382
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The Impact of Prostate Cancer Treatment on Quality of Life: A Narrative Review with a Focus on Randomized Data

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 533-546 | Published online: 29 Oct 2020

References

  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.2159031912902
  • Albertsen PC. Observational studies and the natural history of screen-detected prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol. 2015;25(3):232–237. doi:10.1097/MOU.000000000000015725692723
  • Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Garmo H, et al. Radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(10):932–942. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa131159324597866
  • Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, et al. 10-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(15):1415–1424. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa160622027626136
  • Wilt TJ, Jones KM, Barry MJ, et al. Follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(2):132–142. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa161586928700844
  • Mohler JL, Antonarakis ES, Armstrong AJ, et al. Prostate cancer, version 2.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2019;17(5):479–505. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2019.002331085757
  • Wallis CJD, Glaser A, Hu JC, et al. Survival and complications following surgery and radiation for localized prostate cancer: an international collaborative review. Eur Urol. 2018;73(1):11–20. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.05.05528610779
  • Dearnaley D, Syndikus I, Mossop H, et al. Conventional versus hypofractionated high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: 5-year outcomes of the randomised, non-inferiority, Phase 3 CHHiP trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(8):1047–1060. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30102-427339115
  • Catton CN, Lukka H, Gu C-S, et al. Randomized trial of a hypofractionated radiation regimen for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(17):1884–1890. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.71.739728296582
  • Lee WR, Dignam JJ, Amin MB, et al. Randomized phase III noninferiority study comparing two radiotherapy fractionation schedules in patients with low-risk prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(20):2325–2332. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.67.044827044935
  • Widmark A, Gunnlaugsson A, Beckman L, et al. Ultra-hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: 5-year outcomes of the HYPO-RT-PC randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet London Engl. 2019;394(10196):385–395. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31131-6
  • King CR, Freeman D, Kaplan I, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: pooled analysis from a multi-institutional consortium of prospective Phase II trials. Radiother Oncol. 2013;109(2):217–221. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2013.08.03024060175
  • Zumsteg ZS, Spratt DE, Pei I, et al. A new risk classification system for therapeutic decision making with intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients undergoing dose-escalated external-beam radiation therapy. Eur Urol. 2013;64(6):895–902. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.03.03323541457
  • D’Amico AV, Manola J, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, DellaCroce A, Kantoff PW. 6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(7):821–827. doi:10.1001/jama.292.7.82115315996
  • Pilepich MV, Winter K, Lawton CA, et al. Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma: long-term results of phase III RTOG 85-31. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(5):1285–1290. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.08.04715817329
  • Roach M, Bae K, Speight J, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and external-beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long-term results of RTOG 8610. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):585–591. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.13.988118172188
  • Bolla M, Van Tienhoven G, Warde P, et al. External irradiation with or without long-term androgen suppression for prostate cancer with high metastatic risk: 10-year results of an EORTC randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(11):1066–1073. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70223-020933466
  • Bolla M, Maingon P, Carrie C, et al. Short androgen suppression and radiation dose escalation for intermediate- and high-risk localized prostate cancer: results of EORTC trial 22991. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15):1748–1756. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.64.805526976418
  • Nabid A, Carrier N, Vigneault E, et al. A phase III trial of short-term androgen deprivation therapy in intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(15_suppl):5019. doi:10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.5019
  • Morris WJ, Tyldesley S, Rodda S, et al. Androgen suppression combined with elective nodal and dose escalated radiation therapy (the ASCENDE-RT trial): an analysis of survival endpoints for a randomized trial comparing a low-dose-rate brachytherapy boost to a dose-escalated external beam boost for high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2017;98(2):275–285. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.11.026
  • Horwitz EM, Bae K, Hanks GE, et al. Ten-year follow-up of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92-02: a phase iii trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15):2497–2504. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.902118413638
  • Bolla M, de Reijke TM, Van Tienhoven G, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;12:2516–2527.
