Critical evaluation of ivabradine for the management of chronic stable angina

References

• Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006;367(9524):1747–1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulfi S, Timmis AD. Ivabradine – the first selective sinus node If channel inhibitor in the treatment of stable angina. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60(2):222–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardif J-C, Ford I, Tendera M, Bourassa MG, Fox K. Efficacy of ivabradine, a new selective If inhibitor, compared with atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(23):2529–2536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocock S, Henderson R, Seed P, Treasure T, Hampton JR. Quality of life, employment status, and anginal symptoms after coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery 3-year follow-up in the Randomized Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA) trial. Circulation. 1996;94(2):135–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brorsson B, Bernstein SJ, Brook RH, Werko L. Quality of life of patients with chronic stable angina before and four years after coronary revascularization compared with a normal population. Heart. 2002;87(2):140–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoSMed. 2006;3(11):e442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borer JS. Heart rate: from risk marker to risk factor. Eur Heart J Supplements 2008;10(Suppl F):F2–F6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beere PA, Glagov S, Zarins CK. Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science. 1984;226(4671):180–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persky A, Olsson G, Landou C, deFaire U, Theorell T, Hamstern A. Minimum heart rate and coronary atherosclerosis: independent relations to global severity and rate of progression of angiographic lesions in men with myocardial infarction at a young age. Am Heart J. 1992;123(3):609–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persky A, Hamstern A, Lindwall K, Theorell T. Heart rate correlates with severity of coronary atherosclerosis in young post-infarction patients. Am Heart J. 1988;116(5 Pt 1):1369–1373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidland UE, Strauer BE. Left ventricular muscle mass and elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption. Circulation. 2001;104(13):1477–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D, Camm JA. Heart rate lowering by specific and selective I(f) current inhibition with ivabradine: a new therapeutic perspective in cardiovascular disease. Drugs. 2004;64(16):1757–1765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen MR, Bucchi A, Robinson RB. If modulation: perspectives in clinical medicine. Eur Heart J. 2006;8(Suppl D):3–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borer JS. Drug insight: if inhibitors as specific heart-rate-reducing agents. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2004;1(2):103–109.
   Google Scholar
• The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27(11):1341–1381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell H, Fox K. Selective and specific If inhibition: new perspectives. Medicographia. 2005;27(82):51–54.
   Google Scholar
• Pepine CJ, Abrams J, Marks RG, Morris JJ, Scheidt SS, Handberg E. Characteristics of a contemporary population with angina pectoris. TIDES Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74(3):226–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. Pacemaker mechanisms in cardiac tissue. Annu Rev Physiol. 1993;55:455–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. Serious working of the funny current. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;90(1–3):13–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari R, Campo G, Gardini E, Pasanisi G, Ceconi C. Specific and selective If inhibition: expected clinical benefits from pure heart rate reduction in coronary patients. Eur Heart J Supplements. 2005; 7(Suppl H):H16–H21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shattock M, Camm AJ. Pure heart rate reduction: the If channels from discovery to therapeutic target. Br J Cardiol. 2006;13(1): 27–35.
   Google Scholar
• Saha M, Marber MS. If at first you don’t succeed try ... a new target in the treatment of angina. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(23):2482–2483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. If inhibition: a novel mechanism of action. Eur Heart J Supplements. 2003;5(Suppl G):G19–G25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown HF, DiFrancesco D, Noble SJ. How does adrenaline accelerate the heart? Nature. 1979;280(5719):235–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruscotti M, Bucchi A, Difrancesco D. Physiology and pharmacology of the cardiac pacemaker (“funny”) current. Pharmacol Ther. 2005;107(1):59–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D, Ducouret P, Robinson RB. Muscarinic modulation of cardiac rate at low acetylcholine concentrations. Science. 1989;243(4891):669–671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D, Tortora P. Direct activation of cardiac pacemaker channels by intracellular cyclic AMP. Nature. 1991;351(6322):145–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. The onset and autonomic regulation of cardiac pacemaker activity: relevance of the f current. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29(4):449–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. The pacemaker current If plays an important role in regulating SA node pacemaker activity. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;30(2):307–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbuti A, Baruscotti M, DiFrancesco D. The pacemaker current: from basics to the clinics. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007; 18(3):342–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson RB, Siegelbaum SA. Hyperpolarization-activated cation currents: from molecules to physiological function. Annu Rev Physiol. 2003;65:453–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• César LAM. If current and heart rate control. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(4):e96f-e99.
