=7260&blogid=140&terms=ebola+and+%23filename+*.htmlAccessed January 26, 2016
   Google Scholar
• BieubienJDreaming up a safer, cooler PPE for Ebola fightersGlobal Health142015 Available from: http://www.npr.org/2014/12/17/371413804/dreaming-up-a-safer-cooler-ppe-for-ebola-fightersAccessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyreCRChughtaiAASealeHRichardsGADavidsonPMRespiratory protection for healthcare workers treating Ebola virus disease (EVD): are facemasks sufficient to meet occupational health and safety obligations?Int J Nurs Stud201451111421142625218265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AdebamowoCBah-SowOBinkaFRandomised controlled trials for Ebola: practical and ethical issuesLancet201438499521423142425390318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaplanALPlunkettCLevinBSelecting the right tool for the jobAm J Bioeth201515441025856591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KanapathipillaiRRestrepoAMHFastPEbola vaccine – an urgent international priorityN Engl J Med2014371242249225125289888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RidAEmanuelEJEthical considerations of experimental interventions in the Ebola outbreakLancet20143841896189925155413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DawsonLNot all RCTs are created equal: lessons from early AIDS trialsAm J Bioeth2015154454725856601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoodmanJLStudying “secret serums” – toward safe, effective Ebola treatmentsN Engl J Med2014371121086108925140857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoffeSEvaluating novel therapies during the Ebola epidemicJAMA2014312131299130025211645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CoxEBorioLTempleREvaluating Ebola therapies – the case for RCTsN Engl J Med2014371252350235125470568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CooperBenSPanngumWEvaluating clinical trial designs for investigational treatments of Ebola virus diseasePLoS Med2015124e100181525874579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CohenJKupferschmidtKEbola vaccine trials raise ethical issuesScience2014346620728929025324364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdwardsSJEthics of clinical science in a public health emergency: drug discovery at the bedsideAm J Bioeth201313931423952822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaplanALMorality in the time of EbolaLancet20153859971e16e1725703457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaireBGFolayanMOEbola: what it teaches us about medical ethics. A response to Angus DawsonJ Med Ethics2016421596026499983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henao-RestrepoAMLonginiIMEggerMEfficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trialLancet2015386999685786626248676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzLHuntMSindingCModels for humanitarian health care ethicsPublic Health Ethics2012518190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DawsonAJEbola: what it tells us about medical ethicsJ Med Ethics201541110711025516949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health OrganisationConsultation on potential Ebola therapies and vaccinesGeneva, Switzerland94–52014 Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/meetings/2014/ebola-interventions/en/Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• SingerPFamine, affluence and moralityPhilos Public Aff197213229243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaneySJustice Beyond Borders: A Global Political TheoryNew York, NYOxford University Press2005
   Google Scholar
• McGuireALMajumderMAHalpernSDTaking DNA from the deadNat Rev Genet201011531820332774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JeckerNSDudzinskiDMDiekemaDSTonelliMEbola virus disease: ethics and emergency medical response policyChest2015148379480025855946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TindanaPMolyneuxCSBullSParkerMEthical issues in the export, storage, and reuse of human biological samples in biomedical research: perspectives of key stakeholders in Ghana and KenyaBMC Med Ethics2014157625326753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FidlerDPNegotiating equitable access to influenza vaccines: global health diplomacy and the controversies surrounding avian influenza H5N1 and pandemic influenza H1N1PLoS Med201075e100024720454566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health OrganisationPandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework for the Sharing of Influenza Viruses and Access to Vaccines and Other BenefitsGeneva, |SwitzerlandWHO2011 Available from: http://www.who.int/influenza/resources/pip_framework/en/Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• MascalzoniDDoveESRubinsteinYInternational Charter of principles for sharing bio-specimens and dataEur J Hum Genet201523672172825248399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GibbsJLProperty insurance may mitigate Ebola-related lossesLaw3601132014 Available from: http://www.law360.com/articles/592335/property-insurance-may-mitigate-ebola-related-lossesAccessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• HeydenECEbola survivors fight prejudiceNature12182014 Available from: http://www.nature.com/news/ebola-survivors-fight-prejudice-1.16561Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• FolayanMOBrandonBYakubuABlack market therapies for Ebola management: a potential for future epidemicsGlob Health Action201472635625406794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdinKShaeferHLBlood plasma, sweat, and tearsThe Atlantic912015 Available from: http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/poor-sell-blood/403012/Accessed January 1, 2015