  • Pisansky TM, Hunt D, Gomella LG, et al. Duration of androgen suppression before radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: radiation therapy oncology group randomized clinical trial 9910. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(4):332–339. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.58.066225534388
  • Denham JW, Steigler A, Lamb DS, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: 10-year data from the TROG 96.01 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(5):451–459. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70063-821440505
  • Zapatero A, Guerrero A, Maldonado X, et al. High-dose radiotherapy with short-term or long-term androgen deprivation in localised prostate cancer (DART01/05 GICOR): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(3):320–327. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70045-825702876
  • Fizazi K, Faivre L, Lesaunier F, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel and estramustine versus androgen deprivation therapy alone for high-risk localised prostate cancer (GETUG 12): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(7):787–794. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00011-X26028518
  • Rosenthal SA, Hu C, Sartor O, et al. Effect of chemotherapy with docetaxel with androgen suppression and radiotherapy for localized high-risk prostate cancer: the randomized phase III NRG oncology RTOG 0521 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(14):1159–1168. doi:10.1200/JCO.18.0215830860948
  • Roach M, Moughan J, Lawton CAF, et al. Sequence of hormonal therapy and radiotherapy field size in unfavourable, localised prostate cancer (NRG/RTOG 9413): long-term results of a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(11):1504–1515. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30528-X30316827
  • Spratt DE, Vargas HA, Zumsteg ZS, et al. Patterns of lymph node failure after dose-escalated radiotherapy: implications for extended pelvic lymph node coverage. Eur Urol. 2017;71(1):37–43. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.07.04327523595
  • Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial. J Urol. 2009;181(3):956–962. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.03219167731
  • Wiegel T, Bartkowiak D, Bottke D, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus wait-and-see after radical prostatectomy: 10-year follow-up of the ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95 trial. Eur Urol. 2014;66(2):243–250. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.03.01124680359
  • Bolla M, van Poppel H, Tombal B, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: long-term results of a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet London Engl. 2012;380(9858):2018‐2027. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61253-7
  • Lawton CA, Winter K, Grignon D, Pilepich MV. Androgen suppression plus radiation versus radiation alone for patients with stage D1/pathologic node-positive adenocarcinoma of the prostate: updated results based on national prospective randomized trial Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 85-31. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(4):800–807. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.08.14115681524
  • Tendulkar RD, Agrawal S, Gao T, et al. Contemporary update of a multi-institutional predictive nomogram for salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(30):3648–3654. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.67.964727528718
  • Shipley WU, Seiferheld W, Lukka HR, et al. Radiation with or without antiandrogen therapy in recurrent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(5):417–428. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa160752928146658
  • Carrie C, Hasbini A, de Laroche G, et al. Salvage radiotherapy with or without short-term hormone therapy for rising prostate-specific antigen concentration after radical prostatectomy (GETUG-AFU 16): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(6):747–756. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)00111-X27160475
  • Pollack A, Karrison TG, Balogh AG, et al. Short term androgen deprivation therapy without or with pelvic lymph node treatment added to prostate bed only salvage radiotherapy: the NRG oncology/RTOG 0534 SPPORT trial. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2018;102(5):1605. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.08.052
  • Wallis CJD, Saskin R, Choo R, et al. Surgery versus radiotherapy for clinically-localized prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2016;70(1):21–30. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.11.01026700655
  • Roach M, Ceron Lizarraga TL, Lazar AA. Radical prostatectomy versus radiation and androgen deprivation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: how good is the evidence? Int J Radiat Oncol. 2015;93(5):1064–1070. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.08.005
  • Greenberger BA, Zaorsky NG, Den RB. Comparison of radical prostatectomy versus radiation and androgen deprivation therapy strategies as primary treatment for high-risk localized prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2019.11.007
  • Greenberger BA, Chen VE, Den RB. Combined modality therapies for high-risk prostate cancer: narrative review of current understanding and new directions. Front Oncol. 2019;9. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.01273
  • Kishan AU, Cook RR, Ciezki JP, et al. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, or external beam radiotherapy with brachytherapy boost and disease progression and mortality in patients with Gleason score 9–10 prostate cancer. JAMA. 2018;319(9):896–905. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.058729509865
  • Tilki D, Chen M-H, Wu J, et al. Surgery vs radiotherapy in the management of biopsy Gleason score 9–10 prostate cancer and the risk of mortality. JAMA Oncol. 2018. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.4836
  • Muralidhar V, Mahal BA, Butler S, et al. Combined external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy versus radical prostatectomy with adjuvant radiation therapy for Gleason 9–10 prostate cancer. J Urol. 2019;202(5):973–978. doi:10.1097/JU.000000000000035231144590
  • Lepor H. A review of surgical techniques for radical prostatectomy. Rev Urol. 2005;7(2):S11–S17.
  • Koch MO, Smith JA. Blood loss during radical retropubic prostatectomy: is preoperative autologous blood donation indicated? J Urol. 1996;156(3):1077–1080. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65706-98709311
  • Lance RS, Freidrichs PA, Kane C, et al. A comparison of radical retropubic with perineal prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer within the Uniformed Services Urology Research Group: comparison of RRP with RPP for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2001;87(1):61–65. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.00023.x11121994
  • Chandrasekar T, Tilki D. Robotic-assisted vs. open radical prostatectomy: an update to the never-ending debate. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7(S1):S120–S123. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.12.2029644178
  • Dinneen E, Haider A, Allen C, et al. NeuroSAFE robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy versus standard robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for men with localised prostate cancer (NeuroSAFE PROOF): protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):e028132. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028132
  • Kuban DA, Tucker SL, Dong L, et al. Long-term results of the M. D. anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2008;70(1):67–74. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.054
  • Zietman AL, Bae K, Slater JD, et al. Randomized trial comparing conventional-dose with high-dose conformal radiation therapy in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate: long-term results from proton radiation oncology group/american college of radiology 95-09. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1106–1111. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.847520124169
  • Al-Mamgani A, van Putten WLJ, Heemsbergen WD, et al. Update of dutch multicenter dose-escalation trial of radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2008;72(4):980–988. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.02.073
  • Michalski JM, Moughan J, Purdy J, et al. Effect of standard vs dose-escalated radiation therapy for patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer: the NRG oncology RTOG 0126 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(6):e180039. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.003929543933
  • Roy S, Morgan SC. Hypofractionated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: when and for whom? Curr Urol Rep. 2019;20(9). doi:10.1007/s11934-019-0918-0
  • Fischer-Valuck BW, Rao YJ, Michalski JM. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7(3):297–307. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.12.1630050791
  • Gay HA, Barthold HJ, O’Meara E, et al. Pelvic normal tissue contouring guidelines for radiation therapy: a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group consensus panel atlas. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2012;83(3):e353–e362. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.01.023
  • Michalski JM, Lawton C, El Naqa I, et al. Development of RTOG consensus guidelines for the definition of the clinical target volume for postoperative conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2010;76(2):361–368. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.02.006
  • Afkhami Ardekani M, Ghaffari H. Optimization of prostate brachytherapy techniques with polyethylene glycol–based hydrogel spacers: a systematic review. Brachytherapy. 2020;19(1):13–23. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2019.08.00931542390
  • Giesler RB, Miles BJ, Cowen ME, Kattan MW. Assessing quality of life in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: development of a new instrument for use in multiple settings. Qual Life Res. 2000;9(6):645–665.11236855
  • Sosnowski R. Basic issues concerning health-related quality of life. Cent Eur J Urol. 2017;70(2):206–211. doi:10.5173/ceju.2017.923
  • Gandaglia G, Bray F, Cooperberg MR, et al. Prostate cancer registries: current status and future directions. Eur Urol. 2016;69(6):998–1012. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.05.04626056070
  • Soni PD, Hartman HE, Dess RT, et al. Comparison of population-based observational studies with randomized trials in oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(14):1209–1216. doi:10.1200/JCO.18.0107430897037
  • Resnick MJ, Koyama T, Fan K-H, et al. Long-term functional outcomes after treatment for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(5):436–445. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa120997823363497
  • Barocas DA, Alvarez J, Resnick MJ, et al. Association between radiation therapy, surgery, or observation for localized prostate cancer and patient-reported outcomes after 3 years. JAMA. 2017;317(11):1126–1140. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.170428324093
  • Chen RC, Basak R, Meyer A-M, et al. Association between choice of radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, or active surveillance and patient-reported quality of life among men with localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2017;317(11):1141–1150. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.165228324092
  • Whiting PF, Moore THM, Jameson CM, et al. Symptomatic and quality-of-life outcomes after treatment for clinically localised prostate cancer: a systematic review. BJU Int. 2016;118(2):193–204. doi:10.1111/bju.1349927087414
  • Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Lane JA, et al. Patient-reported outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(15):1425–1437. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa160622127626365
  • Stranne J, Brasso K, Brennhovd B, et al. SPCG-15: a prospective randomized study comparing primary radical prostatectomy and primary radiotherapy plus androgen deprivation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer. Scand J Urol. 2018;52(5–6):313–320. doi:10.1080/21681805.2018.152029530585526
  • Wolff D, Stieler F, Welzel G, et al. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) vs. serial tomotherapy, step-and-shoot IMRT and 3D-conformal RT for treatment of prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2009;93(2):226–233. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2009.08.01119765846
  • Lennernäs B, Majumder K, Damber J-E, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus high-dose irradiation in localized/locally advanced prostate cancer: a Swedish multicenter randomized trial with patient-reported outcomes. Acta Oncol. 2015;54(6):875–881. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2014.97482725362844
  • Crook JM, Gomez-Iturriaga A, Wallace K, et al. Comparison of health-related quality of life 5 years after SPIRIT: surgical prostatectomy versus interstitial radiation intervention trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.31.7305
  • Giberti C, Chiono L, Gallo F, Schenone M, Gastaldi E. Radical retropubic prostatectomy versus brachytherapy for low-risk prostatic cancer: a prospective study. World J Urol. 2009;27(5):607–612. doi:10.1007/s00345-009-0418-919455340
  • Rodda S, Tyldesley S, Morris WJ, et al. ASCENDE-RT: an analysis of treatment-related morbidity for a randomized trial comparing a low-dose-rate brachytherapy boost with a dose-escalated external beam boost for high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2017;98(2):286–295. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.01.008
  • Hoffman KE, Penson DF, Zhao Z, et al. Patient-reported outcomes through 5 years for active surveillance, surgery, brachytherapy, or external beam radiation with or without androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2020;323(2):149. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.2067531935027
  • Dacal K, Sereika SM, Greenspan SL. Quality of life in prostate cancer patients taking androgen deprivation therapy: quality of life in men with prostate cancer. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(1):85–90. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00567.x16420202
  • Cheung AS, de Rooy C, Hoermann R, Lim Joon D, Zajac JD, Grossmann M. Quality of life decrements in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017;86(3):388–394. doi:10.1111/cen.1324927696495
  • Gay HA, Sanda MG, Liu J, et al. External beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy with or without short-course neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy: results of a multicenter, prospective study of quality of life. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2017;98(2):304–317. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.02.019
  • Jenkins DK, Swanson GP, Jhavar SG, Wagner KR, Ha CS, Chen W. Worsening of Urinary Quality of Life (QOL) is seen in patients receiving delayed post-prostatectomy radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2018;102(3):e121. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.325
  • Melotek JM, Liao C, Liauw SL, Gao X. Quality of life after post-prostatectomy intensity modulated radiation therapy: pelvic nodal irradiation is not associated with worse bladder, bowel, or sexual outcomes. Gao X, ed. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141639. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.014163926512986
  • van Stam M-A, Aaronson NK, Pos FJ, et al. The effect of salvage radiotherapy and its timing on the health-related quality of life of prostate cancer patients. Eur Urol. 2016;70(5):751–757. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.01027016464
  • Eastham James A, Kattan Michael W, Eamonn R, et al. Risk factors for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 1996;156(5):1707–1713. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65488-08863576
  • Gousse Angelo E, Shahar M, Marie-May L, Fishman Irving J. Artificial urinary sphincter for post-radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence: long-term subjective results. J Urol. 2001;166(5):1755–1758. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65668-611586217
  • Rehder P, Gozzi C. Transobturator sling suspension for male urinary incontinence including post-radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2007;52(3):860–867. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.01.11017316969
  • Burgio Kathryn L, Stutzman Ray E, Engel Bernard T. Behavioral training for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1989;141(2):303–306. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)40747-62913349
  • Smit SG, Heyns CF. Management of radiation cystitis. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7(4):206–214. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.2320212517
  • Lee S-I, Park Y-A, Sohn S-K. Formalin application for the treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis. Yonsei Med J. 2007;48(1):97–100. doi:10.3349/ymj.2007.48.1.9717326251
  • Seow-Choen F, Goh H-S, Eu K-W, Ho Y-H, Tay S-K. A simple and effective treatment for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis using formalin. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36(2):135–138. doi:10.1007/BF020511688425416
  • Tam W, Moore J, Schoeman M. Treatment of radiation proctitis with argon plasma coagulation. Endoscopy. 2000;32(9):667–672. doi:10.1055/s-2000-902010989988
  • Zhou C, Adler DC, Becker L, et al. Effective treatment of chronic radiation proctitis using radiofrequency ablation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2009;2(3):149–156. doi:10.1177/1756283X08103341
  • Pinto A, Fidalgo P, Cravo M, et al. Short chain fatty acids are effective in short-term treatment of chronic radiation proctitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42(6):788–795. doi:10.1007/BF0223693710378604
  • Corman JM, McCLURE D, Pritchett R, Kozlowski P, Hampson NB. Treatment of radiation induced hemorrhagic cystitis with hyperbaric oxygen. J Urol. 2003;169(6):2200–2202. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000063640.41307.c912771749
  • Woo TCS, Joseph D, Oxer H. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for radiation proctitis. Int J Radiat Oncol. 1997;38(3):619–622. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(97)00017-5
  • Incrocci L, Slob AK, Levendag PC. Sexual (dys)function after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a review. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2002;52(3):681–693. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)02727-4
  • Chung E, Brock G. Sexual rehabilitation and cancer survivorship: a state of art review of current literature and management strategies in male sexual dysfunction among prostate cancer survivors. J Sex Med. 2013;10(S1):102–111. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.03005.x23387915
  • Zelefsky Michael J, Daniel S, Dunn BR, et al. Prophylactic sildenafil citrate improves select aspects of sexual function in men treated with radiotherapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2014;192(3):868–874. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.09724603102
  • Mazzola C, Mulhall JP. Penile rehabilitation after prostate cancer treatment: outcomes and practical algorithm. Urol Clin North Am. 2011;38(2):105–118. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2011.03.00221621077
  • Dubocq FM, Bianco FJ, Maralani SJ, Forman JD, Dhabuwala CB. Outcome analysis of penile implant surgery after external beam radiation for prostate cancer. J Urol. 1997;158(5):1787–1790. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64129-69334602
  • Pahlajani G, Raina R, Jones S, Ali M, Zippe C. Vacuum erection devices revisited: its emerging role in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and early penile rehabilitation following prostate cancer therapy. J Sex Med. 2012;9(4):1182–1189. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01881.x21054791
  • Cormie P, Newton RU, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Galvão DA. Exercise therapy for sexual dysfunction after prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol London. 2013;10(12):731–736. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2013.20624100515
  • Badr H, Taylor CLC. Sexual dysfunction and spousal communication in couples coping with prostate cancer. Psychooncology. 2009;18(7):735–746. doi:10.1002/pon.144919061199
  • Delobel J-B, Gnep K, Ospina JD, et al. Nomogram to predict rectal toxicity following prostate cancer radiotherapy. Sung S-Y, ed. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179845. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.017984528640871
  • Valdagni R, Rancati T, Fiorino C, et al. Development of a set of nomograms to predict acute lower gastrointestinal toxicity for prostate cancer 3D-CRT. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2008;71(4):1065–1073. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.11.037
  • Valdagni R, Kattan MW, Rancati T, et al. Is it time to tailor the prediction of radio-induced toxicity in prostate cancer patients? Building the first set of nomograms for late rectal syndrome. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2012;82(5):1957–1966. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.03.028
  • Mathieu R, Arango JDO, Beckendorf V, et al. Nomograms to predict late urinary toxicity after prostate cancer radiotherapy. World J Urol. 2014;32(3):743–751. doi:10.1007/s00345-013-1146-823990073
  • Montie JE. Counseling the patient with localized prostate cancer. Urology. 1994;43:36–40. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(94)90216-X
  • Valicenti RK, Gomella LG, El-Gabry EA, et al. The multidisciplinary clinic approach to prostate cancer counseling and treatment. Semin Urol Oncol. 2000;18(3):188–191.10975490
  • Gomella LG, Lin J, Hoffman-Censits J, et al. Enhancing prostate cancer care through the multidisciplinary clinic approach: a 15-year experience. J Oncol Pract. 2010;6(6):e5–e10. doi:10.1200/JOP.2010.00007121358951