   Google Scholar
• Bucchi A, Tognati A, Milanesi R, Baruscotti M, DiFrancesco D. Properties of ivabradine-induced block of HCN1 and HCN4 pacemaker channels. J Physiol. 2006;572(Pt 2):335–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucchi A, Baruscotti M, DiFrancesco D. Current-dependent block of rabbit sino-atrial node If channels by ivabradine. J Gen Physiol. 2002;120(1):1–13. f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. Cardiac pacemaker I(f) current and its inhibition by heart rate-reducing agents. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(7):1115–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Procoralan: EPAR Product Information: Annex 1; Summary of Product Characteristics. London: European Medicines Agency; 2009 [updated June 8, 2011]. Available from: http://www. ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Informa- tion/human/000597/WC500043590.pdf. Accessed Aug 19, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Borer JS, Fox K, Jaillon P, Lerebours G. Antianginal and antiischaemic effects of ivabradine, an If inhibitor, in stable angina: a randomized, double-blind, multicentred, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation. 2003;107(6):817–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Bescós L, Filipova S, Martos R. Long-term safety and efficacy of ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina. Cardiology. 2007;108(4):387–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardif JC. Ivabradine If inhibition in the management of stable angina pectoris and other cardiovascular diseases. Drugs Today. 2008;44(3):171–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tendera M, Borer JS, Tardif JC. Efficacy of I(f) inhibition with ivabra- dine in different subpopulations with stable angina pectoris. Cardiology. 2009;114(2):116–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savelieva I, Camm AJ. If inhibition with ivabradine electrophysiological effects and safety. Drugfs Safety. 2008;31(2):95–107.
   Google Scholar
• Ruzyllo W, Tendera M, Ford I, et al. Antianginal efficacy and safety of ivabradine compared with amlodipine in patients with stable effort angina pectoris: a 3 month randomised, double-blind, multicentre, noninferiority trial. Drugs. 2007;67(3):393^05.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steg PG, Tchetche D. Pharmacologic management of stable angina: role of ivabradine. Eur Heart J Supplements. 2006;8(Suppl D):D16–D23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardiff JC, Ponikowski P, Kahan T. Efficacy of the If current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina receiving beta-blocker therapy: a 4-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(5):540–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Ferrari R. Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9641):807–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koester R, Kaehler J, Ebelt H, Soeffker G, Werdan K, Meinertz T. Ivabradine in combination with beta-blocker therapy for the treatment of stable angina pectoris in every day clinical practice. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010;99(10):665–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC. Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(10):967–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouven X, Empana JP, Schwartz PJ, Desnos M, Courbon D, Ducimetiere P. Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(19): 1951–1958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cucherat M. Relationship between heart rate lowering and benefits on cardiac and sudden death observed with beta-blockers in post MI patients. A meta-regression of randomized clinical trials. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(24):3012–3019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer AR, Persky V, Stamler J, et al. Lindberg HA. Heart rate as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality: findings in three Chicago epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;112(6):736–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy RL, White PD, Stroud WD, Hillman CC: transient tachycardia: prognostic significance alone and in association with transient hypertension. JAMA. 1945;129(9):585–588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IONA Study Group. Effect of nicorandil on coronary events in patients with stable angina: the Impact of Nicorandil in Angina (IONA) randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9314): 1269–1275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):875–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Robertson M, Ferrari R. Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9641): 817–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox K, Ford I, Gabriel PH, Tendera M, Robertson M, Roberto F. Relationship between ivabradine treatment and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction with limiting angina: a subgroup analysis of the randomized controlled BEAUTIFUL trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(19): 2337–2345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardif J-C. Ivabradine in clinical practice: benefits of If inhibition. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2005;7(Suppl H):H29–H32. f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babu S, Gadzik F, Holgate S. Absence of respiratory effects with ivabradine in patients with asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66(1):96–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borer JS, Tardif JC. Efficacy of ivabradine, a selective If inhibitor, in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(1):29–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savelieva I, Camm AJ. Absence of direct effects of the If current blocker ivabradine on ventricular repolarization: analysis based on a population heart rate correction formula. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(Suppl):95A.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina – summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 2003;107(1):149–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocock S, Henderson R, Clayton T, Lyman G, Chamberlain D. Quality of life after coronary angioplasty or continued medical treatment for angina: three-year follow-up in the RITA-2 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(4):907–914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Writing Group for the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Investigators. Five-year clinical and functional outcome comparing bypass surgery and angioplasty in patients with multivessel coronary disease: a multicenter randomized trial. JAMA. 1997;277(9):715–721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker JO. Chronic angina pectoris: inadequacies of current therapy. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2004;13(5):261–266.
   Google Scholar
• Ashrafian, H, Violaris AG. Beta-blocker therapy of cardiovascular diseases in patients with bronchial asthma or COPD: the pro viewpoint. Prim Care Respir J. 2005;14(5):236–241.
   Google Scholar