   Google Scholar
• KombeFFolayanMAmbeJIgonohAAbayomiAGET membersHolding the bull by the horns: ethical consideration in designing multiple clinical trials and research protocols in the context of a dangerous pathogen outbreakSoc Sci Med Epub11302015
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganisationEbola response roadmap situation report12162015 Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/situation-reports/en/Accessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• World Food ProgrammeGuinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone – food insecurity on the rise as Ebola abates62015 Available from: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp275534.pdfAccessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Vaccine NewsIncreased Ebola funding contributes to declines in other disease research1242015 Available from: http://vaccinenews-daily.com/stories/510651088-increased-ebola-funding-contributes-to-declines-in-other-disease-researchAccessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• GentonCCristescuRGattiSRecovery potential of a western lowland gorilla population following a major Ebola outbreak: results from a ten year studyPLoS One201275e3710622649511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GentonCPierreACristescuRHow Ebola impacts social dynamics in gorillas: a multistate modelling approachJ Anim Ecol201484116617624995485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCallumHDobsonADetecting disease and parasite threats to endangered species and ecosystemsTrends Ecol Evol19951019019421237000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee-KwanSHDeLucaNAdamsMSupport services for survivors of Ebola virus disease – Sierra Leone, 2014Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2014635012051206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavytanBrownBFolayanMOAddressing Ebola-related stigma: lessons learned from HIV/AIDSGlob Health Action201472605825382685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HugoMDeclerckHFitzpatrickGPost-traumatic stress reactions in Ebola virus disease survivors in Sierra LeoneEmerg Med (Los Angel)20155285
   Google Scholar
• FallahMOne year later: a cohort study of survivors of Ebola virus infection in Liberia (PREVAIL III)Abstract presented at: The 2016 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic InfectionMarch 23, 2016Boston, MA
   Google Scholar
• GostinLOWardJWBakerACNational HIV case reporting for the United States; a defining moment in the history of the epidemicN Engl J Med1997337116211679329940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TamboEUgwuENgogangJNeed of surveillance response systems to combat Ebola outbreaks and other emerging infectious diseases in African countriesInfect Dis Poverty2014311824401663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Focus 1000Study on public knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to Ebola virus disease prevention and medical care in Sierra Leone Available from: http://focus1000.org/images/KAP%20Summary_Sept302014.pdfAccessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Street Child. Ebola orphan report. April 2015 Available from: http://www.street-child.co.uk/ebola-orphan-report/Accessed January 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• SatalkarPElgerBEShawDMPrioritising healthcare workers for Ebola treatment: treating those at greatest risk to confer greatest benefitDevel World Bioeth2015152596725655050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosseelPDe CorteEBlommaertJVerniersEApproaches to North-South, South-South and North-South-South Collaboration: policy document Available from: http://www.mcr-bvba.be/documents/approaches-tonorth-south-s-s-and-n-s-s-collaboration-a-policy-document-for-the-vlir.pdfAccessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• PollackAOpting against Ebola drug for ill African doctorThe New York Times8122014 Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/13/world/africa/ebola.html?_r=0Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• The Henry J Kaiser Family FoundationU.S. Federal Funding for HIV/AIDS: The President’s FY 2016 Budget Request4132015 Available from: http://kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/u-s-federal-funding-for-hivaids-the-presidents-fy-2016-budget-request/Accessed January 27, 2016
   Google Scholar
• BenatarSRDaarASSingerPAGlobal health ethics: the rationale for mutual caringInt Affairs2003791107138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar